Morgan chromosomal kumumanaʻo: ka ho'ākāka 'ana, hoʻokumu paʻa ai a me nā hiʻona

No ke aha la e na keiki e hoohalike ai i ko lakou mau makua? Ke aha la hoi i kekahi mauʻohana, e halii mai i kekahi mau maʻi e like me ka makapō ano, polydactyly, hui hypermobility, cystic fibrosis? No ke aha la i ka helu o nā maʻi na wahine a me kekahi poe e ae wale i aloha ia - wale na kanaka? I kēia manawa, ua pau ike i ka pono eʻimi i nā pane i kēia mau nīnau ma nā kūpuna mai, oa ka chromosomes i ke keiki e loaʻa ai, mai kēlā me kēia makua. A me keia ike, laekahi 'epekema ua koi ia Thomas Hunt Morgan - American aaiaoe?. He hōʻike i ke kaʻina hana o laila 'o ia aaiaoe' ike, a ua ulu pu me nā hoapili chromosomal pähola 'o ka hoʻoilina (pinepine kapa chromosome pähola' o Morgan), a ua lilo ia i kekahi kihi o kēia aaiaoe?.

Mōʻaukala o ka Kaka

He mea e, e olelo aku ia Thomas Morgan i ka mea mua e lilo hoihoi i loko o ka pukana o ka hoolilo ana o aaiaoe 'ike hewa. hiki i ka mua noiʻi, ka poe i hoao i ka kūlana o chromosomes i loko o ka'āina hoʻoili, e maopopo e noʻonoʻo i ka hana Chistyakov, Beneden, Rabl ma ka 70-80-ies o ka XIX kenekulia.

Aia heʻAʻohe microscopes no ka mana e e hiki ke ike i ka chromosome 'ole. A me ka manawa "chromosome" Alaila, hoi, ua ole. Ua Ua hoʻolauna ma ka German nä känaka 'epekema Heinrich Valdeyr i ka 1888.

German biologist Theodor Boveri like me ka hopena o kona mau ho okolohua hoao iho la ia ia ia mea e pono ai ka mea maʻamau kūpono 'ana o ke kino ka maʻamau no kona? Ueo helu o chromosomes, a me kā lākou mau loa a me ka shortage hiki aku ai i ka loa malformations. Over manawa, i kona kumumanaʻo i brilliantly hookupaa iho la ia. Mākou ke olelo aku i ka chromosome kumumanaʻo T. Morgan loaʻa maiʻo ia ho omaka hoomaikai i ka noiʻi 'ana Boveri.

Ka hoʻomaka 'o ka noiʻi

Hoʻololi kemikala o na 'ike ma luna o ka pähola' ana o nā kūpuna mai, e kumukanawai a hoʻomohala i kauoha aku ai i Thomas Morgan. E like me ka mea o kona ike maopopo ana, ua wae iho i ka hua nalo, aʻaʻole ma ka ulia. Ka mea, ua i ka pono mea no ka haʻawina o ka EYI o aaiaoe 'ike - wale eha chromosome, fertility, pōkole lōʻihi like' ole o ke ola. Morgan hoʻomaka hana noiʻi, ka hoʻohana 'ana maemae laina nahu. He koke ike i ka germ keena o hookahi kau o ka chromosomes, i mea Morgan 2 kahi o ka 4. Ua ua hōʻolokeʻaʻia ana i ka wahine ke keka chromosome X, he kāne - like me ka Y.

Sex-ua hoʻopili hooilina

Morgan ka chromosome kumumanaʻo ua hōʻike i loaʻa i definite hoailona o ke keka-ua hoʻopili. Kaulana Kawaihae, a me i ke nä känaka 'epekema lawe mai i kona mau ho okolohua, a maʻamau i he ulaula-maka, akā, me ka hopena o mutations o keia'ōewe i loko o ka heluna kanaka, ua keʻokeʻo-maka kanaka, a mawaena o lakou ua nui loa na kane a pau. Ke'ōewe, i mea kuleana no ke ano o ka nalo maka ua IIeEeAIEUIeXAIIUE ma luna o ka X chromosome, ma ka Y-chromosome mea ole. Ia mea, ma ka holo wahine, hoʻokahi X chromosome a loaʻa he mutated'ōewe, a me ka ferruginous kane pahiki o ke alo aku o ka moʻolelo i loko o ka MOKUNA XXXIII No E e pili ana i ke kahua hahi. Ke easiest ala e hōʻike i kēia ma luna o ka kiʻikuhi.

• P: XX 'm X'Y;
• F _1: XX ', XY, X'X' X'Y.

X - wahine ke keka chromosome a'ōewe me keokeo kāne maka; X 'chromosome'ōewe' oiaʻiʻo ma loko o ka maka.

Decipher i kēlāʻaoʻao i nā hualoaʻa:

• XX '-ʻulaʻula-maka wahine'ōewe lawe hala i ka maka. Aie i ke alo o ka lua o ka X-chromosome ka mutated'ōewe " 'ano" ola, a me ka hoike mai ai iaʻaʻohe phenotype hiʻona.
• X'Y - keʻokeʻo-maka kane, ka mea i loaa mai i ka makuahine o ka X chromosome me ka mutant'ōewe. Ma ka hoʻokahi wale nō X-chromosome mutant kāna moʻolelo ka mea, e ai hoi, a eia kahi mea akaka ma ka phenotype.
• X'X '- keʻokeʻo-maka wahine chromosome loaa ka mutated'ōewe mai o ka makuahine, a me ka makuakane. Ka wahine wale nō inā nā X-chromosomes e lawe aku i ka'ōewe 'oiaʻiʻo ma loko o ka maka, ka mea e hōʻike i loko o ka phenotype.

Ke chromosomal pähola 'ana o nā kūpuna mai Thomas Morgan wehewehe i keʻano papa hana o ka'āina hoʻoili o ka nui aaiaoe ka maʻi. No ka mea, o ka X chromosome nā'ōewe nui aku ma mua o ka Y chromosome, ka mea, ua hoʻomaopopo i ka mea i kuleana no ka hapanui symptoms meaola. Ka X chromosome mai ka makuahine pū i hiki i nā keiki kāne a me nā kaikamāhine, a me nā nā'ōewe kuleana no na waiwai o ke kino, mawaho na hoailona o ka maʻi. A me ka X-ua hoʻopili he mea he Y-ua hoʻopili hooilina. Akā, me ka Y-chromosome mea wale no na kanaka, no ka mea, ina e hana kekahi mutation, ka mea hiki ke hele ma wale i kane mamo.

Ke chromosomal pähola 'ana o nā kūpuna mai Morgan kōkua i maopopo i ke kumu hoohalike o ke EYI o aaiaoe maʻi, nae, i nā hihia pili i kā lākou lapaʻau, i ae a hiki i kēia manawa.

Crossover

Iloko o ke ao, he haumāna o Thomas Morgan Alfred Sturtevant loaa ka kŰia o kela aoao-no. Like mahope ho okolohua, hou ana o nā'ōewe ana no ka holo no. Ua i ka mea nana aʻe i ke kaʻina ua hoʻopili hooilina.

Pela chromosome kumumanaʻo T. Morgan loaa kekahi mea nui wahi - ma waena o homologous chromosomes ia lŘlŘ i kela kapa-ma, a me kona alapine (frequency) me ka nānā 'ana i ka mamao ma waena o nā nā'ōewe.

paʻa

E systematize i ka hopena o ia mea o ke nä känaka 'epekema, e haawi i ke kumu o kulana o ka chromosomal kumumanaʻo o Morgan:

1. Symptoms hilinaʻi ma luna o nā nā'ōewe meaola hookomo i loko o ka chromosomes.
2. ʻO nā'ōewe o kekahi chromosome i hala aku ma luna o ke keiki kakou nana lālau. Ka ikaika o ka mea pīlali mea nui, ka mea uuku i ka mamao ma waena o nā nā'ōewe.
3. Ke homologous chromosomes malama kŰia o kela aoao-no.
4. Ike i ke alapine (frequency) o ka holo ma ka kekahi chromosome, ua hiki ke ho omaulia i ka mamao ma waena o nā nā'ōewe.

I ka lua o kaʻoihana o ka chromosomal kumumanaʻo o Morgan, a Morgan kapa i ka rula.

iaia

I ka noiʻi i nā hualoaʻa i ike brilliantly. Morgan ka chromosome kumumanaʻo ua he Hopu i loko o ka kālaimeaola o ka iwakalua kenekulia. I ka makahiki 1933, no ka loaʻa o ke kūlana o nā chromosomes i loko o nā kūpuna mai Nobel makana i kumu kāki i ke nä känaka 'epekema.

A mau makahiki ma hope, Thomas Morgan loaa ka Copley Keʻokeʻo no ka poʻokela e piʻi like i loko o ka mahinaʻai o aaiaoe?.

Ano, ua aʻo Morgan ka chromosome pähola 'ana o nā kūpuna i loko o nā kula. Ua pau na 'atikala a me nā buke.

Ano he kumu hoʻohālike pū me ka palaoa hooilina

Morgan ka chromosome kumumanaʻo ua hoike mai i ka waiwai o ke kino i hoʻoholo 'ia e nā'ōewe waiho iho i loko o laila. Kumu kahua o nā hualoaʻa i loaʻa Thomas Morgan, i ka pane ana i ka ninau o ka hoolilo ana o maʻi e like me hemophilia, Lowe maʻi pale, makapo, Bruttona maʻi.

Ua Ua loaʻa i nā'ōewe no a pau o kēia mau mai i aia ma luna o ka X chromosome a me nā wāhine, i kēia mau maʻi ana nui emi pinepine, e like me ka mea ola i ke chromosome hiki aʻe i ka chromosome me ka maʻi'ōewe. Women i mea ole Ike e no ia, hiki e nā moku halihali mokulele o aaiaoe maʻi, a i laila hoikeia i na keiki.

I na kanaka, X-ua hoʻopili maʻi, a phenotypic symptoms hou, no ka mea, aohe olakino X chromosome.

Ke chromosomal pähola 'ana o nā kūpuna mai T. Morgan noi i loko o ka Ikepili o ka ohana mōʻaukala no aaiaoe maʻi.