Ho okumu, Secondary ka hoʻonaʻauao a me nā kula
Nā waiwai o carbohydrates. Ka mana a me ka waiwai o nā carbohydrates: papaʻaina
Ma ka'ano ola, nui ka nui o nā mea i ho'olaha'ia,'o ka nui o ia mea he pa'akikī i ka ho'onui. Eia kekahi la'ana,'o kēia mau mea e komo pū ana me nā'ōpelu. He mea ko'iko'i loa ia ma ke ano he kumu waiwai no nā holoholona a me nā kānaka, a'o kekahi mau'ano o nā'ōpoki'ale'a e ho'olilo iā lākou i mea waiwai nui no ka'oihana.
He aha ia?
Ua pi'i ka inoa o kēia pū'ulu o nā'epekema ma hope o ka māhele mua o nā mea i ho'okomo'ia ua hana'ia. A laila ua'ike'ia'o kā lākou mau kumu nui'o carbon a me ka wai. Ma hope mai ua ho'ololi'ia ka inoa i ka pololei loa, no ka mea,'o nā waiwai o nā wai'ale'a,'o ka lakene o ka hydrogen a me nā oxygen ma loko o ia mau mea he like loa ia me ka wai. Ho'ohui wale nō, ho'okahi wale nō oxygen no nā'elua hydrogen. 'O ka hua'ōlelo Russian o ka inoa i ho'omaka mua'ia i ka makahiki 1844 e Professor K. Schmidt.
Pāku'i kekahi
Inā he uuku, e hoololi ae i ka luna haʻilula, olelo walewale ana «N» o na brackets, ke hōʻike e ia i iki okoa: E nānā i (H 2 O) n. Malia paha,'o ia ke kumu nui o ka inoa "kahu kai" a me ka hiki.
I kēia lā, ua ho'onohonoho pono nā'epekema i ka nui o nā mea i loa'a nā waiwai o nā'alekole, akā,'a'ole i kūlike i ka mana'o i hō'ike'ia e mākou. 'O ia ke kumu i hiki ai i nā puke'ē ke'ike pinepine i ka hua'ōlelo "glycides", he hua'ōlelo hou kēia no ka makahiki 1844, a'a'ole i pololei loa.
Ho'ohui'ano ma'amau
Hiki ke māhele'ia nā'ano nui o nā mea nui i loko o'elua mau pū'ulu nui: nā kī'aha ma'alahi a pa'akikī. He aha nā'ano o nā'ōpelu i loko o lākou? 'Oiai,'a'ole lākou i ma'alahi:
- 'O nā mea ma'amau nā mea i hā'awi'ole iā lākou iho i ka waiwai, a ma muli o ke kūkulu'ia'ana o kekahi mau'ale'ale'a. 'O ka mea nui loa,'o ka helu o nā hāmole oxygen i loko o ko lākou'ulu e like me ka helu like o nā carbon carbon. Kapa'ia lākou he mau monosaccharides.
- No laila, ka wehewehe'ana o ka "pā'ani" i kēlā mau'ona a pau i hā'ule i ka waipū me ka hana'ana o kekahi mau'ōmālū. 'O ke'ano, he'ano like'ole ko lākou o ka oxygen a me ke kalapona kala. Kāhea'ia lākou he mau mea kū'ē'ole. 'O kahi'ano nui ma ka'anamana, ke pā'ani'ia e ka mau'ale'ale'a pa'akiki, kahi papa inoa o kā mākou e hō'ike pono'ole ai i ka mea.
Eia kekahi, he ho'ohui'ē a'e, e like me ka ho'oka'awale'ia'ana o nā'ōpelu i'ekolu'ano. Eia lākou:
- 'O Monosaccharides.
- 'O Oligosaccharides.
- 'O Polsaccharides.
'O ka papa ma lalo o nā huapi'a e kōkua pono iā'oe e ho'omaopopo i kā lākou mau'ano like'ole.
'O ke kaukahi- (1 mole) | 'O Oligo- (<10 mau mole) | 'O Poly- (> 10 mau moleka) |
Aldoses, ketoses | Ho'opuka'ia kēia me nā'āhewa'ole, nā ho'opi'i'ana, a pēlā aku. | 'Elua'ano:
Mai ka inoa i hiki ke ho'omaopopo'ia he'ano like'ole ke'ano o ka ho'ohui o ka lā'au mole o kēia mau'ano'elua |
'Oiai, ua hā'awi mākou i kahi papa'aina no nā'ōpi'a, akā, hiki'ole ke ho'ohui i nā hi'ohi'ona a pau o kekahi o nā māmā o kēia papa nui. No laila, e ho'oka'a'ike nui mākou i nā pū'ulu nui, e wehewehe i nā waiwai o kekahi kanaka, nā mea ma'amau. No laila, he aha nā'ano o nā hua'ale'a?
'O Monosaccharides
Pono e ho'omana'o'ia lākou a pau i ka hi'ona o nā mea pa'akikī, hiki hiki ke ho'ololi i kahi'āina kālaika. 'O lākou nā hygroscopic nui, maika'i loa i ka wai, e hana ana i ka syrup. He mea pa'akikī ke'ike'ana iā lākou ma ke'ano o nā pahu kilo mai laila mai. 'O kā lākou mau hopena, he'ano kūpono'ole, kahi pinepine e'ono i ka'ono. He'oko'a ke'ano o ka mea'ono: no ka mea, he 3-3.5 mau manawa ka momona ma mua o ka glucose i loa'a loa.
No ka papa hana
'O kēia mau mea a pau he pūpū o ka hanana bifunctional, a'o ia ho'i kahi pūpū carbon, ho'okahi carbonyl group a me nā hui hydroxl. Inā'o ka hana o ka hui carbonyl he'āpana aldehyde, ua kapa'ia ka inoa'o "aldose". No laila, ma ke'ano o ka puka o kahi ketone "huelo," ua kapa'ia lākou he ketoses.
Ma muli o ke'ano, ua māhele nui'ia kēia mau mea, hiki ke loa'a iā lākou i loko o ko lākou kū'oko'a a ma ke'ano o nā'ano anhydride. Ma ke'ano laulima, kokoke i nā kāpelu'ale'a a pau kekahi'ano anhydrides o nā mea'ala māmā, i ma'alahi ke loa'a ma o ka lawe'ana i nā meaola (a ho'okahi paha) waikino wai (prefix "a" - absence).
'O Glucose e like me ke'ano o nā lālā'oi aku
Ke haʻilula o ka loa typical Luna o ka pūʻulu - C 6 H 12 O 6. I ka manawa pinepine, loa'a kēia mau'ale'a i loko o ka pūnaewele kanu. 'A'ole ia wale nō ka laulā, akā he mea nui nō ho'i ia no ke kino, no ka mea,'o ia ka kumu nui o ka ikehu no ia (e kama'ilio ana e pili ana i nā holoholona a me nā kānaka,'o ia). 'O ka mea nui,'o ia nā mea like'ole o nā protein, nā ha'alulu a me nā momona no nā meaola holoholona a pau. Eia kekahi, ua ho'ohana nui ia i nā lā'au lapa'au, nā lā'au lapa'au,'oihana (me nā mea'ai).
Nā'ano kino
He aha nō ka nui physical waiwai o carbohydrates i loko o kēia hui? 'O ke'ano - nā pōhaku'ele'ele o ke'oke'o ke'oke'o, ke'ono ke'ono, i ka wā e pau loa ai ka wai. Solubility, piʻi pū dramatically ina reheat pāʻoihana: ma keia ano o ka monakō koko malakeke.
He'ike pōkole e pili ana i ka ho'olālā pa'a
Ke kuhumu'ana i nā'ano kūlohelohe
No ka mea nui loa i ka wai'ona, ka manawa i kapa'ia ka 'glucose' 'ka hua waina ". Ma lalo o kēia inoa, ua'ike pū nō ho'i ko mākou mau kūpuna. Eia nō na'e, hiki ke loa'a i loko o nā hua'ai'ono'ē a'e a hua paha, ma nā mea'ele'ele o ka mea kanu. Ma ka honua holoholona,'a'ohe ha'aha'a o ka'oihana: ma kahi o 0.1% o ko mākou koko he glucose. Eia hou, hiki iā'oe ke loa'a i kēia mau'ōpona i loko o ka hale o ka mea kokoke i nā mea o loko. Akā, nui ka nui o lākou i ke ake, no ka mea, aia i laila ka hana'ia o ka glucose i loko o ka huelo.
'O ia (e like me kā mākou i'ōlelo mua nei) he kumu waiwai nui ia no ko mākou kino, he wahi nui ia o nā kāhu'ale'a nui. E like me nā 'āpana'ale'a'oko'a, ma ke'ano e hana ia ma hope o ka hopena o ke ki'i photosynthesis, kahi wale nō i loko o nā pū o nā meaola lā'au:
6SO 2 + 6H 2 O chlorophyll C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6D 2 - Q
Kūkulu nā mea kanu ma ka manawa like i kahi hana ko'iko'i no ka biosphere, e ho'onui i ka ikehu i loa'a iā lākou mai ka lā. Me ka pili ana i ka hanalima rula, hua waina kō mai ka wā kahiko i loaa mai ka pia hydrolysis hua ia, kahi i naoh hōʻeleu ua kia sulfuricʻakika:
(C 6 H 10 O 5) N + NH 2 O H 2 ¶ 4, k NC 6 H 12 O 6
'O nā mea kanu
He aha nā'ano meakino o nā'ōpoki'ūlea o kēia'ano? Loa'a nā'ano like a pau e pili ana i ka wai'ona a me ka aldehyde. Eia kekahi, aia kekahi mau hi'ohi'ona ma'amau. 'O ka synthesis mua o nā'ōpalu'oko'a (e like me ka glucose) i hana'ia e ke kāmalo talent A. M. Butlerov i ka makahiki 1861, a ma ke'ano he kumu waiwai i ho'ohana'ia e formaldehyde, e māhele ana i ke alo o ka calcium hydroxide. Eia ke kumu no kēia hana:
6NSON -------> S6N 12 O 6
A i kēia manawa, e no'ono'o kākou i kekahi mau'ano o nā mea'ē a'e'elua o ka pū'ulu, nona ka waiwai kūpono'a'ole i emi iki, a no laila ua a'o'ia lākou e ke kolo'o. 'O nā'ōpelu'o kēia mau'ano he mea nui i ko mākou ola mau.
'O Fructose
'O Ribose
Loa'a ka hoihoi nui o Ribose a deoxyribose. Inā ho'omana'o'oe i ka papahana koikoi i kahi li'ili'i, maopopo iā'oe ke'ano o kēia mau'ale'a i loko o ke kino he DNA a me RNA, me ka hiki'ole ke ola maoli i ka honua nei. 'O ka inoa "deoxyribose",'o ia ho'i, ma loko o kona mole, ho'okahi iho ka oxygen atom i lalo (inā ua ho'ohālikelike'ia me ka ribose kaha). Ma muli o kēia'ano pili i ka glucose, hiki iā lākou ke hana i ka hana linear a me ka cyclic.
Ho'oponopono
I ka loiloi,'o kēia mau mea i loko o kā lākou papa hana a me nā hana i nā'ano he nui e hana hou i ka papa ma mua, a no laila'a'ole kumu e noho ai i kēia ma ke'ano kiko'ī. He aha nā'ano meakino o nā huapi'a e pili ana i kēia hui? 'O nā mea ko'iko'i nui o ka'ohana ke'ano hopena, maltose a lactose. hiki ke ho'ākāka 'ia ma nā mea a pau o ia mau mea ma ka haʻilula C 12 H 22 O 11, like nō me nā isomers, akā, i kēia' aʻole i hōʻole i ka nui oko i loko o kā lākou 'ole. No laila pehea ke'ano o nā'ōhu'elu'a pa'akiki, kahi papa inoa a me ka wehewehe o ka mea āu e'ike ai ma lalo nei?
Sucrose
'O kona mole i'elua mau holokū i ka manawa ho'okahi:'o kekahi o lākou he eono mau (α-glucose koena), a'o ka mea'ē a'e he'elima mau kāneli (β-fructose). Ho'ohui'ia ka hale a pau e ke glycoside hydroxyl glucose.
Loa'a a me ka waiwai nui
E like me ka mea i mālama mōʻaukala ikepili, a hiki no ekolu kenekulia mua Kristo kōpaʻa mai kō aʻo pehea e kiʻi i loko o kahiko India. Ma ka waenakonu o ke kenekulia 19 wale nō i puka mai ai ka hua o ka sucrose me nā hua li'ili'i loa mai ke kō mai. Aia kekahi o kona mau māka a hiki i 22% o kēia'ōpona, i loko o ke kī ke hiki i nā mea i loko o 26%, akā hiki i kēia wale nō ma lalo o nā mea kanu maika'i a me kahi kū'olu'olu.
Lactose
Hiki ke lawe'ia kēia'akika i loko o nā'oihana'oihana mai ka waiū ma'amau, kahi e nui ai nā momona a me nā'ōpelu. Loa'a i ka nui o kēia mea: no laila,'o ka waiū o ka bipi e pili ana i 4-5.5% o ka lactose, a ma ka waiū o nā wāhine, he hapa nui kona 5,5-8.4%.
'O kēlā me kēia'ā'ī o kēia'ōpū e kau'ia nā koena o ke 3-galactose a me ka a-glucose i loko o ke'ano pyranose, i ho'opa'a'ia i nā pa'a ma o ka mua a me ka hapahā mau kumama.
'A'ole like me nā mea'ono'ē a'e, kahi waiwai nui o ka lactose. 'O ka nele loa o ka hygroscopicity, no laila, ma loko o kahi lumi'ahi'awa'ole kēia kī'aha. Ho'ohana pono'ia kēia waiwai i nā lā'au lapa'au: inā'o ka hana'ana o kahi lā'au lā'au i loko o ka pahūpiha e ho'opili'ia me ka sucrose ma'amau, a laila e ho'okomo'ia i ka lactose. He kūlohelohe maoli ia a he mea'ino'ole i ke kino o ke kanaka, e like me ka nui o nā mea hana i kālai'ia e pale ai i ka lole a me ka humu. He aha nā'oihana a me nā waiwai o nā'ōpelu'o kēia'ano?
'O ke'ano pilikino o ka lactose he ki'eki'e loa ia, no ka mea,'o ka laose ka mea nui loa o ka mea'ai hanu o ka waiū o nā holoholona a me nā kānaka. No ka mea,'o ka waiwai nui, he'ano like'ole kona mau waiwai.
Maltose
He hua waena kēia, i loa'a i ka waihā o ka mākiko. Ua loa'a ka inoa "maltose" ma muli o ke'ano he mea nui ia ma lalo o ka mana o malt (maltum ma ka Latin maltum). Ho'olaha like'ole'ia nā mea kanu wale nō, akā i nā holoholona āpau. Ma nā'ano nui, hana'ia ia i loko o ka'ōpala māmā o nā holoholona ruminant.
'O ke'ano o ka hanana a me nā waiwai
'O Polsaccharides
Pono e ho'omana'o'ia e hiki ke nānā'ia nā polysaccharides mai ka mana'o o ka huahana o ka polycondensation o nā monosaccharides. Kā lākou mau Nine Inch haʻilula - (C b. H 10 O 5) n. Ma ke kumuhana o kēia'atikala, e no'ono'o mākou i ka mākiko, no ka mea,'o ia ka mea ma ke'ano o ka'ohana.
'O Starch
Ua hana'ia'o ia no ka hopena o ke ki'i'ana, ma nā'ano nui i waiho'ia i loko o ke a'a a me nā'ano o nā mea kanu lā'au. He aha nā'ano kino o nā'ōpi'a o kēia'ano? 'O ka helehelena, he paula'ele'ele ia me kahi Cristality poor, kahi hiki'ole ke ho'ololi'ia i ka wai anuanu. I loko o kahi wai wela, hana ia i kahi hanana colloidal (pani, kissel). I loko o nā'ōpala o nā holoholona, nui nā enzymes e ho'onui ana i kona waipū me ka ho'okumu'ia o ka glucose.
Ua ka loa nui maoli pīlali, a ua hanaʻia no ka ai iiiaanoaa o ka-monakō koko residues. Ma ke'ano, i ka manawa ho'okahi'elua mau'ano: amylose a me amshopectin. 'O Amylose,'o ia ka polymer linka, hiki ke ho'ohehe'e i ka wai. 'O ka mole i loko o nā koena o ka alpha-glucose, i ho'ohui'ia ma o ka mua a me ke hāhā mau kumama.
Pono e ho'omana'o'ia'o ka starch ka mea'ike mua loa o ke ki'i photosynthesis. I ka palaoa a me nā huapalapala'ē a'e, aia he 60-80%, akā, ma ka'ōla'a potato he 15-20% wale nō. Ma ke ala, e like me ke'ano o ka starch grains ma lalo o kahi microscope, hiki hiki ke ho'oholo pono i ka'ano o ka mea kanu, no ka mea he'ano like'ole lākou a pau.
'O ka hopena, hā'awi mākou i ka papa'aina,'a'ole e hō'ike i nā papa nui o nā ha'alima wale nō, akā,'o ko lākou mau waiwai ho'i.
Nā Pū'ulu Kūmole |
Hiʻona o hakakino 'ole | Kiʻiona waiwai o carbohydrates |
monosaccharides | Ka mea, oko ma ka helu o ke kalapona nā'ātoma.
| Colorless a keʻokeʻo nā pōaka, pono wailana i loko o ka wai, ka mea ono |
oligosaccharides | Ka luna '' ole. Ke kaumaha ma muli o ka laha ', i loaʻa ka 2-10 residues o ka poe noonoo ole pulapula o ke | Ke ano o ka ia, he uuku emi wailana i loko o ka wai, i emi mea ala ono |
polysaccharides | Ka mea, komo no ka helu nui loa o monosaccharide residues | White he lepo lā, mea pōaka 'ole mea nawaliwali, mai hoike mai i loko o ka wai, akā, i loko o ka mea hana i ka pehu. Ke ono-'ākilikai |
A i ka mana a me ka waiwai o ka papa kuhikuhiE papa o carbohydrates.
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