Natural pīlali - noi o ka haʻilula, a

'O ka hapa nui o nā mea hale i kēia manawa, nā lā'au lapa'au, nā'upena, nā mea hale, nā mea hō'ailona a me nā ukana a polymers. He pū'ulu hui like kēia i loa'a nā'ano kūikawā. Nui ka nui o ia mau mea, akā na'e me kēia, e mau ana ka nui o nā polymers. Ma hope o nā mea a pau,'ike hou nā mea lapa'au i nā mea hou a me nā mea hou hou i kēlā me kēia makahiki. I kēlā manawa ho'okahi, he polymer maoli ia he mea ko'iko'i i nā manawa a pau. He aha kēia mau mea kanu kupaianaha? He aha ko lākou mau waiwai a he aha nā'ano? E pane mākou i kēia mau nīnau i ka paukū o ka mea.

Polymers: nā'ano kikowaena

Mai kahi o ka nānā'ana i ke kelemu, he mea ma'amau ke no'ono'o i kahi polymer i loa'a ka nui o ka mole molecila: mai ka helu miliona a miliona miliona. Naʻe, heʻokoʻa kēia hiʻona, he mea nō kekahi ma i ka waiwai hiki e kaʻoi loa hoʻolaha like maoli a me ka kemikala polymers. Eia kēia mau mea:

• Ho'omau pinepine i nā loulou monomeric, i pili i nā'oko'a like'ole;
• 'O ke ki'eki'e o ka polymerization ('o ia ho'i, ka helu o nā monomers) pono ke ki'eki'e loa, ai'ole, e mana'o'ia ka pūpū he oligomer;
• Ka ho'olālā kiko'ole o ka macromolecule;
• 'O kahi o nā waiwai physico-chemical nui,'o ia wale nō no kēia hui.

Ma ke'ano laulā, ua ma'alahi ke'ano o ka natura polymer i ka'ike'ana mai nā mea'ē a'e. Ho'okahi wale nō e nānā i kāna'ano e ho'omaopopo ai i kēia. 'O kahi hi'ohi'ona ma'amau ka polyethylene kaulana, i ho'ohana nui'ia i ka nohona o ke ola a me ka'oihana. He He huahana o ka polymerization naoh, i komo unsaturated hydrocarbon ka ethene paha'etolina. Ua kākau'ia ka pane i ke'ano ma'amau penei:

nCH ₂ = Ch ₂ → (-CH-CH-) _n, kahi N - o ka degere o ka polymerization o nā lātoma e hoike ana i lātoma huahelu komo i loko o kona haku mele 'ana.

Eia kekahi, he la'ana, hiki iā mākou ke ha'i aku i kahi polymer maoli, ka mea i'ike nui'ia e nā mea a pau, he starch. Eia kekahi,'o ka amylopectin, cellulose, ka moa a me ka nui o nā mea'ē a'e, aia kēia pū'ulu.

Hiki i nā hopena, kahi hopena o nā macromolekles e hana ai,'elua mau'ano:

• 'O ka Polymerization;
• 'O ka Polycondensation.

'O ka'oko'a,'o ia ma ka lua o ka hihia, he mole-mole ka mea pili. Hiki ke'oko'a ke kiko o ka polymer, ma muli o nā mana e hana ia. Ke'ike pinepine'ia nā'ano laina linear, akā, aia kekahi mau mesa'ekolu, nui loa.

Inā mākou e kama'ilio e pili ana i nā pū'ali a me nā pilina e pa'a pū me nā loulou monomeric, a laila hiki iā mākou ke kuhikuhi i kekahi mau mea ma'amau:

• Nā pū'ali Van der Waals;
• Nā pa'ahana pa'a (covalent, ionic);
• Ka hulina electronaticatic.

'A'ole hiki ke ho'ohui'ia nā polymers a pau i ka papa ho'okahi, no ka mea, he'ano like'ole lākou, he'ano hana, a hana i nā hana kū'ole. 'Oko'a ko lākou mau waiwai. No laila, aia ke'ano ho'ohālikelike e hiki ai i nā mā'iko'a o kēia hui mea ke māhele'ia i nā'ano like'ole. Hiki ke kau'ia ma luna o nā hō'ailona.

'O ke kau'ana o nā polymers

Inā lawe mākou i ke kumu o ka ho'ohālike'ana o nā kinikoki, a laila hiki ke ho'oholo'ia nā mea a pau i'ekolu mau pū'ulu.

1. 'Oihana -'o kēia nā'ano o nā carbon o ka carbon, hydrogen, sulfur, oxygen, phosphorus, nitrogen. 'O ia, kēlā mau'ene'ona e olai. 'O nā lālā he nui: polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polypropylene, viscose, nylon, polymer maoli - protein, nucleic acids, a pēlā aku.
2. Elementorganic - ia ka haku mele 'ana i ka loaʻa o kekahi extraneous'okanikaʻole a me ka biogenic hehee ai. 'O ka hapanui'o ka silina, ke alumini, a me ka parani. 'O kekahi mau macromolecules: ke aloha aniani, steklopolimery, lua pele mea.
3. Inorganic - ma ka pu'u o ke kaulahao he mau kānana kilokilo,'a'ole kala. Hiki i nā hō'ailona ke lilo i lālā o nā lālā lālā. Ua'ike koke'ia lākou nei, ma ka waenakonu o ke kenekulia 20. Ho'ohana'ia i nā lā'au lapa'au, kūkulu,'enekeneka a me nā'oihana'ē a'e. Nā lālā: silicone, cinnabar.

Inā mākou e pu'unaue i nā polymers ma ko lākou kumu, hiki iā mākou ke'ike i nā hui'ekolu.

1. 'O nā polymers kūlohelohe, kahi i ho'okomo nui'ia ai ka ho'ohana'ana mai nā wā kahiko. 'O kēia nā macromolecules, no ka mea i hana'ole'ia e ke kanaka. He huahana lākou no nā'ano o ke kino maoli. Nā lālā: ka siliki, ka hulu, ka protein, nā mea nucleic acids, ka starch, cellulose, ka'ili, ka lole a me nā mea'ē a'e.
2. Ho'oponopono. 'O kēia mau macromolecules i hana'ia e ke kanaka, akā ma muli o nā'ano like'ole. 'O ia ho'i,'o nā waiwai o kahi polymer kūlohelohe ma'amau e ho'oikaika a ho'ololi. Ke lālā: ka ho'opili hana'ia, ka'alapona.
3. Mahalo - he mau polymers kēia, i ka mea i ho'okumu'ia ai kahi wale nō e komo. 'A'ohe mea kūlohelohe iā lākou. Ke ho'omohala nei nā kānaka'epekema i nā'ano no ka hō'ano hou'ana i nā mea hou, kahi e'ike'ia ai e nā'ano'enehana kūpono. No laila ua hānau'ia nā mea polymeric synthetic o nā'ano like'ole. Ano he kumu hoʻohālike: polyethylene, polypropylene, rayon, 'ākeka puluniu a me ka mea e like.

Aia kekahi mau hi'ohi'ona'oi a'e e ho'omalu ana i ka ho'oka'awale'ana o nā mea i pili i nā hui. 'O kēia ka ho'oponopono a me ka palekana. 'Elua'ano ma kēia koho:

• Ke kūmālua;
• 'O kermrmetting.

'O ka mea kahiko loa, ka mea nui a'o ka waiwai nui, he polymer maoli. He kū ho'okahi kona mau waiwai. No laila, e no'ono'o mākou i kēia māhele o macromolecules.

'O ka wai hea kahi polymer maoli?

No ka pane'ana i kēia nīnau, e nānā mua iā'oe. He aha ka mea e ho'opuni nei iā mākou? 'O nā mea ola e pili ana iā mākou e hānai ana, hanu, hana hou, pua a hā'awi i nā hua a me nā'ano'ano. A he aha nā mea mai ka mana'o mole? Loa'a kēia mau pilina me:

• Pākahi;
• 'O nā meaola nucleic;
• 'O Polsaccharides.

No laila,'o ka polymer maoli ka mea o nā pūnaewele i luna. No laila, ua ho'ololi'ia ke ola a puni mākou no ka hiki'ana mai o kēia mau molecule. Mai ka wā kahiko loa, ho'ohana nā kānaka i ka pālolo, lepo a me ka mūka e ho'oikaika a hana i kahi home, i ulana'ili'ia mai ka hulu hipa, ka lole i hana'ia, ka lole silu, ka hulu hipa a me ka'ili'ili no ka hana'ana i ka lole. Ua hele pū nā polymers ma'amau i ke kanaka i nā wā a pau o kona ho'okumu'ana a me kona ulu'ana a ma nā'ano he nui i kōkua iā ia e loa'a i nā hualoa'a i kēia lā.

'O ke ola pono'ī ka mea i hā'awi i nā mea a pau e hō'oia i ka noho'olu'olu o nā po'e. Ma hope o ka manawa, ua'ike'ia ka pahu, a ua ho'ākāka'ia nā mea kupanaha. Ua a'o ke kanaka i ka ho'ohana'ana i ka maloo no nā mea'ai, ma ke'ano loea - cellulose. 'O ka polymer maoli nō ho'i he camphor,'o ia ho'i ka mea i'ike'ia mai ka wā kahiko. 'O nā Resins, nā ho'omalu, nā'āhui nucleic he mau hō'ailona like ia o ka pūpū e nānā'ia.

Ka ho'onohonoho'ana i nā polymers

'A'ole i ho'onohonoho'ia nā'elele a pau o kēia'ano papahana. No laila, hiki ke'ano like'ole ka polymers maoli a me ka polymers. Ho'onohonoho'ia kā lākou mau molepika i mea e maika'i ai a maika'i ke noho'ana mai ka mana'o ikehu o ka'ike. Ma ka manawa like, hiki i ka nui o nā'ano maoli ke hāhā a'e a ke ho'ololi nei ko lākou'ano i ka hana. Aia kekahi mau'ano like'ole o ke'ano o ke kaula:

• Laina;
• Kūlā;
• Stellate;
• Ho'ōla;
• Ho'okipa;
• Kāpeka;
• Ho'ohui like.

He nui loa ka nui o nā lālā kūpili a me nā synthetic o macromolecules, he nui o nā'ano. Hana'ia lākou me nā kuleana i hā'awi'ia. No laila,'o kā lākou papa hana i hana mua'ia e ke kanaka. 'O nā polymers kūlohelohe, he laina linear paha, ai'ole ka mīkini i ke'ano.

Nā hi'ohi'ona o nā macololeke kūlohelohe

'O nā pilimehu kūlohelohe a me nā artificial a kokoke loa kekahi i kekahi. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, ua lilo ke kumu i kumu no ka hana'ana i nā mea hope loa. 'O nā'ano o kēia'ano ho'ololi'ana he nui. Eia kekahi mau mea.

1. 'O ka'ele'ele'ele'ele ke'oke'o ma'amau ka huahana i loa'a ma o ka hana'ana o ka waikawa nitric o ka cellulose me ka ho'ohui'ana o kahi camphorka kūlohelohe. 'O ka hana hana polymerization ka hopena i ka ho'oikaika'ana o ka polymer hopena a me ka ho'ohuli'ana i ka huahana i makemake'ia. Hiki i ka mea hana pā'ani - camphor, hiki ke ho'onuanu ke puhi'ia a ho'ololi i kona'ano.
2. 'O ka'onika Acetate, ke keleawe-ammonia, he viscose nā hi'ohi'ona a pau o kēlā mau hulu, nā hua i hana'ia ma ke kumu o cellulose. 'O nā kinikini i hana'ia me ka'ōma'oma'o maoli a me ka lole olonā'a'ole ikaika,'a'ohe uila, a no'ono'o iki. Akā, ua ho'onele'ia nā analogues hana'ole o ko lākou mau hemahema, a'o ia ka mea i ho'ohana maika'i'ia ai kā lākou ho'ohana.
3. 'O nā pōhaku kālai'ia, nā mea hana hale, nā huihu'i, leatherette kekahi mau hi'ohi'ona o nā polymers i loa'a ma muli o nā kumuwaiwai kūlohelohe.

Hiki ke ho'ohana'ia kekahi mea pono i ka polymer maoli i kona'ano maoli. Nui nā'ano like'ole:

• 'O Rosin;
• 'Amera;
• 'O Starch;
• Amylopectin;
• Pūnaewele;
• 'o Fur;
• 'Ano;
• Cotton;
• Silk;
• Kāleni;
• Kino;
• Lime;
• Pākahi;
• 'O nā meaola nucleic a pēlā aku.

'Ike loa, he nui loa ka papa o nā pūnae'ina e no'ono'o nei, he mea nui loa a he mea waiwai no nā kānaka. I kēia manawa, e no'ono'o i nā kiko'ī o nā'elele o nā polymers maoli, i ka mea e koi nui'ia ana i kēia manawa.

Siliki a me ka hulu

He pa'akikī ke kumu o ka silk polymer maoli, no ka mea, ua hō'ike'ia kona'ano kinikona e nā mea ma lalo:

• Fibroin;
• 'Ālika;
• Waxes;
• Ka momona.

'O ke kinetene nui ka fibroin,'o ia ka nui o nā'ano amino acids. Inā i hiki mai ia i ka polypeptide kaula, ka mea, e nānā me keia: (-NH-Ch ₂ -CO-NH-Ch (Ch ₃₎ -CO-NH-Ch ₂ -CO-) _n. A he wahi wale nō kēia. Inā mākou e no'ono'o i kahi pū'ālua like'ole o ka protein sericin e hui pū me kēia pūnaewele me ke kōkua o nā koa van der Waals, ua hui pū'ia lākou i loko o kahi ho'okahi me ka pa'akai a me nā mea momona, a laila maopopo i ke kumu o ka pa'akikī e hō'ike i ke'ano o ke siliki maoli.

I kēia lā, hā'awi'ia ka hapanui o kēia huahana e Kina, no ka mea, aia ma kona mau kaona he kino kūlohelohe o ka mea hana nui - silkworm. Ma mua, mai ka wā kahiko loa, ua mahalo nui'ia ke silk maoli. 'O ka hanohano wale nō, hiki i nā mea waiwai ke hā'awi i nā kapa mai ona aku. I kēia manawa, nui nā'ano o kēia'ili i waiho nui'ia. Eia kekahi la'ana, mahalo nui i ka magnetizes a me nā pahuhu'i,'oiai, mai ka'ole'ana i ka lā e nalowale kona kukui a me ka li'ili'i. No laila,'oi aku ka nui o ka ho'ohana'ana i nā huahana lapa'au e like me ia.

'O ka hulu he'ano polymer maoli nō ia, no ka mea, he hua ia o ka hana ola o ka'ili a me nā momona o nā holoholona. Ma ke kumu o kēia hua waiwai, ho'opuka'ia nā knitwear,'o ia ho'i, he silikō, he mea waiwai.

'O Starch

'O ka mākiko polymer maoli ka hua o ka ola ola. Hāpai lākou ia mea ma muli o ke ka'ina o ke ki'i'ana a hō'ili'ili'ia ma nā wahi like'ole o ke kino. 'O kāna mea hana mele:

• Amylopectin;
• Amylose;
• 'O Alpha-glucose.

'O ke'ano o ka mākia o ka starch ua ho'opili'ia, ua ho'opili'ia. Mahalo i ka amylopectin i ho'okomo'ia i loko o ke mele, hiki iā ia ke pehu i ka wai, e huli i loko o ka pulu. Kēia colloidal pāʻoihana ua hoʻohana 'ia i loko o ke akamai a me ka hana. 'O nā lā'au lapa'au, ka'oihana mea'ai, ka hana'ana i nā mea le'ale'a o ka pepa kalapala kekahi mau mea e ho'ohana ai i kēia mea.

Ma waena o nā mea kanu i loa'a ka nui o ka mākiko, hiki iā mākou ke'ike:

• Kipi;
• 'O Pīpī;
• Rice;
• Wheat;
• 'O Cassava;
• Oats;
• Buckwheat;
• 'Ala;
• 'O Sorghum.

No ka mālama'ana i kēia'aila biopolymer, e hana i ka pāta'i, i ka'elila paila, porridge a me nā mea'ai'ē a'e.

Pūnaewele

Mai ka oiai ua o kemika, ka waiwai - mea he pīlali kona haku mele 'ana ua hoikeia ma ka haʻilula (C ₆ H _{5 ¶} O _{5) n.} 'O ka link monomeric o ke kaulahao he beta-glucose. 'O nā wahi nui o ka pu'upu'u cellulose he mau pa uila o nā mea kanu. No laila ke kumu lā'au kumu waiwai o kēia pilina.

'O ka cellulose he polymer maoli i loa'a ka hanana spatial linear. Ho'ohana'ia no ka hana'ana i nā'ano huahana:

• Nā huahana Pulp a me nā pepa;
• Ke kīpili kala;
• Nā'ano like'ole o nā uapa hana;
• Cotton;
• Nā Pila;
• 'O ka paukū lūlū;
• Hō'ike a pēlā aku.

He mea maopopo loa ka nui o kāna'oihana'oihana. I mea e ho'ohana'ia ai kēia pūnaewele i ka hana, pono e lawe mua'ia mai nā mea kanu. Hana'ia kēia ma ka hana lō'ihi o ka lā'au i nā mea'oihana. 'Oko'a ka hana hou, a me nā reagents i ho'ohana'ia no ka'ai'ana. Nui nā'ano:

• 'o Sulite;
• Nitrate;
• 'O Soda;
• Māmā.

Ma hope o ka hana'ana, hiki i ka huapala'a nā mea haumia. Ho'opili'ia kēia ma luna o ka lignin a me ka hemicellulose. No ka ho'oku'u'ana iā lākou, hana'ia ka pā'ina me ka chlorine a me ka alkali.

Ma loko o ke kino o ke kanaka,'a'ohe mea ho'ohālikelike like'ole e hiki ke ho'oka'awale i kēia biopolymer. Eia na'e, ua ho'ololi kekahi mau holoholona (herbivores) i kēia. Aia i loko o ko lākou'ōpū, kahi pīpī bacteri e mālama ai, e hana ai ia no lākou. I ka hopena, loa'a i nā microorganisms ka ike no ke ola a me ka noho'ana. 'O kēia'ano o symbiosis he mea nui loa ia no nā'ao'ao'elua.

'O Rubber

He polymer maoli kēia, a he waiwai waiwai waiwai paha. Ua hō'ike mua'ia e Robert Cook,'o ia ka mea i'ike iā ia ma kekahi o kāna huaka'i hele. Ua hana'ia pēlā. Ua ho'oili'ia ma ka mokupuni, kahi i noho ai nā kama'āina, i'ike'ole'ia e ia, a ua ho'okipa maika'i'ia'o ia e lākou. Ua hoihoi'ia kona mau mana'o e nā po'e o ke kaiāulu i pā'ani i kahi mea'ē a'e. Ua ho'oku'u'ia kēia kino mai ka papahele a lele i luna, a laila ho'i maila.

Nīnau'ia i ka po'e o ka heluna e pili ana i ka mea i hana'ia ai kēia mea pā'ani, ua'ike'o Cook i ka wai o kekahi lā'au - Hevea -'o'ole'a. Ma hope mai ua'ike'ia'o kēia ka biopolymer pani.

Ua'ike'ia ke'ano'oko'a o kēia hui - isoprene, ma muli o ka polymerization maoli. Haʻilula laholio (C ₅ H _{8) n.} 'O kona mau waiwai, no ka mea i waiwai nui'ia, penei:

• Elasticity;
• Kūpa'a i ka hakakā;
• Ka ho'onā'ana;
• 'O ke kūlana wai.

Eia na'e, he mau mea kūpono'ole. I ke anuanu, lilo ia i mea pupuhi a me ka pupule, a ma luna o ka wela - kūkī a pa'a. 'O ia ke kumu e pono ai e ho'ohui i nā analogu o kahi kumu hana hana. I kēia lā, ho'ohana mau'ia nā paona no nā hana'enehana a me nā'oihana hana. 'O nā hua nui loa e pili ana iā lākou:

• Rubber;
• 'O ka'Ebona.

'O Amber

He He maoli pīlali, mai ke kēpau mea i loko o kona 'ole, wāwahie kona helehelena. Māhele 'ole - pōhaku lepo amorphous pīlali. Nui flammable, ka mea hiki ignite i ka lapalapa o ke ń. Ka mea, i ka luminescence waiwai. Kēia mea He mea nui a me ka waiwai quality, a ua hoʻohana 'ia i loko o Jewelry. Mea e nani ai ma luna o ke kumu o ka Amber mea maikai loa, a me ka koi.

Eia hou, i ka biopolymer hoʻohana ma o ka 'inikua mau hana. No ka mea, ua ua hanaʻia sandpaper HW ka paleʻana i mau surfaces.