Mathematician Perelman Iakoba: na makana i ka 'epekema. Ua pono-ike Lūkini mathematician Grigory Perelman

Mathematician Perelman - he nui kaulana kanaka, hoʻowahāwahā i ka mea i ka mehameha ola ia i hiki aku ai, a ma na mea hiki ala ma ka ahakanaka. Ka hooiaio ana o ka Poincare conjecture, i ia kau aku ia ma luna o par me nā kānakaʻepekema mea nui loa i loko o ka mōʻaukala o ke ao nei. Mathematician Perelman hoole lehulehu Ka hoʻolilo 'ia i hōʻike' ia ma ka 'epekema kaiāulu. Kēia kanaka e noho ana i ka loa a me ka uku loa mea laʻa i ka 'epekema. O ka holo ana, e pili ana ia, a wehe ia mea e pono ai, e hōʻike i ka au mamuli.

Makua Grigory Perelman

June 13, 1966 Ua hanau Grigoriy Yakovlevich Perelman, he mathematician. Picture ia i loko o ka lehulehu kikowaena ke iki, akā, i ka loa kaulana i hōʻike mai iā ia i loko o kēia 'atikala. He Ua hanau ia ma Leningrad - ka nohona kapikala o ko mākou'āina. Kona makua kāne i ka uila lunaʻenehana. He i ole i ka hana me ka 'epekema, ka manaoio nui loa.

Yakov Perelman

Loa kaulana manaoio i Gregory - ke keiki Yakov Perelman ike popularizer o ka 'epekema. Naʻe, i kēia mea alakaʻi hewa, no ka mea, make ihola ia i loko o ke kaua o Leningrad ma March 1942, no laila ia i hiki ole ia i ka makua kāne o ka mathematician nui. Kēia kanaka i hanau ma Bialystok, i kekahi kulanakauhale i no mamua i ka Russian aupuni a pau a me ka hapa o Poland manawa. Yakov Isidorovich i hānau i loko o 1882.

Yakov Perelman, i ka loa hoihoi ', kekahi o Laielohelohe makemakika. Eia hou, oia ua hoihoi ia ma kilohōkū, ke kālaikūlohea. Kēia kanaka i ua noʻonoʻo pono i ka mea hoʻoheheʻe kālā o ke awa o 'epekema a me kekahi o ka mua kakau iho la hana ma ke' ano moʻokalaleo Ke o kaulana 'epekema moʻokalaleo nana. He mea i ka mea nāna i hana o "Live Balanced" puke. Perelman Ua palapala nui no hoi na buke. Eia hou kekahi, i konaʻia .................... ka loaʻa o oi ma mua o ka tausani 'atikala. Like no ka e like "Live Balanced" o ka puke, Perelman mea i loko o kona mau puzzles likeʻole e pili ana i kēia 'epekema. He nui o ia mau mea lawe i ka palapala o ka pōkole moʻolelo. Kēia puke Ua manaoia kuhikuhi no ui kanaka.

Ma kekahi ka mahalo ia mea pakahi aku la ia hana hoihoi i buke, a ka mea kākau - Yakov Perelman ( "e hoʻokipa aku makemakika"). Trilliard - nei anei oe i ka mea a keia helu? He 10 ^21. Ma ka Soviet Union no ka lōʻihi manawa, elua laua unahi like paha i kahi - "pōkole" a me ka "loa". E like me ia Perelman, "pōkole" ua hoʻohana 'ia i loko o kālā helu a me ka maʻamau o' ikamu, a "loa" - i loko o nā palapala ma ke kālaikūlohea a me ka kilohōkū. No laila, trilliarda no "pōkole" unahiʻole, i hakuʻole. October ²¹ ka mea, kapa sextillions. Mau unahi e lauwili ana nunui.

Eia naʻe, mākou e ole elaborate ma keia, e hooki aku, a neʻe ia i ka moʻolelo o ka makana i ka 'epekema, a i mea Gregory kahi Isidorovich Iakoba, o kona piʻi like i Ua emi o uku. Ma ke ala, aloha o ka 'epekema Gregory ka haʻaheo lāhui i kona kaulana namesake.

Mother Perelman a me kona aoao ma Gregory

Mother o ka wā e hiki mai nä känaka 'epekema i ao makemakika ma ke kula Vocational. Eia hou, ua ua he loea violinist. Paha aloha o ka makemakika, e like me panina mele Gregory i ma ia, mai ona. Koe pu ia mau like o Laielohelohe Perelman. I kaʻalo a me ke koho ana i kahi e hana ai - ma ka conservatory paha i loko o ka oaoieei-ke kula kiʻekiʻe,ʻo ia hiki i hoopo nopono mai. ʻO wai ka mea i ike i ka makemake ua lilo Grigoriy Perelman, aʻu i hoʻoholo ai i kiʻi i ka wahine hoʻonaʻauao.

Noho 'ana kamaliʻi wā e hiki mai nä känaka' epekema

Kela manawa, i ka manawa'ōpio wale nō Gregory okoa literate olelo, nā palapala a me ka moʻolelo. He pinepine pepehiʻia e nā kumu i loko o ke kula. Ma ke ala, i hiki i ka 9th papa Perelman aʻo i loko o ke kula kiʻekiʻe, apparently typical, i mea nui loa ma ka lihi. A laila, he loea kanaka opiopio i ke kumu o ka Palace o paionia 'i kekahi. He i lawe ai i ka papa no nā keiki. Kēia i ka pilina i ke kūpono 'ana o ka hanana talena Perelman.

Lanakila ma ka 'Olumepika, puka

No laila, hoʻomaka ke milestone lanakila no Gregory. I ka 1982, ua loaa i kekahi mekala gula ma ka Pukapeka International makemakika Olympiad. It Perelman komo i ka hui o Soviet schoolchildren. He loaa i ka piha nā heluʻai, ka hoʻoholo 'ana i nā hana e akakaʻi. ʻumikumamākahi o ka papa ma St. Gregory puka 'o ia i loko o ka hookahi makahiki. Ka maopopo o ke komo i loko o kēia 'ihiʻihi Competition wehe ai iā ia i nā pani o ka maikaʻi hoʻonaʻauao kulanui o ko mākou'āina. Akā, Grigoriy Perelmanʻaʻole i pono i loko o laila, akā, lanakila 'o ia i kekahi mekala gula.

'Aʻole surprisingly, la oia i hoʻolālā ole me kŰia ma ka Leningrad State University, Mechanics a me Balanced'āuna kumu. Ma ke ala, i ke gula mekala i loko o ke kula Gregory, oddly lawa, i ole loaa. Kēia Hāʻule maila lākou i ka auhau o ka Pūʻulu Hoʻonaʻauao. Ka hoʻokuʻuʻole i haʻuki rula i ka manawa ua obligatory no ka kela mea keia mea, a me ka poe i hiki ole i ka manao wale iaʻu iho ma ka laau ua lele komo ole ma ka hookolokolo. Ma nā kumuhana ia i aʻo i elima.

Kuka nei lakou i LSU

Over ka mea e hiki mai ana mau makahiki, i ka wā e hiki mai nä känaka 'epekema hoʻomau i kona hoʻonaʻauao ma LSU. He komo me ka pomaikai nui i loko o nā kaha makemakika Competition. Perelman ua hiki ia e loaa i ka 'ihiʻihi Lenin hoʻonaʻauao. No ka mea, lilo iho la i ka mea nona o 120 rubles - he wahi lihi iki o ke kālā i loko o ia mau lā. Ia e ia, i kona olaʻana.

Au pono aku nei au ia Balanced a me Mechanics o ke Kulanui, i ua manawa kapaia o St. Petersburg, ua i loko o ka Soviet makahiki, kekahi o ka mea maikaʻi i loko o Rusia. I ka makahiki 1924, no ka laʻana, ka mea, puka 'o ia mai V. Leontyev. Kokoke koke ma hope o ka pau 'ana o ke aʻo,ʻo ia loaa ka Nobel makana ma ka' aoʻao hoʻokele waiwai. Kēia nä känaka 'epekema i kapa i ka makua kāne o ka hoʻokele waiwai' Amelika. Leonid Kantorovich, wale lulu popilikia e uwa ana o keia ia nā kumu kāki, loaa ia no lākou na makana i keia 'epekema, ua he Kumu matmeha.

Hoomau ana ka hoʻonaʻauao, ke ola i loko o ka US

Ma hope o ua noho mai LSU Grigoriy Perelman komo i ka Steklov makemakika Institute, e hoʻomau lākou hoʻonaʻauao ma ka puka kula. Soon, oia lele i ka US ma ka mea e haawi aku ai ia i kēia kula hoʻonaʻauao. Keia aupuni i mau, ua noʻonoʻo o ka moku'āina o kona palena ku okoa ana, o ka oi aku ma Soviet manawa i waena o ka poʻe e noho lā o ko mākou'āina. E ike i kana moe ana o na mea he nui, akā, me ka mathematician Perelman ua,ʻaʻole kekahi o ia mau mea. Pēlā ka manaʻo i ka hoowalewaleia mai e ua hele unnoticed ma ke komohana no ia. Nä känaka 'epekema nō alakaʻi i ka uku Aloha Hawaii, a he wahi awaawa. Heʻai waiū chops mea i holoi ia me ka yogurt a me ka waiū. A o ka papa, i ka mathematician Perelman hana ikaika. Ma kekahi, kana ao ana. halawai mai nä känaka 'epekema a me ka hoa mathematicians. Amerika 6 makahikiʻo ia i wili.

E hoʻi i ka Rusia

Gregory hoi i Rusia i ka oiwi kula. Here ia i hana ai no 9 makahiki. Ka mea, ua i keia manawa, e ia, a hoomaka ae la oia e ike i ke alanui a hiki i ka "maʻemaʻe nō" mea ma ka hoʻokaʻawale, hoʻokaʻawale, mai kaiāulu. Gregory manao, e hookaawale lakou i ko lakou launa a me ke kākoʻo '-hana. Ke nä känaka 'epekema hoʻoholo i ka laka' ia iho i loko o kona Leningrad keʻena, a hoomaka i ka hana nui ...

topology

Ia mea i oluolu i ka wehewehe i Perelman hoao ma ka makemakika. Wale hiki loa maopopo i ka ipo nui o kēia 'epekema i ka manaʻo nui o kona loaʻa. Mākou e ho'āʻo i ole 'ōlelo e kamailio e pili ana i ke kuhiakau i haawi Perelman. Gregory unuhi ae la topology. He He lālā o ka makemakika, pinepine i kapa anahonua ma ka laholio pepa. Topology haʻawina o ka geometric kinona i mea i ka malamaia ia i ka palapala i alo aku, ka hoʻoluli, a hohola. Ma na olelo e ae, ina ka mea, ua'āpono loa elastically ino - me splices,ʻoki a me, mai hemo mai. Ke topology Ua nui loa no ka hoʻopaʻi 'ana e like me ka makemakika ke kālaikūlohea. Ua hāʻawi mai i ka manaʻo o nā waiwai o ka lewa. Mākou e kamaʻilio ana ma keia hihia e pili ana i ka mana loa kahua, i ua mau hoʻonui, i mea na ke ao holoʻokoʻa.

Ka Poincaré Conjecture

Ka nui Palani physicist, mathematician a me ka poe akeakamai Zh. A. Puankare lawe mai i ke kuhiakau mua o keia e pili ana. He hiki i ke kakahiaka nui 20th kenekulia. Akā, he mea pono e kaulana ia i hoʻolilo aiʻo ia i ka mea mahuʻi, aʻaʻole i lawe maopopo. Perelman i ka mea i kaʻu huakaʻi, e hooiaio i kēia kuhiakau, ho oholo i ka kenekulia ma hope, i ka makemakika pāʻoihana, kekahi hoʻonohonoho hoolauleaia.

I ka olelo e pili ana i kona o Mānoa, kanaka, ano nui me penei hoʻomaka. E lawe i ka laholio iwi kuamoʻo. It e huki ma luna o ka poepoe. Penei, oe e i ka mau-dimensional poepoe. , He mea nui i ke anapuni o ka iwi kuamoʻo i ua ohi ia ma ka hookahi wahi. No kekahi laʻana, e hiki ke hana ia me ka rucksack ma ka huki a me ka hoʻopaʻa pipi 'kona mau kaula. Ua huli poepoe. O ka papa, no ka mai ia mea he ekolu-dimensional, akā, mea he mau-dimensional wahi o ka Hawaii o ka makemakika.

A laila, hoʻomaka mua hoʻokino nā wānana waiwai a me ka hoopaapaa ana, i mea ole, e ike i ka inexperienced kanaka. Ano ka mea, e hoomakaukau i ka ekolu-dimensional poepoe, he mea poepoe, hohola ma luna o kekahi mea e hele aku i kekahi Ana. Ekolu-dimensional poepoe, e like me ke kuhiakau - ka wale nouanoao? Ekolu-dimensional e hoopii mai ai, i hiki ke ano, i ka "gipershnurom" mea hypothetical ma kekahi wahi. Ka ike maopopo ana i keia theorem kōkua mai i ka palapala o ka ke ao holoʻokoʻa maopopo. Eia hou kekahi, i ke aloha no ka mea, ua hiki reasonably kuhi i ka ke ao holoʻokoʻa, a he mea he ekolu-dimensional poepoe.

Poincaré conjecture a me ka Big Ekahi kumumanaʻo

It E e kaulana i keia kuhiakau mea he hōʻoiaʻiʻo nō o ka Big Ekahi kumumanaʻo. Inā ka ke ao holoʻokoʻa mea he hookahi "huahelu", i keʻano o ka a - ka hiki e hoohiolo iho ia mea ma kekahi wahi, a 'o ia hoʻi i ka mea i hiki, a kau ma ka ia ala. Ke ninau aicieeaao: ina ia mea he poepoe, aha mea ma waho o ka ke ao holoʻokoʻa? E hiki anei i ke kanaka i ka kekahi haumāna huahana pili ana i wale i kekahi ka Honua a me ka ole o ka mea a pau cosmos, e ike i keia mea pohihihi? O ka mea e hoihoi, e hiki ke kaumaha e nānā mai ka hana o kekahi ao-kaulana mathematician - Stephen Hawking. Naʻe, ka mea hiki ole nae e olelo mai i keia manual kekahi pōhaku puna. E mākou manaolana i kekahi Perelman, aʻo ia nō e hiki i ke hoʻoponopono i kēia Puzzle, eʻikea au i loko o ka wā e hiki mai, i keia mai i ka manao o na mea he nui. ʻO wai ka mea i ike, malia o hoi oe ia oe iho Grigoriyu Yakovlevichu nō e hiki ke hana ia.

Ke Nobel uku ma ka makemakika

Perelman i i loaa i kēia 'ihiʻihi ia nā kumu kāki no kona e piʻi like nui. Malihini, 'aʻole ia? I mea, ia hiki ke hoopuni wehewehe ina ke noonoo i keia ia nā kumu kāki hakuʻole. ka a pau kaao o na kumu Nobel hooneleia laʻelaʻe 'ia o kēia nui' epekema i hanaia. A hiki i kēia lā,ʻaʻole i hookoia ka Nobel makana i ka makemakika. Perelman paha makemake ua loaa ia ina mea ola. Aia mea he kaao, i ke kumu no ka rejection Nobel mathematicians o ke kēia: ia mea 'elele o ka' epekema haʻalele ia i ka wahine mare. Like ia paha ole, akā, me ka Hekikai o ka 21st kenekulia ka hoopai wale hope lanakila. Just laila, ua kekahi bonus no mathematicians. E hai mai oe mai ka hua olelo e pili ana i kona mōʻaukala.

Pehea i hana ai i ka lua o ka Institute o Clay?

David Hilbert ma ka Ahaolelo Lahui o Mathematicians International, mālama 'ia ma 1900 ma Paris, i kaumaha aku ai i ka papa inoa ia e ke Wehewehe i nā hāʻina ma o ka hou 20th kenekulia 23 pilikia kikowaena. I ka lā ae no ka 21 o ka ia. Ma ke alanui, he puka o ka LSU matmeha YV Matiyasevich i ka makahiki 1970 pau o ka olelo hooholo o ka 10th o kēia mau pilikia. I ka hoʻomaka o ka 21st kenekulia e like ia me ka papa inoa i kakauia i loko o ka Institute American o Clay, he ehiku pilikia ma ka makemakika. Ka mea, e hoʻoponopono i loko o ka 21st kenekulia. Achievement he miliona dala i hai ia no ka hooholo ana o kela mea keia mea o lakou. ʻO i ka 1904, oia ua kālaiʻia i ka Poincaré kekahi o kēia mau hana. He kau aku i ka kuhiakau i ka eha-dimensional wa a pau i ka ekolu-dimensional ili, homotypic like poepoe i homeomorphic ia ia. Ma na mea olelo, ina o ka ekolu-dimensional ili mea like i loko o kekahi mau aoao a hiki i ka poepoe, he mea hiki, e'ō aku ia i loko o ka poepoe. Kēia hōʻike o ke nä känaka 'epekema ua i kekahi manawa kapaia ka haʻilula o ka ke ao holoʻokoʻa ma muli o ia kona nui nui i loko o ka naauao o ka luna' physical keʻano o ka hanaʻana, e like me ka hiki i ka mea i ka pane no ka mea, o ka ninau o ke kinona o ka ke ao holoʻokoʻa. Ua pono e olelo mai i keia loaʻa he nui kūlana i loko o ka ulu ana o ka nanotechnology Radio.

Pela, ke Clay Balanced Institute ua hooholoia e koho i ka 7 loa pilikia hana. No ka hooholo ana o kela mea keia mea o lakou i olelo mai ai i ka miliona dala. A ke hele mai, mai ka loaʻa i ka ia Grigoriy Perelman. Uku no ka makemakika, o ka papa, e hele no ia. He Ua i kekahi 'ano koke, no ka mea, i loko o 2002 paʻiʻia kona piʻi like ma ka'āina'ē Internet kumu waiwai.

Perelman Ua hookoia ka Clay uku

No laila, i loko o March 2010, ua hookoia i ka luawai-hewaʻiʻo ia nā kumu kāki Perelman. Makana ma ka makemakika ia hoʻi, noho kilakila moku'āina, i ka huina o ka a i $ 1 miliona. Gregory i, e kiʻi iā ia no ka maopopo o Poincare ka theorem. Eia naʻe, i loko o June 2010, lawe mai ma ke nä känaka 'epekema AOON ma Paris makemakika kūkā i ka mea ana i ua e lawe wahi a pau e wehewehe ana i keia ia nā kumu kāki. A July 1, 2010, Perelman kūkala i kona hoole akea. A, i ke dala i ia ia, oia aole loa ia i, ma muli naʻe o nā noi.

No ke aha la mathematician Perelman hoole i ka uku?

Gregory wehewehe ma ka mea i lunamanaʻo, aole ia i ae aku ia ia e kiʻi i ka miliona, i kekahi mau 'ē aʻe mathematicians. Ke nä känaka 'epekema mai la ia mea, ua nui kumu e like me ka lawe i ke kala, a i ole lawe ia. He hiki i hoopo nopono mai. Ke kumu nui o ka ole o ka hoʻolilo 'ia' Grigori Perelman, he mathematician kapa hoa pāonioni me ka 'epekema kaiāulu. Heʻike i ka mea, e hoomanao i kana olelo hooholo kaulikeʻole. Gregory olelo mai la oia i manaoio i ka makana o Hamilton, ka Kelemānia mathematician, ma ka pāʻoihana o keia pilikia, i emi ma mua o kona.

Ma ke ala, ma hope iʻikeʻia Honua Nei ma luna o ke kumuhana: makemakika pono pinepine līkaia no miliona, paha aa kekahi manawa e lawe ia lakou. A makahiki ma hope o ka holo pono o Perelman Demetrios Christodoulou a me Richard Hamilton i i hookoia ka Shaw uku. Ka nui o keia ia nā kumu kāki ma ka makemakika mea hoʻokahi miliona dala. Keia ia nā kumu kāki ua kekahi manawa, haawiia i like me ka Nobel lua o ka hikina. Hamilton loaa ia no ka hoʻokumu o ka makemakika kumumanaʻo. Ua laila,? Ac? Kona Lūkini mathematician Perelman ma kana mau hana a pau a hiki i ka hooiaio ana o ka Poincaré conjecture. Richard loaa mai keia ia nā kumu kāki.

Other hoʻolilo 'ia', a i hōʻole ai i Grigoriy Perelman

Ma ke ala, i ka 1996, Grigoriyu Yakovlevichu i i hookoia ai ka 'ihiʻihi makana no ka opiopio mathematicians mai ka Europa makemakika kaiāulu. Eia naʻe,ʻo ia i makemake e loaa ia.

10 makahiki ma hope, i ka 2006, ke nä känaka 'epekema i kumu kāki no ka mahinaʻai mekala no ka hoʻoponopono i ka Poincare conjecture. Gregory hoole, a mai ia.

'Epekema Magazine i ka makahiki 2006 i kapaia o ka hooiaio ana o ka conjecture, hanaia ma Poincare, ka' epekema Ua Hopu ana o ka makahiki. It E e kaulana i keia mea i ka mua hana i loko o makemakika, a ua hoʻolimalima i ia i ka inoa.

David Gruber a me Ioana Nasar i ka 2006 paʻi ka 'atikala kuleana lokomaikaʻi he Lokomaikaʻi. Ua olelo Perelman, me kona hooholo ana Poincare pilikia. Eia hou, i ka 'atikala hōʻike ana i ka makemakika kaiāulu, a ma ka na' epekema o ka pono kumu. Ua Ua hooku iho la ia a me ka pohihihi ninaninau a hoʻopaʻahao me Perelman. A hailona Ua olelo mai e pili ana i ka noʻonoʻo loi Shintana Yau, Pake mathematician. Together me kāna mau haumāna,ʻo ia ho'āʻo eʻaʻa aku i ka completeness o ka hoike ana o Grigoriem Yakovlevichem. Ma ka hālāwai ninaninau, Perelman i mai la, "i na malihini i manaoia ka poe e kue ana pono mau hae ma ka 'epekema People e like iaʻu -. I kekahi mea ma ka hoʻokaʻawale".

Ma September 2011, oia hōʻole ia, a mai ka wale nô ma ka Russian Academy o Sciences, ka mathematician Perelman. Kona Kawaihae ua hōʻike i loko o ka puke paʻiʻia i loko o ka hookahi makahiki. Mai ia oe ke aʻo hou e pili ana i ka hopena o ka makemakika, eia nae ke ike hoakoakoa ae la ua ma muli o ka hoike ana o ke kolu o ka aoao. Kona mea kākau - Masha Gosena. Ka puke Ua houluuluia ma ke kumu o ka ninaninau 'ana me classmates, kumu, nā hoapili a me ke kākoʻo'-hana Perelman. Sergei Rukshin, Uchitel Grigoriya Yakovlevicha, i mai la no kona huakaʻi.

Grigoriy Perelman i keia la

I këia lä i ka mehameha ola ia i hiki aku ai. Ikaika kaomi ignores mathematician Perelman. Where aʻole ia e ola? A nei, Gregory noho ai me kona makuwahine i loko o Kupchino. A ma ka 2014 i ke kaulana Lūkini mathematician Grigori Perelman mea ma Kuekene.