Mōʻaukala o ka uila i loko o Rusia: ka muli a me ka ulu ana

Ka muli o kēia ano o ka uila i i mua ma ka moʻo o discoveries ma ke kālaikūlohea a me ka hana 'enekinia, hoʻopuehuʻia i ka manawa no kekahi mau kenekulia. 'Epekema ua waiho mai me ke kakini inoa limahana i loko o keia ana nou-ana kaʻina. Iwaena o lakou, ua Lūkini explorers.

Ka piʻo Petrova

I ka moolelo o ka muli o ka uila hoi i mea okoa ina ole no i kekahi mana physicist a me ka ikaika, ao mai Vasily Petrov (1761-1834). Kēia nä känaka 'epekema, kipakuia mai ma ko lakou mau wahi-maopopo lanakila, hoolilo i ka hailona o ka ho okolohua. A ki e piʻi like i kona loaʻa o ka uila piʻo i ka 1802.

Petrov ua hooiaio ia ka mea hiki ke hoʻohana no ka mea hiki hana - a me na mea hiki ke hooheheeia kuʻihao, o Anederea, a me kau iho. I ka Ia manawa he nui galvanic o na pu ki i hanaia e ka experimenter. Mōʻaukala o ka uila? Acaeoey aie nui i Vasily Petrov.

Yablochkov kukui

Kekahi Lūkini inventor i ka pilina i ka holomua ma ka ikehu kaiaulu, - Paulo Yablochkov (1847-1894). I ka 1875, oia i hana i ka kalapona piʻo kukui. Ma hope ka mea, loaa ae nei i ka inoa "Yablochkov kukui." No ka mea manawa mua i hōʻikeʻike i ka hana mea hou i hana muaʻole ai i ka lehulehu i ka Paris World Exhibition. A palapala iho la i ka mōʻaukala o ke kumu o ko ke ao nei. Uila, ma ka hoohalike ana, e ike ia a pau mea ia, ua e noho kokoke.

Ipukukui Yablochkov, hoʻowahāwahā i ka hoʻokahuli aupuni i ka manaʻo nui i kekahi mau ona flaws. Ma hope o disconnecting mai ke kumu e make mai, a me ka hou e hoʻomaka i ke kukui mea hou e hiki. Aka hoi, i ka mōʻaukala o ka uila kumu o ka pono, e haʻalele i loko o kā lākou mau moʻolelo i ka inoa o Paul Yablochkov.

Incandescent Lodygina

Ka mua wahi lulu i ka hoao ana e pili ana i ka hoʻokiwikā uila kukui, i alakaʻi Aleksandrom Lodyginym ma St. Petersburg i ka 1873. Ua i ka mea nana invented i ka incandescent kukui. Naʻe, ke ho'āʻo nele i ka hoʻolauna hou huahana i loko o kaʻaha hana - ia i hele pu ole e lawe i ka niche i loko o ka ubiquitous kinoea kukui. Ua kuai lilo ia ka iaoaioa no ka tungsten filament i kekahi haole poe General ka pila.

Lūkini enthusiasts, naʻe, i ole lilo ohohia. Koke ma mua o ka First World War "uila kau iho Company" Ua lilo i ka pono, e hana incandescent pu u kukui. i lawe Grandiose manao kuka i mai no o ka hookahe koko ana, waiwai hoole mai oia, a mau puʻu'ōpala. I ka 1917, incandescent pu u kukui he wale i loko o ka waiwai aina o ka holomua hale kūʻai, a no laila, ma luna o .. Ma mau, a hiki ma ke poo, elua wale i ka hapakolu o na hale uhi iaʻaoʻao pale. No ka uila he wahi lihi iki o ke kanaka i hopohopo like me ka hiki ole hana maʻamau, a me kēlā hou 'ia, hoa aela o Laielohelohe i ka noonoo ana o na tausani o ka makaainana.

"Power EYI"

Paha i ka moʻolelo o ka muli o ka uila i loko o Rusia he makemake e okoa ina ka huli ana o ka XIX-XX kenekulia. ka mea, i ia mau pilikia a me ka uila lako. Inā na nā hale hana, na kauhale a me na kulanakauhale hoomakaukau lakou ia lakou iho me ka hou kahi o ka ikehu, ka mea, i ke kuai i nā mīkini uila me ka haahaa mana. Akā, ua ole moku'āina hoʻolako 'ia o electrification papahana. Inā keia mea he Initiative o ke kulanakauhale, ia IeAUPIIe, IAa IO o ia hoʻi, e kū ana i ka His mai o ka? Ieee, a me ka puu dala no?.

Uila History Hōʻike ua nui loli pili me electrification, ke aupuni loaʻa wale ma hope o ka mea ikea piha mana. Oia laila, o ka mana o kēia mau poe kupono e hoʻolako i ka ikaika o holoʻokoʻa wahi. Ka mua mana kanu i loko o Rusia iʻikeʻia i loko o ka makahiki 1912, a me ka initiator o kona hanaia'na ua pau i ka ia "ka pila kau iho Company."

Ke kukulu paena i ka lilo ana nui i aeuiiai ieaia? Moscow'āina a pau. Ke koa i kapaʻia "mana." Ua Ua noʻonoʻo pono i ka hoʻokumuʻo ka makua kāne o ke kaʻina lunaʻenehana Robert Classon. Ka mana mea kanu, i hana i keia la, koho i kona inoa. Initially hoʻohana like wahie peat. Klasson kino koho i ka paena kokoke i ke kino o ka wai (i ka wai e pono ai no ka huʻihuʻiʻana). Pōʻalo o peat ma ka uku ole o Ivan Radchenko, ka mea i lilo aku ia i ka hoʻokahuli aupuni, a me ka lâlâ o ka RSDLP.

Mahalo i ka "mana" mōʻaukala o ka uila palapala noi i loaa mai i ka hou hualiʻaoʻao. No kona manawa ka mea, ua he hanana ka hoao ana. Ua lako Energy i Moscow, akā, no ka mamao he 75 kilomika ma waena o ke kūlanakauhale, a me ka wahi i ku ai. Keia ke ano o ia mea, ua pono, e paa i ka kiʻekiʻe-anakahi uila laina, analogues o i ole i hou i loko o Rusia. Ke kahua Ua huikau ma ka mea i loko o ka aina, aole he kanawai hooponopono ana i ka manaʻo o ia mau papahana. Ka uwea e hele ana oukou ma ka mokuna o na mea he nui maikai aina. Mea nona makeshift ia hoonoho ai i kino piliwaiwai aristocrats, a ho'āʻo e koi aku ia lakou e kākoʻo i ka Initiative. I loko nō a pau ka pilikia, ua hoʻokele e hoopaa i ka laina, a loaa i ka wahi lulu mōʻaukala o ka uila i precedent nui. Moscow loaa kona ikehu.

Station a me trams

Ka mea,ʻikeʻia i loko o ka czarist au, a ua uuku-unahiʻole, i mea kanu. Mōʻaukala o ka uila i loko o Rusia aie nui ana i ka German industrialist Werner av Siemens. I ka 1883 hanaʻo ia ma luna o ka aha lealea hoʻomālamalama o ka Moscow Kremlin. Ma hope o ka mea mua holomua hana o kona mau hoa a pau (i makemake hope lilo ike me ka honua-akea e hopohopo nei) ua hana i ka ho'ā nā'ōnaehana o ka Winter Palace, a Nevsky Prospekt ma St. Petersburg. I ka 1898, ua he uuku mana laau i loko o ke kapikala, e holo alaʻokoʻa i ka moana. Ua ua hoʻopuka kālā na Belgians i loko o ka like, aa aku ma luna o ka embankment, a me na kēia kanaka Kelemānia - i kekahi i loko o Novgorod alanui.

Ua hoemiia ka Mōʻaukala o ka uila,ʻaʻole wale nō i keʻano o nā mea kanu. Ka mua tram i loko o ka Russian aupuni a pau iʻikeʻia i loko o 1892 ma Kiev. Ma St. Petersburg, i ka hou ano o ka lehulehu amo i ka 1907 a hemo ka ikehu lunaʻenehana Heinrich Graftio. Nā kānaka hoʻopukapuka kālā no ka papahana he na kēia kanaka Kelemānia. Ka wā kaua wawahi mai me Hawaii, i laweʻia ka mea, mai loko mai o ka Lūkini kapikala, a me ka papahana mea ma ka manawa froze.

Ka mua ieie-ia hoonoho ai i

Wahi lulu moʻolelo o ka uila i loko o ke alii wā, a ia i ka mua uuku ieie-mea kanu. Ka mea mua iʻikeʻia ma luna o Zyryanovsk koʻu i loko o ka Hawaiian Mountains. Hapanui kaulana iho ma luna o ke koa i loko o St. Petersburg ma ka muliwai Large Okhta. Kekahi o kona poʻe e uhau ana i ka ia Robert Classon. Kislovodsk ieie-"White lānahu ahi" i mālama ai i ke kumu o ka ikaika no ka 400 streetlights, tram laina, a noi i ka mea pōhaku wai.

I ka 1913, ma na Lūkini muliwai hoi au i na tausani o ka poe liilii, hydropower mea kanu. Poe akamai i ke kiÿeleo huina pau nona iho o ka 19 megawatts. Ka nui loa ieie-ku i ka Hindu Kush ma Turkestan (ia hana, a hiki i keia la). Ma keia hihia, ma ka Ewa o ka First World War ua i kekahi 'au i loko o ka'āina a kikowaena o ka hoʻokoʻikoʻi ma luna o ke kūkulu o thermal mana mea kanu, a me ka mamao'āina - ma ka mana o ka wai. hana uila no ka Lūkini mōʻaukala o ke kulanakauhale hoomaka me nā waihona kālā nui o nā malihini. E like no ke koa lako a ua haole aneane na mea a pau. No ka laʻana, ua ho'ōla pānaʻi ai turbines anywhere - mai Austria, Hungary iā 'Amelika.

I ka wā 1900-1914 GG. i ka uku o ka electrification o Rusia i kekahi o ka mea kiekie loa i loko o ke ao nei. I ka Ia manawa, ua i kekahi 'ei. Uila ua lakoʻano nui i ka hana, akā, i ke koi no ka hale nā mīkini home noho haʻahaʻa. Ke kī o ka pilikia hoʻomau e ia i ka nele o ka centralized aina ka modernization papahana. Neʻe i mua ma kekahi poʻe, oiai no ka hapanui hapa - haole. Kēia kanaka Kelemānia a me Belgiansʻano nui hoʻolako 'papahana ma na poo elua, me ka ho'āʻo mai, e aa aku i kā lākou waiwai i loko o ka mamao Lūkini panalaau.

electrification

ʻO wai ka mea hele mai i ka mana ma hope o ka OkatobaʻOiʻenehana, ka Bolsheviks i ka 1920, hoohana i kekahi kumumanao o electrification o ka aina. Kona hooulu ana i hoomaka ai i ke Kanawai ke Kaua. Ke poo o ke Komisina (o electrification - ka State Komisina no Electrification o Rusia) Ua hoonoho Gleb Krzhizhanovsky, ka mea mua i ka hoao ana e hana me kekahi ikehu pōʻaiapuni. No ka laʻana, ka mea i kokua mai Robert Classon Station ma turf ma Moscow mokuna. I huina, ke kauoha hanaia ma ka manao, komo pū ma kahi o elua haneri nā kānakaʻenehana a me nā kānakaʻepekema.

ʻOiai ka papahana i manao ia no ka hooulu ana o ka ikehu, ka mea no hoi e loli ai ka Soviet hoʻokele waiwai holoʻokoʻa. I hele mai Stalingrad kaʻa kauō Plant like me ka ke kākoʻo '-aa aku electrification. Ke hou hanalima wahi originated i loko o ka Kuznetsk lanahu pa holoi, a hoomaka iho la e ulu ai o ka nui waiwai o hoʻokomo kālā.

E like me ke kumumanao o ka electrification ka mea, ua i e kūkulu 30 apana mana cia (10 a me 20 HPP TPP). He nui o kēia mau poʻe hana i keia la. Iwaena o lakou, Nizhny Novgorod, Kashira, Shatura Chelyabinsk a me thermal mana mea kanu, e like me ka pono me Volkhovskaya, Nizhny Novgorod a me Dnieper HPP. Hoʻokō 'ana o ka manao i alakai ai i ka muli o ka hou oicyenoaaiiie regionalization o ka aina. Mōʻaukala o ka malamalama, a me ka uila hiki ole e ua hoʻopili i ke kūpono 'ana o ke amo nenoaiu. Mahalo i ka electrification, hou aeaciui ai, alaloa a me ka Volga-Don Canal. Ia mea ma keia kumumanao hoomaka industrialization o ka aina, a haliu ae la i ka mōʻaukala o ka uila i loko o Rusia kekahiʻaoʻao nui. E kau electrification pale i halawai i ka 1931.

Power a War

Ma ka Ewa o ka Great Patriotic War, ka huina nona iho o ka uila mana o ka USSR i kahi o 11 miliona kilowatts. German kaua a me ka luku ana o kekahi hapa nui o ka aeuiiai ieaia? Nui ho'ēmi i kēia mau huahelu. E kū'ē i ke kāʻei kua o keia malihiniʻana i loko o ka State Pale Kaua Komite i ka hana o nā mea kanu ka hana mana, hapa o ka pale kauoha.

Me ka liberation o nā panalāʻau e noho ana ma na kēia kanaka Kelemānia, hoomaka ae la ke kaʻina hana o ka? Aeiino? Oeoey o ka luku a me ka poino mea kanu. Ka mea nui i loaʻa Svir, ka Dnieper, a me ka Baksan HPP Ķegums a me Shakhtinskaya, Krivoy Rog, Shterevskaya, Stalinogorsk, Zuevskaya TPP a me Dubrovskaya. E hoomanao e uila kulanakauhale, haalele loa ia e na kēia kanaka Kelemānia ma lawe mua mai ma powertrains. Ka mua ua lawe lima ia hoonoho ai i hiki ma Stalingrad. I ka makahiki 1945, wahi lulu mana kauoha aku e hiki mālama '-kaua? Iecaianoaaiiuo huahelu. ʻO ka manawa pōkole mōʻaukala o ka uila hōʻike i ke ala o hoʻonupaikini o ka aina i ua arduous a me ka tortuous.

hou ulu

Ma hope iho o ka hoouka kaua ana o ke ao nei i loko o ka Soviet Union hana mau, e kūkulu i ka nui nā hualoaʻa a TPP a me HPP. Ua lawe mai ka ikehu polokalamu i kulike ai me ka rula o ka hou centralization o ka hana holoʻokoʻa. I ka 1960, uila hanauna mahuahua ma ka 6 manawa like me ka 1940. Ma ka makahiki 1967 la i pau ai i ke kaʻina o e pili ana i ka hoʻokahi ikehu'ōnaehana, e lawe ana i kahi hookahi, i ka holoʻokoʻa 'Eulopa hapa o ka aina. Ka mea ulana pukapuka, komo pū 600 wahi. ʻO ko lākou huina pau nona iho i 65 miliona kilowatts.

A laila kākauʻana ma ka aeuiiai ieaia? Acaeoey eio Ua pio ka polokalamu ma luna a meʻAʻole loa East hawaiian wahi. Keia ua hapa wehewehe ia e ka mea i ka mea, i laila, e kālele ana ma kahi o 4/5 o ka hydropower waiwai o ka USSR. "Uila," he hōʻailona o ka 1960s ua ke kukulu ma ka Angara Bratsk HPP. Ma hope o kona 'ano i like ku ma ka Yenisei Krasnoyarsk.

Hydropower Ua loli Hawaiʻi, a me kaʻAʻole loa East. I ka makahiki 1978, i loko o ka hale o Soviet poe kanaka i hoomaka ai e komo i ka pono e hua mai la Zeya ieie-wahi. Kona kiʻekiʻe o ka makua - 123 mika, a me ka mana ia auoiaea - 1330 MW. A hana mana o ka 'enekinia, i loko o ka Soviet Union i noʻonoʻo i ka Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP. Ka pāhana Ua hoʻokō i loko o ka pilikia aniau o Siberia a me remoteness mai nui na kulanakauhale a me ka mea e pono ai ka hana. He nui no nā lāliʻi (e like me hydro turbines) hele aku la i ka hana paena ma ka Arctic Ocean, ae hana i ka mea ala 10 tausani kilomika.

I ke kakahiaka nui 1980s, nui hou ma ka ikehu koena o ka hoʻokele waiwai Soviet. Ka māhuahua kūlana pâʻani 'o ia ma ka nukelea mana mea kanu. I ka makahiki 1980, kā lākou kaʻana like i loko o ka ikehu? Iecaianoaaiiuo ua 5%, a ma ka makahiki 1985 - ano 10%. Locomotive ka hana ua Obninsk nukelea mana loa. I loko o kēia wā i hoʻomaka ai i ka hōʻeleu i pūkaʻina? Ieoaeunoai o nukelea mana mea kanu, akā, me ka waiwai ulia, a me ka Chernobyl hewa ka meheu o ia ke kaʻina hana.

modernity

Ma hope iho o ka'opi o ka Soviet Union ua he emi o ka waihona kālā i loko o ka mana kaiaulu. Wahi mea i kūkuluʻia, akā, i ole hoi, ua pau, i malamaia ma ka nui mea. I ka makahiki 1992, he hookahi maka aha i ua hoohui ma RAO "UES o Rusia". Ua i i kōkua i ka pale aku i ka systemic ulia i loko o ka hoʻokele waiwai pilikia.

Lua o ka makani ka mana hana i hele mai i loko o ka XXI kenekulia. He nui Soviet Keoni a no? Ieoaeunoaa. No ka laʻana, i ka 2009, e pau ka hana o ka Bureya HPP hoi aku la i loko o ka makahiki 1978. I kukulu ia a me ka nukelea mana: ka Baltic, Beloyarsk, Leningrad, Rostov.