Biophysics - liluwelo sciences mea .... hakakino biophysics

'O kekahi o nā'oihana kahiko loa,'o ia,'o ke kolo'o. Loa'a ka hoihoi o nā kānaka i nā hana i loko o lākou iho a me nā po'e e pili ana i kahi, ua ala mai i nā makahiki he mau makahiki ma mua o ko kākou wā.

'O ka nānā'ana i nā holoholona, nā mea kanu, nā mea hana kūlohelohe he wahi nui ia o nā ola o nā kānaka. Me ka ho'oholo'ana o ka manawa ua hō'ili'ili ka'ike i nā'ano he nui, nā'oihana maika'i a me nā mea i hana'ia e a'o ai i ke'ano ola a me nā hana e hana'ia ana i loko. Ua lilo kēia i ka puka'ana o nā māhele he nui i hō'oia i ka'ike'epekema i nā mea a pau.

'O ka'ike'ana i nā'ikeolaola ma nā'ano like'ole o ke ola, e hiki iā mākou ke loa'a hou nā'ikepili hou, no ka ho'omaopopo'ana i ka biomass o ka honua. E ho'ohana i kēia'ike no nā hana ho'ona'auao (ka nānā'ana i nā wahi, nā lā'au lapa'au, ka mahi'ai, nā'oihana'enehana a pēlā aku).

Ke Koho Laeo'o

I kēia lā,'o nā hopena o kēia'enepehana'enehana nui e hiki ai ke ho'okō i nā hopena maika'i loa. No laila, ke hā'awi nei ka'enehana hou i kahi mau hanana i nā pilikia o nā ma'i kanaka i nā hopena o nā mea'ino a me nā huapalapala. Ua lilo i mea hiki ia ia ma ka makahiki me ka hewa e pili ana i 3 mahina, ka hoʻohana 'ana o ka o oxygen like me ka kumu o microorganisms a unicellular mea kanu.

Ua'ike'ia nā mea he nui e hiki ai ke hana i ka noi'i pilikino ma kahi o ka hana i loko a me ka hana'ana o nā mea ola a pau. 'O ka papa mele o nā meaola, ko lākou microstructure, ke a'o a ho'onui i ka nui o nā gen mai nā genomes a me nā holoholona. Nā pono o ka biotechnology, ke kelepona hele, a aaiaoe 'enekinia, ae e loaa mau wa e ohi ai no manawa mea kanu a me ka hōʻike' ia nei holoholona breeds e haawi aku ai, ka waiu a me ka hua.

'O ka no'ono'o'ana i nā mea'anohe hiki i ka loa'a'ana o nā lā'au'alopelo a hana i nā hanana a me nā haneli haneli e hiki ai ke ho'okahuli i nā ma'i he nui,'o ia ho'i ka po'e i ola i nā makahiki he mau tausani o nā kānaka a me nā holoholona i nā ma'i ākea āpau.

No laila,'o ka'enekema hou o ka koolana,'o ia ka mea hiki'ole ke hiki i nā kānaka ma nā lālā hepekema, ka'oihana a me ka mālama ola.

Ka ho'olaha'ana i nā'ike'ike ola

'O kahi o nā mea i'ike mua'ia he mau hi'ohi'ona hi'ona o ke kolo'o'enehana. 'O ia ke'ano o ka botany, nā kinetic, ke anatomia a me nā pūnaewele. Ma hope mai ua ho'omaka'ia ka ho'onui'ana i ka hilina'i'ana i nā pono o ka pono - microbiology, virology, physiology a pēlā aku.

Aia kekahi mau'ōnaehana'ōpio a me ka holomua i hana'ia wale nō i ka XX XX XXXIII mau hanana a he hana nui i ka ulu'ana o ka biology.

'A'ohe ho'okahi, akā he mau hō'ulu'ulu kūpono, kahi e hiki ai ke koho'ia i ke'ano o ka ho'omehana honua. 'O ka papa inoa o lākou he mea hoihoi loa i nā hihia a pau, e no'ono'o i kekahi o lākou.

No laila, ua ho'ā'o mākou e uhi i ka pilina nui e hō'ike ana i ke'ano o ka'ikehonua. 'O kēia papa inoa me ka ho'omohala'ana i nā hana a me nā'ano o ka ho'ona'auao'ana e ho'onui ana, ho'opiha'ia. No laila,'a'ole i kēia lā ho'okahi'ano ho'ohālikelike o ke'anoola.

'O ka holomua o ka'ike'ole a me ka mana'o

'O nā'ōpiopio'ōpio,'oihana hou a me ka holomua o ke koolana'ano e like me:

• 'O Biotechnology;
• 'O ke olakino lole;
• Ke kolokolo honua;
• 'O nā meaola;
• 'O ka lā'au'ona.

'O kēlā me kēia mau'enekema i ho'ohālikelike'ia ma mua a'e o ka iwakāluakulia iwakālua, a no laila, ua kūpono ke kūpono i ka'ōpiopio, ke ulu a me ka ikaika loa i ka hana a ke kanaka.

E noho kāua ma kahi o lākou, e like me nā lā'au biophysics. He'ike'epekema i'ike'ia i ka makahiki 1945 a lilo i mea nui o ka'ōnaehana olaola.

He aha nā lā'au biophysics?

No ka pane'ana i kēia nīnau, pono i ka mea mua e kuhikuhi i kona pilina pili loa me ka māmā a me ke kolo'o. I kekahi mau kumuhana, ua kokoke loa nā palena ma waena o kēia mau'oko'a a he pa'akikī ka ho'omaopopo'ana i kahi o lākou e pili pono a me ka mea nui. No laila, no ka no'ono'o'ana i nā wai lā'au he hopena'epekema e noi'i ana i nā'ōnaehana kino a pilikino hohonu e ulu ana i nā'ōnaehana ola ma ke ki'eki'e o nā molecule, nā pūnaewele, nā'ōpili, a ma ke ki'eki'e o ka Biosphere.

E like me nā mea'ē a'e,'o nā mea ola honua he mea'epekema ka mea nāna e a'o, nā pahuhopu a me nā pahuhopu, a me nā hopena kūpono. Eia hou, ua pili pono kēia a'o me nā kuhikuhi hou.

Nā mea'imi noi'i

'O lākou no nā'oihana pale kolo i nā'ano'elekema ma nā'ano'oihana'oihana.

1. Anakahi iki-meaola (koʻohune, nā mea hoʻomaʻi, unicellular fungi a me ka līoho).
2. 'O nā holoholona ma'alahi loa.
3. 'O nā pūnaewele ho'okahi a me ko lākou mau papa hana (organelles).
4. Nā kanu.
5. Nā holoholona (me nā kānaka).
6. Nā kaiaulu kaiaola.

'O ia ke'ano o nā mea ola honua kahi ho'ona'auao o ka po'e ola mai kahi e nānā'ia ai ka hana kino.

Nā hana o ka'epekema

I ka wā mua,'o nā hana o nā mea'imi lā'au ho'ona'auao e hō'oia i ke ola o ka hana kino a me nā hanana i ka hana nui o nā mea ola a me ka nānā'ana i ke'ano a me ke'ano.

Hiki ke ho'ohālikelike'ia nā pilikia o kēia manawa e like me kēia:

1. E no'ono'o i ke'ano o nā gen a me nā hana e pili ana i ka lawe'ana a me ka mālama'ana, nā hopena (nā ho'ololi).
2. E no'ono'o i nā'ano he nui o ke kolamu pūnaewele (ka pilina o ke kamepiula me kekahi me kekahi, chromosomal a me nā pilina a me nā hana'ē a'e).
3. No ke a'o'ana, i loko o ka pa'akikī me ke olakino'okikene, nā moleka o nā polymers (proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccharides).
4. E hō'ike i ka hopena o nā mea cosmogeophysical ma ke'ano o nā hana kino a me nā hana kino i loko o nā mea ola.
5. Hō'ike hou'ia nā'ano hana o photobiology (photosynthesis, photoperiodism, a pēlā aku).
6. E ho'okomo a ho'omohala i nā'ano o ka ho'olālā molematika.
7. E noi i nā hopena o ke nanotechnology e a'o i nā'ōnaehana ola.

Mai kēia papahana he mea maopopo loa ka ho'ona'auao'ana o nā hana biophysics i nā pilikia nui a me nā pilikia o ka lehulehu i kēia manawa, a he mea nui loa nā hopena o kēia'ike'epekema no kekahi kanaka a me kona ola.

Ka moolelo o ka hana

Biophysics like me ka 'epekema originated kŘpa nei - i loko o ka wā, 1945 Erwin Schrödinger paʻi i kona hana "He aha ka ke ola, mai ka wahi o ka Hawaii o ke kālaikūlohea." 'O ia ka mea nāna i'ike mua a hō'ike'ia he nui nā kānāwai o ka lā'au lapa'au (thermodynamic, law of mechanics mechanics) e hana pololei i ka hana nui a me ka hana o nā meaola o nā mea ola.

Mahalo i nā hana a kēia kanaka, ua ho'omaka ka ho'ona'auao o nā kolokoho i kona ulu'i ikaika. Eia na'e ma mua, i ka makahiki 1922, ua ho'okumu'o Rusia i ka Institute of Biophysics, i alaka'i'ia e PP Lazarev. Ma laila, ho'onohonoho'ia ka kuleana nui i ka'imi'ana i ke'ano o ka hau'oli o nā mea a me nā'ōpū. 'O ka hopena,'o ia ka hō'oia o ka nui o nā ion i kēia ka'ina hana.

Eia hou, he nui o nā mea i'ike'ia e nā mea'epekema'epekema e hiki ai ke ho'omaopopo o ka'ike'ana o nā meaola e pili ana i nā'ōnaehana holo'oko'a i'ike'ia i nā'ōnaehana ola.

1. Hō'ano'ē'o Galvani i ka lewa a me kona pono no nā mea ola (bioelectricity).
2. 'O AL Chizhevsky ka makuakāne o nā'ano a'o e a'o i ka ho'olālā'ana o ka ākea ma ka Biosphere, a me ka ho'oku'u'ana i nā ion ion a me nā electro-hemodynamics.
3. Ua a'o'ia ke kikowaena o nā molecuke kinipona kahi wale nō ma hope o ka'ike'ia'ana o ke'ano unuhi unuhi X-ray. Ua hana'ia kēia e nā mea'epekema Peruz a me Kendryu (1962).
4. I loko o kēlā makahiki, ua loa'a kahi hanana DNA'ekolu (Maurice Wilkins).
5. Ua ho'okumu'o Neer a me Zakman i ka makahiki 1991 i ke'ano o ka ho'oponopono'ana i ka mana hiko.

Eia kekahi mau mea'ē a'e i'ae'ia i ka ho'ona'auao o nā kolo'au e holoholo ma ke ala o ka ho'okūkī a me ka holomua i ka ho'olālā a me ke kūkulu'ana.

Nā Wālā o ka Biophysics

Aia kekahi mau papahana e ho'opau i kēia'ike. E no'ono'o kākou i ka mea nui o lākou.

1. 'O nā meaola o nā'ōnaehana ko'iko'i - ke'ike i nā'ano hana ma'alahi o ka ho'oponopono pono'ia'ana o nā mea like'ole (systemogenesis, morphogenesis, synergogenesis). Eia kekahi, ke a'o nei kēia a'o i nā hi'ohi'ona o ka māhele'ano o nā hanana o ke kelepona ontogeny a me ka ho'olālā'ana, nā'ano o ka ho'ohui'ana o nā meaola.
2. Nā Bioacoustics a me nā Biophysics o nā pūnaeho'ike - ke'ike i nā pūnaha leo o nā meaola ola ('ike, lohe, loa'a,'ōlelo a me nā mea'ē a'e), nā ala o ka ho'olaha'ana i nā hō'ailona like'ole. Hō'ike i nā'ano hana o ka ho'ohuli'ana i ka'ike ma ka'ike'ana i nā hopena o waho (nā hanu) e nā lā'au.
3. 'O ke kolokela'au olapili - e komo ana kekahi mau kumuhana i'ike'ia i loko o ke a'o'ana i nā thermodynamics o nā hanana ho'ohālike, ka hana'ana i nā'ano'ōmāmā o nā meaola o nā meaola. Ho'ohālike pū kekahi i nā hana kinipona.
4. Molecular Biophysics - ke nānā i nā'ano hohonu o ka ho'olālā'ana a me ka hana'ana o nā meaola biopolymers e like me DNA, RNA, proteins, polysaccharides. Hana'o ia i ka hana'ana i nā hi'ohi'ona a me nā ki'i ki'i ki'i o kēia mau molekōne, nā hana kū'oko'a a me ka ho'okumu'ana i loko o nā'ōnaehana ola. Eia kekahi,'o kēia a'o'ana e kūkulu i nā pūnaha supramolecular a me nā submolecular e ho'oholo ai i ka hana no ke kūkulu'ana a me ka hana'ana i nā biopolymers ma nā pūnaewele ola.
5. 'O Bio Bioysics. Kūkulu'o ia i nā hana pūnaewele nui loa: ka'oko'a, ka mahele, ka hau'oli a me nā biopotentials o ka hanana membrane. Ho'olei pono'ia ka nānā'ana i nā hana o ka lawe'ana o nā mea lā'au, ka hopena kūikawā, nā mea a me ke'ano o ka membrane a me nā mea a puni.
6. 'O nā Biophysics of Metabolism. Main kūkā mai keʻano o ka hanaʻana: kāʻamaʻai, solarization a me ka hoʻololiʻana o ka meaola i ka mea, hemodynamics, kaʻilikai wela pūnao, i ke kanawai o ionizing pāhawewe.
7. Nā huahana olapili. Aia i loko o nā'ano kumuhana: bioinformatics, biometrics, biomechanics, ke a'o'ana i nā hana ho'okolohua a me ke kipipika,'ano pilikino (medical) biophysics. 'O nā mea e a'o'ia ai ka ho'ohana'ana i nā mea ola honua,'o ia ka pūnaewele musculoskeletal, nā'ano o ka ne'e'ana, nā'ano o ka ho'omaopopo'ana i nā kānaka ma nā hi'ohi'ona kino. He kūpono kūpono nā'oihana lā'au lapa'au. Ke nānā nei'o ia i nā hana pilikino i loko o nā meaola, nā ala e ho'omaika'i hou ai i nā'āpana o nā molekino ai'ole nā mea i hana'ia, ai'ole i ka uku. Hā'awi i nā mea no ka biotechnology. He mea nui i ka pale'ana i ka ulu'ana o nā ma'i, i ke'ano o nā kinetic, ka ho'ohemo'ana a me ka ho'ākāka'ana i nā hana o ka hopena.
8. 'O nā meaola o kahi nohona - e nānā i ka hopena o ka nohona o nā kānaka noho āpau, a me ka hopena o nā kumuhana a kokoke loa i waho. Ke nānā pū nei ho'i i ka biorhythms, ka hopena o nā kau wela a me nā bioepas i nā mea i hana'ia. ? Ac? Aaioea ki ina hana like o nā ana, e pale aku i ka hopena maikaʻi 'ole o? Aneie ana.

'O kēia mau a'o a pau he mea nui ia i ka ho'omohala'ana i ka'ike i nā hana o ke ola o nā'ōnaehana ola, ka hopena o ka biosphere a me nā kumu like'ole.

Nā hopena o kēia manawa

'Oe ke kapa aku i kekahi o nā hanana loa nui e hai aku ai i ka piʻi like o ka biophysics:

• wehe cloning maomeka meaola;
• Nā hiʻona a me ka loli 'kūlana o nitric'okesaside i ola nenoai;
• ka interrelation o ka poe liilii, a me ka elele RNA, i loko o ka wā e hiki mai, e kōkuaʻoe imi i ka pāʻoihana i na mea he nui ola pilikia (hoʻopau o ka maʻi);
• hamama autowaves physicalʻano;
• manawa i ka hana o hakakino Biophysics aʻo, ao ke ano o ka hoʻololi kemikala a me ka replication o ka DNA, i kūpono i ka mea hiki, e ho okumu i ka laulā o ka hou ai ', mai kaumaha a me ka luna' maʻi;
• Ke kamepiula ho o nā mea a pau i ka reactions e pili ana i ke kaʻina hana o ka kāʻamaʻai;
• 'epekema no ka ultrasound ka ninaninau ana i ke kino;
• hoopaa iho ai mawaena cosmogeophysical a me biochemical keʻano o ka hanaʻana;
• wānana ka huliau ma ka Honua;
• wehe aiee urokenazy'ūhū i loko o ka Kāohiʻana o ka thrombosis mai, a hoʻopau i nā waiwai ma hope o hahau ana;
• no hoi i ka helu ana o discoveries o ke kumuʻiʻo 'ole, ka circulatory'ōnaehana a me nā māhele o ke kino.

Institute o Biophysics ma Rusia

I ko kakou aina, he mea ka Moscow State University. M. V. Lomonosova. Ma ke kumu o keia hoʻonaʻauao kula hana Biophysics 'Oihana. Ua i ka mea nana prepares palapala hōʻoia no 'Oihana e hana i loko o kēia wahi.

He nui, e haawi aku i kekahi mea e like ai hoʻomaka wā e hiki mai 'Oihana. Ka mea, e kali ana i ka pilikia 'oihana. Biophysicist nae e ike i na intricacies o ka keʻano o ka hanaʻana i loko o 'ia ola mea. Eia hou, nā haumāna pono e maopopo i loko o ke kālaikūlohea. O ka luna 'epekema - biophysics. Haʻi'ōlelo i kūkulu i loko o ia i kekahi ala e hiki i ai i hoopuniia i na no ka hoʻopaʻi 'limahana ma biophysics a me eiiiiiaiou, a uhi aku la kekahi noonoo o nā liluwelo a me ka physical ano.