Lola honua Paris. Catacombs o Paris: ano, mōʻaukala a me ka malihini hōʻike manaʻo

Ka hapanui o kanaka manaʻo i ka loa a me ka pilialoha poetic Europa kūlanakauhale - Paris. Catacombs - i ka loa kaulana a me ka hanohano o kona hiʻona'āina, akā, wale i ka hapa uuku wale no o ka nui nunui-ilikai o na halepaahao, kona nui ma mua o 300 kilomika ma lalo iho.

Ka moolelo o ka

I ka wa kahiko ma ka paena o Farani kaʻiʻo nō o kēia kapikala neo? Aaiiai? I Roma hooponopono - Lutetia. No ka hana ana o ka makahiki, haʻuki Arena, a nāna hoʻi i hana sculptures, i ike hiki ke i kēia lā i loko o ka Roma hapaha, a Ile ka'Aroda: kulanakauhale, hoomaka ae la e extract kūloko limestone a me ka gypsum, a i ka wā he mua quarry. Over manawa, huli ae la ka Roma Lutetia Paris i ka Farani, no ka nele i ka mea mau loa-ulu kulanakauhale hou hale pono hana. Ke quarry ua ole wale hoʻonui, akā, i Mamua. Ma ka XII kenekulia, kekahi o na nā makakoho o ka Palani papa hana ua lilo i? Iecaianoaaiiuo o limestone a me ka gypsum. By XV ua lilo elua-ilikai centennial kiʻi, a kokoke i ka Haʻalele i ka hooponopono i na mea, i hoʻolako pono me winches, punawai e hoala mai i ka ili o ka nunui ālai 'o ka pōhaku. Ma ka XVII kenekulia, he pukapuka o ka lola honua tunnels a me mines aia ma lalo o nā alanui a pau o Paris. Kokoke i ke kulanakauhale a pau, "hovered" ma luna o ke kanaka-i hana mai i ka meaʻole.

Pilikia a me ka pāʻoihana

Ma ka XVIII kenekulia ua he hoʻoweliweli 'o ka'opi a me ka waiho ana i ka lepo o na mea he nui Parisian alanui. A ma hope o ka 1774 pōʻino hahau - i loko o ka 30-mika lua e hina no ka hapa o ke alanui d'Enfer me na hale, kanaka a me nā kaʻa - ke kauoha o ke alii o Farani, Louis XVI, he kūikawā hui i hoʻokumu - ka General Inspectorate o nā kiʻi, i koe a me ka hana i keia la. Kona? Aaiuo i kuleana no ke ano ma i loaʻa nā catacombs ma lalo o Paris, hooikaika a me ka hana hou i ka lola honua tunnels. I loko nō o nā ana a pau ia, o ka pilikia o ke kaua, Ua ahu i groundwater hoowalewaleia mai, e hooikaika i ka waihona ipu a me na lua.

kēia moʻolelo

Mea hiki Palani hoʻohana 'ia ana no ka mahi ana i Fish, ka waina pūnaewele, a me nā huahana. I World War II, ka wā Kelemānia lākou poʻe kaua e noho Paris, i hoʻohana lola honua catacombs like ikaika o ka Farani, e kū'ē'ē mai, a me ka Nazis. Ma ka waena o ka hope ke kenekulia, noa komo i ka lola honua tunnels ua hookapuia, akā, katafily - lola honua Parisian ola ipo - a, ano, e hiki ke komo i loko o ka catacombs, kahi e pana aku au i na aoao, HW na kii, a i 'ē aʻe nō mea.

Mana a me ka mea hamama i nā pae o ka lola honua Paris - Metro, a me ka nui eha-moʻolelo Oihana hale kūʻai, "Forum", aia ma lalo o ka huinahalike, kahi mua i ho'ākāka 'ia ma Emilem Zolya market - "ka'ōpū o Paris".

Paris kaʻa'ōhua ma lalo iho

Metro o Paris i kekahi o ka mea kahiko i loko o ke ao nei - ka mea, ua oi mamua o ka haneri makahiki. e ulana pūʻia kona mau aoao a me ka laina o ka uila Loko, a me ka mea, ua haku o ka oi ma mua o 14 laina a me 400 wahi, meakino a me ke olonā i kīhei pili piliʻanuʻu ala, i kūkuluʻia ma luna o ke kahua o nā catacombs kahiko o Paris. Na Paris Metro mea okoa mai a pau i ka'ē aʻeʻoluʻolu ala. lobbies palaoa malama uhi kūikawā mahuahua-ala hea ka nahele a me nā kula.

Pehea e kiʻi au iā lākou?

Ka hapa nui o na iauaeoia oo? Ecia, ua pomaikai e hoʻohana i ka Paris kaʻa'ōhua ma lalo iho, a hele aku e ike i ka kanaka nunui lola honua Shop "Forum", akā, ua hele mai na kanaka a pau a puni France manao e hele i ka catacombs kahiko o Paris. Hele i ka lola honua ao nei o ka Palani kapikala - ia mea he hanana, e like me ka'ōlelo hele, "he anal". Aka hoi, ka mea hiki ke kiʻi i loko ma ka kūikawā halelewa, i ka mua oihana hale, kahi kokoke i ka Denfert-Rochereau Metro noaioee (Denfert-Rochereau). No ka iauaeoia oo? Ecia e hamama ana ma kahi o 2,5 kilomika lola honua tunnels a me na lua. Ma ka mokuna o kekahi o na wahi e e hookapu ma ke kānāwai, he kūikawā makai kime patrolling i loko o nā catacombs, kanaka hoʻoponopono kona manaʻo.

ossuary

Palani lola honua necropolis ke aupuni 'ma lalo o ia mau Contemporary Parisian alanui e like Street, aa, d'Alembert a me Avenue Rene-Coty, a me ka hapanui o ka poe e hele mai ana maluna o lakou, ua i ike o ka mea mea ma lalo o ia mau mea ole. Kona änehe mai hiʻona i na catacombs o Paris. Mōʻaukala ossuaries, a ma na olelo e ae, he lola honua ilina, ka hoʻomaka 'ia ma 1780, ma hope o ke kūlanakauhale hale kanawai papa mai ke kanu ana i loko o ke kūlanakauhale. , Ua weheʻia nā koe o ka elua miliona oi ma mua o kanaka, ka mea nui e oʻioʻi mamua i loko o ka Parisian ilina o ka hewaʻole, disinfected, hoʻokō 'a me ka piha i ka hohonu o ka ma 17 mau mika ma ka haalele kiʻi hale kupapau-Issoire. A i hooakea ai i Paris o ka halekupapau. Catacombs lilo iho la i ke kau mai ana iluna wahi no ka oi o eono miliona kanaka. I ka 1876, ua hoʻokumuʻia Paris Ossuary, oia hoi o hoʻopoepoe keʻena ma huina o lōʻihi o ka aneane 800 mau mika. Kona kēia Look Parisian catacombs loaa i ka hoʻomaka o ka XIX kenekulia: pololei? Ainii piha me ka iwi a me ka iwi. Ka mua halekupapau i hana ia a hiki i ke au o ka Merovingian, oi ma mua o 1,000 makahiki, a me ka loa hou i paʻa i ka PalaniʻOiʻenehana.

He aha ka mea?

Once ma Paris, na catacombs a me ka Ossuary mea waiwai i ka makaikai ia ma luna o ka "Akä naÿe" ma waena o ke ola a me ka make, e mahalo i ka nani a me ka Awaits o ka Palani kulanakauhale alii. I mea e komo i loko o ka necropolis i, e hele ilalo i ka 130 kapuai a hiki i ka puali ololi metalaʻoni iho staircase. O ka poe i hana eha iaʻi mai claustrophobia, maʻi naʻau, nā aʻalolo a me ka akemāmā maʻi, ia mea maikaʻi,ʻaʻole e hele ma ia i ka hele ana,ʻaʻole e hanaʻino i ko lakou ola.

Ma waho kanaka i koe noae e kū'ē i ka pa, ma ka hohonu o ka aneane 20 mika hiki ke ike hoʻouka kekahi ma ka koʻu e lawa hou lewa kuahu, ke kanaaho, kia hoʻomanaʻo i a me sculptures i hoʻonaniʻia i ka hoolewa ana o ka hala kenekulia. Ua aneane na kaiaulu ua hoailono aku la gravestones, ma i ka lā o ka reburial o nā koe, e like me ka pono me ka ekalesia, a me ka ilina i kaʻi aku. Ma kekahi o nā keʻena ma luna oe ke ike pono, mua hoʻohana no ka hoʻouku o limestone, i i kūkulu mai Paris. Catacombs, a, e, na nā kaupaku a me ka pā o kēia mau lola honua keʻena ma luna, "hoʻonaniʻia" kanana oia ia pu na iwi a me nā iwi o ka poe make. Ma kēia kūlanakauhale o ka pouli, e like me ka Palani lakou kapa i ka Necropolis, i ka i koe iho o ke kaulana i ka manawa kanaka e like Blez Paskal a me Fouquet, Marat a me Lavoisier, a me Robespierre Sharl Perro, Rabelais a me Danton.

Reviews

I kēia lā, mākaʻikaʻi ma ke aikane, e hele aku e ike i ka catacombs (Paris, France) hiki wale hele ma ka Mokuna, aʻaʻole e hele i na nāʻoihana ma laila i kanu ana. Kiʻi kālaiʻia lola honua tunnels mai i paka i kekahi hana manaʻo - poorly ho'ā lumi papa, a ma kekahi mau wahi i na hoailona e hoike ana i na inoa o nā alanui, Aia ma ka luna. Akā, Ossuary, Emeliano pūnaewele wa, e loli ai i ka hapanui o kanaka e, aole no ka nui o ka nui o ka i koe iho me lauana likeʻole, a kiiʻelepani iwi clutches i loko o ka palapala o ka "hale", "barela" a me ka luakini. I loko nō o ka heka hoailona ma ka puka: "Ua oki! Eia ke aupuni o ka make! ", A kūikawā weliweliʻaʻole e ho'āʻo ai a me ka manawa pono e hele aku nei au ia Palermo Catacombs o ka Capuchins paka he e kaumaha ana ia. Pela hoi, aole ia he nui helu o ke kanaka, iwi a me nā iwi mea,ʻaʻole like nani loa me ka Italia mummies la i ka malamaia. I loko nō o ka ikaika pāpā e hoopa mai ia ia lakou, iauaeoia oo? Ecia, mai kekahi aina lawe i ka lima a me ka hana i ka Loko me na koe.