Paris Catacombs: kiʻi a me nā hōʻike manaʻo

Paris Catacombs loa i ka mea o ka noonoo ana, mai nā kūloko nā kupa, a me kaʻaoʻao o na mea he nui kaʻahele. He aha,ʻo no ka nui o nā malihini kēlā me kēia makahiki? E like me ka rula, ka mea, o ka makemake e aʻo e pili ana i ka mōʻaukala o ke kulanakauhale nui. ʻOiai ka mea, mea i ike ole ia i ka manawa loa 'âlapa a me adventurers e hele i ka Paris catacombs. Mau wahi maoli e lāʻau malumalu ma ka mahuka a me ka mea huna, a no ka pane i ka nui nīnau nō pono makahiki a me nā makahiki o ka noiʻi.

He 'atikala AIM e hai aku oe e pili ana i keia hana hoihoi a me ka loa i ike ano o ka Farani kapikala, e like me ke kulanakauhale lola honua o ka poe make. Ka mea heluhelu e aʻo i nā lāliʻi o ka i, e like me ka rula, mai hai aku i ka iauaeoia oo? Ecia, i ka loa i ka hoao ana makapo.

Pauku 1. General hōʻike:

Catacombs, kona ma lalo o ke kapikala o Farani, o ke ano o tunnels, iʻikeʻia ma lalo o ke kūlanakauhale i loko o ka hala.

Pohihihi lola honua keʻena ma luna i ka lōʻihi o ka oi o ekolu haneri kilomika. Nā moʻolelo manaʻo i ua kūpono kahiko kiʻi mai? Iecaianoaaiiuo o nā mea e pono ai no ka hana o ka hale aliʻi, a cathedrals i loko o ke kūlanakauhale i ka Middle Ages. Hope i ke ana i ka lua kupapaʻu no na kanaka, a ua lilo he nui ilina. Ka helu o Parisians kanuʻaneʻi, oi ma mua o ka papa heluna o ka Palani kulanakauhale alii.

Pela hoi, aole i ka mea kahiko Romans quarried limestone i loko o kēia wahi, akā, na mines, he hamama. Ke kiʻekiʻe, a me ka ulu ana o ke kulanakauhale, ua mahuahua, a me ka helu o ia nā hale hana. Ke kumu nui loa o ka tunnel ikea iloko o ka Palani King Philip Augustus, ka mea i alii iho la oia ma 1180-1223 GG., Ai la ihea ka limestone Ua hoʻohana 'ia no ka hana o ka aiiay laau.

Pauku 2. Paris Catacombs. I ka moolelo o ka hanana

Ke iauae ieiuaae o ka lola honua tunnels i hanaʻia i? Acaeoey o ka limestone, i ka hola 11 sq. M. m.

Ka mua pōʻalo o limestone ma lalo o ka honua, i lilo ai ma lalo o Louis XI, nana i haawi mai i keia aina Vovert hale käkela. Ma ka pakebona apana o Paris nui hoʻomaka koke, a ua i loko o ka XVII kenekulia. lola honua Parisian catacombs, kiʻi o ka i hiki e ke loaʻa i loko o aneane pau guidebooks hoʻolaʻa i ka Farani poʻo, ka mea i loko o ke kūlanakauhale, e alakai ana i ka pilikia o ke kamaaina ole i loko o nā alanui.

I ka 1777, King Louis XVI Ua hanaia ke nana o nā kiʻi e nana, e hana i loko o mākou manawa. Over 200 makahiki i nā limahana o nā keʻena ma lalo nei e hana, e hooikaika, a pale aku collapses i loko o ka lua. Ua hoopihaia Many mines me ka pōhaku puna, akā, e hooikaika i nā eroded lepo wai o ka Seine, a ua mālama i ka pilikia o avalanches.

Pauku 3. pōkole mōʻaukala hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo

I ka moolelo o ka Parisian catacombs pololei e pili ana i ke ola o kanaka. Pehea? Eʻoluʻolu, e loaʻa kekahi mau kūʻiʻo:

• Cafe "Catacombs" i loaa i loko o ka lola honua keʻena ma luna o Chaillot i ka World Exhibition ma Palika (ma 1878). He nui me ka oiaio aku nei au i ole e kipa i kēia wahi mea wale hiki ole
• I na o na halepaahao o ke kapikala ulu Fish, he punahele huahana i loko o ke aupuni meaʻai o Farani.
• Ka mea kākau moʻolelo kaulana Viktor Gyugo i hana mai i na mea nui moʻolelo puke "Les aku ko oukou poino", i ka'āina o ka i ua pili loa ua hoʻopili i ka underworld o Paris.
• Iloko o ka Apana World War kiʻi i hoʻohanaʻia e nā alakaʻi o ke Palani e kū'ē'ē mai. Ma ke kauwela o ka makahiki 1944 ma laila i hoʻokumu i ka ke keʻena luna, pono 500 mika i ua aia mai ka malu Nazi bunker.
• Ma ke au o ka Ihuanu, Kaua, a me ka make māinoino o nukelea kaua ma kekahi mau lola honua tunnels i hoohuliia ma lalo o ka lewa-kaua hale kamala.
• "Paris Catacombs" - he film, kekahi o na mau mea i ole filming ma ka ahaaina, akā, 'ana i loko o ke ana ana ia lakou iho.

Pauku 4. He aha ka ke Ossuary?

Ma ka Middle Ages ka Ekalesia Hui mea i pāpā kanu kokoke ekalesia, ka hapanui o ka i i ke aupuni 'o hoʻokiwikā wahi. Ma ka ilina o ka hewaʻole, ka mea nui i loko o Paris, kanu elua miliona oi ma mua o kanaka. Aia moe i ka i koe iho o ole wale ka laity, akā, i ka poʻe i make i ka maʻi laha o ka mai ino, a make iho la i loko o ka luku ma St. a me Baretolomaio. ¶ A kanuʻiaʻo ia i loko o ka pā ilina o ka haneri o nä unuhi kino.

I mea ike i ka pinepine o ka lua kupapaʻu i ka hohonu o ka 10 mika, a ua hoonuiia ka magic shell o ka honua, a hiki i 3 mau mika.

'Aʻole surprisingly, ke kulanakauhale ilina a laila lilo i kumu o ka laha o ka maʻiʻaʻai, a me 1763 hale kanawai banned ka nuipa lua kupapaʻu i loko o ke kūlanakauhale. I ka 1780, ma hope o ka'opi o ka pa e hoʻokaʻawale i ka churchyard mai ka hoʻokiwikā wahi, ua pau i hoʻopau ai i ka ilina, a me loko o Paris i kekahi mea'ē aʻe i kanu.

No ka lōʻihi manawa i wehe 'ia i nā koe ma hope o disinfection i loko o ka lola honua quarry halekupapau-Issoire. Poe hana waiho ka iwi ma ka hohonu o ka 17 mika, a me ka hopena i loaʻa i ka pā pōhaku, a ua aneane 780 mika o keʻena me ka i koe iho o ka poe make, ka poe i waihoia ma ke kaiapili. Ke'ī mai, ma na catacombs o Paris i ka 1786, ka mea, ua hookumuia oia Ossuary. Ua loaʻa ka maluhia ma kahi o eono miliona kanaka, a me na mea he nui loa-ikeia personalities, akā, e oi -ʻaʻohe kekahi ike.

Pauku 5. Paris Catacombs i keia la

E like me ka poʻe malihini mākaʻikaʻi komo i ka ossuary i ole i nana ole ia ka mea, ua i ka hohonu o 20 mau mika. Here oe ke ike i ka pa i pena o ka XVIII kenekulia., Various kia hoʻomanaʻo i a me ka mōʻaukala ho'āʻoʻia, ke kuahu, Aia ma ka koʻu ea lako.

Hoaʻai a me na kamaaina koi i ka uku kokoke noonoo ana i ka palena, hiki oe ike i kaʻeleʻele laina - "Ariadne ka pae", i kokua mai ai i pakele noho nalowale i loko o nā keʻena ma loko o ka hala, ka wā uaʻaʻohe uila. Ano, o ka luawai nō mālama wahi, i ole loli hope laila: na kia hoʻomanaʻo i a me ka bas-ke kanaaho i Ua hoʻouka kekahi ma luna o nā ilina o ka hala kenekulia; pono no ka hoʻouku o limestone; kākoʻo kia no ka hale.

Ma mau, ka mea e e hoʻomaopopo i ka Paris Catacombs (2014 - kekahi e hooiaio ai) e lilo nui a me ka poe hanohano attraction i loko o ka Palani kulanakauhale alii.

MOKUNA 6. Pehea e kiʻi i loko o

Komo i ka catacombs o Paris, ua kokoke ka Metro ku "Denfert-Rochereau" (Denfert-Rochereau). Hiʻona'āina - he kiʻi kaula o ka liona. Nā catacombs i wehe i kela la (koe ka Poakahi) mai ka 10,00 a hiki i 17,00. Alakaʻi huakaʻi - 8-10 EUR (keiki i ka 14 makahiki - noa).

Incidentally, e aʻo aku ai iā inā pilikia ka haumāna kaʻahele e hoʻolohe i ka mea e e hookapu kanaka kipa.

Currently, kipa i ke gale i loaʻa lōʻihi o 2,5 kilomika. Aia nō i paʻa wahi pilikia loa, e kipa. Ma Nowemapa 1955 ma Paris ka mea, ua hōʻike hewa hele i kānāwai pāpā 'ia ka noho i loko o kēia wahi. A mahope mai o ka makahiki 1980, i ke ana o kēia mau rula, i ka i kēia kanaka makai brigade.

Pauku 7. ka pilikia ole kipa

I loko nō a pau na kapu, i mau ipo o thrills, ka poe i aa ai mamua aku i ko lakou ola, e illegally komo i ka luawai ma ke sewer manholes, kaʻa'ōhua ma lalo iho wahi, a no laila, ma luna o. D.

Lola honua keʻena me ka ololi a me ka haahaa labyrinths i Ka Uluwehi O Ke Pńk'pika, kahi ia mea oluolu no ka nalowale. No laila, i ka makahiki 1793 o ka ekalesia kiai Val-de-E alohaia imi e loaʻa i loko o nā kiʻi o kahiko haleahuwaina, akā, nalowale. Ua loaʻa wale nō ma hope o na makahiki o kona koe, ua ike ka poe ilihune kanaka ma na ki, a me nā kapa i koe.

Hoikehonua, "meʻe" nui loa, akā, i ka i nā makai i hana na mea a pau i hiki ke pale aku i ka pōʻino hele o loko.

Ma keia aupuni, ma ka mea, he nui na hana hoihoi mea: ka Eiffel Tower, ka Louvre, ke kupaianaha kahiko kulanakauhale, moana, pau ole nā mahinaʻai o nā māla waina ... France Parisian catacombs, nae, e waiho waho wale maikaʻi minute a me ka hauʻoli ka manawa ihola. Dissuade oe mai ana poʻe noʻonoʻoʻole hana mākaukau i ka mea nana i kauoha aku e komo i loko o ka'ōlelo mai mea.