'Ole a me ka hana ana i ka mea loaʻa mīkiniʻimi nenoai. O ka papa kuhikuhi hana o ka halepaahao receptors

Ke kanaka ko mākou hopohopo'ōnaehana hanaʻia Ka Uluwehi O Ke mākau a me ka kemikala keʻano o ka hanaʻana i hoomakaukau i ka hoʻokēʻai ka hoʻololiʻana o nā loko, a nenoai i ka loli ma mawaho a me na 'ia. Ka pokole o stimuli mai ke kaiapuni mea ku pono i ka 'ole me ka keʻano o ka hanaʻana o ka afferent neurons, glial-na keena oligodendrocytes a lemmotsity. Ka mea, e huli i ka mawaho paha na stimuli ma bioelectricʻike manaʻo, i kapaia o excitation, a me nā aʻalolo impulse. Mau hale i kapaʻia receptors. Ma keia 'atikala, ke ninaninau i ka' ole a me ka hana ana o receptors o kela kanaka sensory nenoai.

Ano o nā aʻalolo a hāʻule pahū wale

Ma'anatomia, loaʻa nō kekahi mau nenoai o ka Mea Maluna. Ka loa, he pono ole receptors e māheleʻia i loko o na mea (he poe kekahi neuron omaka ae) a me ka luna '(pae o kākoʻo neurocytes a me glial aeee i loko o ka haku mele' ana i aloha hana kūikawā sensory hui, kēia). Ma muli o ka 'ole o sensory keʻano o ka hanaʻana. ka mea, ua māheleʻia i loko o iniiaiie a me ka haumāna hope centripetal neurocyte. Kēia loaʻa heʻano o receptors i loko o kaʻili: na nociceptors, mechanoreceptors, baroreceptors, thermoreceptors a me neural keʻano o ka hanaʻana i innervate ka na nā loko. i hanaʻia ma ka pane ana i ka stimulus (hoao receptors, lohe, kaulike) Secondary epithelial nā mea loaʻa e pili ana. Nā koʻokoʻo a cone o ka photosensitive, ahu iho o ka maka - ka retina - i loko o ka palapala hoʻomoana ma waena o vtorichnochuvstvitelnymi o kuhikuhi a me nā aʻalolo a hāʻule pahū wale.

Kekahi Mea Maluna'ōnaehana ua nānā 'ana ma luna o kēia koena unuhi, e like me keʻano o ka stimulus. Inā ae hookaawale mai, mai ke kaiapuni, a laila ka mea, ua ike exteroreceptors (e like me mea kani-, ke). A stimulation o ka na papa kumumea ua kālailai interoreceptors: visceral, proprioceptors, vestibular lauoho keena. Penei, mīkiniʻimi nenoai mea loaʻa kuleana pili i ka hoʻopiʻi i kā lākou 'ole a me ka wahi o ka wahi ma ke ano nā loko.

I ka manaʻo o nā analyzers

I mea e differentiate a maopopo ma waena o nā hua'ōlelo o ka mawaho a puni, a me ke hakuloli ia mea, i loko o kānaka, he mau hana anatomical a physiological hale i kapaʻia mea kālailai, a me ka mīkiniʻimi nenoai. Russian nä känaka 'epekema I. P. Pavlov i manaoia na kēia noaia no kā lākou mau hale. Ka 'Oihana mua i kapaiaʻike ākea (mea loaʻa). Lua - kaula, a me ke kolu - ka Central paha cortical.

No ka laʻana, ka mea pilikia makapō mīkiniʻimi'ōnaehana kikowaena retinal sensory keena - ua mau laau la, a cone, ka optic nā aʻalolo elua a me ka cortex aia i loko o ka hope o ia.

Kekahi analyzers, e like me ka mea mua i olelo ia pilikia makapō a me ka auditory nā doretseptorny ilikai - kekahi anatomical hale, ka hoʻomaikaʻi pokole no e pono stimuli. No keia auditory waho, a mawaena ae pepeiao, a hiki i ka pilikia makapō'ōnaehana - ka malamalama refracting hapa o ka maka, a me ka sclera, koʻana koko Quotes o ka anterior keena, maka aniani, vitreous kino. Mākou, e kālele ana ma luna o kaʻike ākea aoao o ka mea kālailai, a pane nīnau e pili ana i mea no ka hana o na receptors a pau ia ia.

Like aeee ike stimuli

Mau membranes (a ma ka cytosol) e kūikawā nā lātoma i o nā polokina, e like me luna 'nenoai - glycoproteins. Ma lalo o ka aoao o ke? Aneie aʻe, i kēia mau waiwai hoʻololi i kā lākou māhele hoʻonohonoho like me ka hoailona ana i ka halepaahao a me ka poe koa ia i ka pane ponoʻole.

Kekahi Nine Inch kapa ligands, ke loli ka sensory keʻano o ka hanaʻana o ka halepaahao, kūpono i ka mea nona transmembrane ion paialewa. Nā polokina plasmalemma me receptive waiwai, pu me carbohydrate nā lātoma (.. Ie receptors) hana like annten - ike a differentiate ligands.

ionotropic auwai a

Kekahiʻano o ka halepaahao receptors - ionotropic kaha aia i loko o kaʻili lahilahi, ke hiki, e wehe ai wahi ma lalo o ka aoao o Nine Inch neaiaea vesschestv laʻana H-acetylcholine mea loaʻa, vasopressin, a me ka insulina receptors.

Ma intracellular receptive kanu'ōiwi nā EKOLU kumumea, e hoopaa ana i ka ligand, a laila, komo i loko o ka nucleus. I huiʻia ia mea i hanaʻia me ka DNA i ka hōʻoi 'ole inhibit i ka Ekolu a o kekahi a oi nā'ōewe. Ke'ī mai, i ka papa kuhikuhi hana o ka halepaahao receptors - ka pokole o ke kaiapuni lepa a me ka hooponopono ana o ea launa like reactions.

Ua mau laau la, a cone: 'ole a me ka ho'āʻo

Mau receptors retina pane koke i ka pilikia makapō stimuli - photons, i ke kumu no nā aʻalolo a hāʻule pahū wale i loko o ka excitation kaʻina. Ka mea, aia no iloko olaila kūikawā pigments: iodopsin (cone) a me ka rhodopsin (laau). Ana i ka wahie ukiuki o crepuscular ka malamalama a me ka mea e hiki keʻike ma waena o nā waihoʻoluʻu. Pele i kuleana no ka waihoʻoluʻu hihio, a ua puunaueia i ekolu hoailona ia mea, kela mea keia mea o ka iloko ona i kakauia he kaʻawale photopigment. Penei, maka mea loaʻa kuleana pili i hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka 'ano o ka malamalama-ikepili koʻikoʻi nā polokina, ia kikowaena. Coli i pilikia makapō pokole i haʻahaʻa ka malamalama, a me ka pele i kuleana no ka pilikia makapō acuity a me ka waihoʻoluʻu pokole.

Ili - hoohalike hui,

Nā aʻalolo a hāʻule pahū wale o neurons komo i loko o nā dermis, oko i loko o kā lākou 'ole, a pane i mau stimuli o ke kaiapuni: mahana, puʻe, ili honua shape. Oihana ili receptors - loaa, a hoʻololi stimuli i loko o pou lāʻau ikiʻai wale (e hoohauhee ana kaʻina). I ka'aloʻahiʻa receptors nā Meissner mau corpuscles, Aia ma ka waena, ahu iho o kaʻili - na dermis hiki o discriminating maalea stimuli (i ka haʻahaʻa pā lonoaʻili paepae).

Ma na baroreceptors i Pacinian corpuscles. Ka mea, i ke aupuni 'o ka subcutaneous momona. mea loaʻa kuleana pili i - nociceptor eha - ka palekana i ka pathogenic stimuli. Eia kekahi, ua hoonohonoho ia nā aʻalolo a hāʻule pahū wale o ka ili, i loko o nā mea a pau na nā loko, a i ka ano o ka afferent ai manamana ai hoi e pana aku. Thermoreceptors hiki e nā loko o kaʻili, a na nā loko - ipu koko o ka Central ko mākou hopohopo nenoaiu. Ka mea, e hoʻolaha i ka wela a me ke anu.

hiki e māhuahua ai ka ha awina o kēia mau sensory a hāʻule pahū wale, ke kaumaha ma muli o ke kuhikuhi ana a me ka mämä holo me a ke ana wela loli o ka ili ili honua. Nolaila, o ka mana o ka ili receptors i e lauwili, a hilinai aku ma luna o lākou 'ole.

Keʻano papa hana o ka pokole o auditory stimuli

Exteroreceptors - lauoho keena, a i kiʻekiʻe pā lonoaʻili i kūpono stimuli - nä hawewe kani. Ka mea, i kapaʻia monomodal, a ua vtorichnochuvstvitelnymi. Aia i loko o ka hui, o Corti o ka pā pepeiao, komo i loko o ka cochlea.

Ma ka mea o ka hui, o Corti mea i 'ano like me ka lira. Auditory receptors i loko iho i loko o ka perilymph a me ka i, ma nā wēlau o ka microvilli o ka pae. loli oscillations i mea ukiuki loa lauoho keena, Eʻoi mai ana i loko o bioelectricʻike manaʻo - nā aʻalolo impulses, oa lohe mea loaʻa kuleana pili i - .. o ka pokole o no lepa me ke ano o nä hawewe kani, a me kā lākou hou 'i loko o excitation kaʻina.

Hoʻokaʻaʻike ono receptors

Kēlā me kēia o ko mākou mai ka makemake no ka ai a me nā mea inu. Flavoring unahiʻole, i ka ai, ua ike ma ka mea o ka hui, o ka ono - 'ōlelo. Ua na ehaʻano o nā aʻalolo a hāʻule pahū wale IIeEeAIEUIeXAIIUE like penei: ka wēlau o ke alelo - gustatory papillae hoomaopopo ono, ma kona kumu - o ka awaawa, a me kaʻawaʻawa palemo iho, a hoomaopopo receptors sidewalls. Stimuli i nā mea a pau ano o ka mea loaʻa lātoma hāʻule pahū wale ihola nō Nine Inch microvilli ike ono nā'ōpuʻu, he kukuna.

Hoao mea loaʻa kuleana pili i - decode Nine Inch stimulus, a hoohuli ia i loko o ka uila pāpaʻa e hele mai ana neurotransmission ma kaʻaiʻana cortex. It E e kaulana i ka hui kaulua me ke aʻalolo a hāʻule pahū wale o ka olfactory mea kālailai, aia i loko o ka nasal mucosa na nipples. Ke hoʻohui pūʻia hopena o ka mīkiniʻimi nenoai elua intensifies mouthfeel a enriches kanaka.

nane o ka honi

Like pono me ka ho'āʻoʻana, olfactory'ōnaehana mākou ke pane i kā lākou nā aʻalolo hāʻule pahū wale ihola ma luna o nā nā lātoma o kekahi Nine Inch. Ke loaʻano papa hana ana i puaʻa i huiʻia nāuki mai ka olfactory u kukui, oiai aole i hiki maopopo hoomaopopo. ʻepekema theorize i ka hōʻikeʻana nā lātoma pāʻani aku me kekahi ala sensory neurons o ka nasal mucosa. Other noiʻi i ua hoʻopili stimulation o olfactory receptors i ka hōʻikeʻana nā lātoma i, he pono ole ooieoeiiaeuiuo pūʻulu (e laʻa me, aldehyde ole phenol) me ka 'ona i loko o ka sensory neuron.

olfactory mea loaʻa hana i loko o ka pokole o ka mea ukiuki loa, a me kona differentiation ma ka unuhi i loko o ka excitation kaʻina. Total olfactory pu u kukui i loko o ka mucosa o ka nasal lua kīnā 60 miliona pakahi no i hoolako i ka helu nui o ka cilia, e kōkua hoomahuahua i ka pono 'āpana o ka hui' ana ma waena o ka mea loaʻa kahua o nā lātoma me Nine Inch - ala.

Ke aʻalolo a hāʻule pahū wale o ka mea i hoʻomākaukauʻia vestibular

Ma ka pahale pepeiao o ke kino kuleana no ka ōhumu a me ka hana mau ana o Hawaii hana, i ke kino, e malama i ka moku'āina o equilibrium, e like me komo i loko o ke kohoʻia reflex. Ua i manao o ka semicircular Canal kapa Kimi a anatomically pili me ka hui, o Corti. Na auwai aʻekolu nō iwi nā aʻalolo a hāʻule pahū wale bapetizo i loko o ka endolymph. A hiki i ke k'ki io o ke poo a me ka torso, ia fluctuates, i kumu ae hookaawale ana o ke aʻalolo a hāʻule pahū wale ma na welau.

Sami vestibular receptors - lauoho keena - i hui 'ana me kaʻili lahilahi. Ua Ua haku o ke olonā i nā pōaka o ka pōhaku paʻapuna - otolith. Together me ka endolymph, ka mea i hoʻomaka eʻoni aʻe, i ka mea he irritant i ke aʻalolo keʻano o ka hanaʻana. O ka papa kuhikuhi hana o ka semicircular Canal o ka mea loaʻa hilinaʻi nui ma luna o kona wahi: i loko o nāʻeke ia mākou ke pane i ka umekaumaha a me ka pāʻana i ka koena o ke poo a me ke kino i koena. Sensory panina ke aupuni 'o ampoules equilibrium hui, loli ke kāohi ka neʻe' ana o ke kino wahi (hōʻeuʻeu umekaumaha).

Ke kūlana o ka mea loaʻa i loko o ke kahua o neural wahi i puhi ai

I ke ao ana o reflexes, HEN, mai haʻawina o Descartes, a hiki i ka paepae kahua discoveries I. P. Pavlova a me I. M. Sechenova, ua ma muli o ka manaʻo o neural ha awina like me ka pono pane o ka meaola i ka waiū e stimuli mawaho a me na 'ia, haliia mai la mawaho me ke komo ana o ka Central ko mākou hopohopo 'ōnaehana - o ka lolo a me ka spinal kaula. Mea a ka pane, me na mea me he kuli-jerk, a me ka Rocket e like me ka olelo, iaiyoe a manaʻo, ka mea, o ka mea mua loulou? Eaia - pokole a me ka hoʻokae 'ana o stimuli e like me ko lakou ikaika, ikaika hawewe, pinepine'.

Oia differentiation ua lawe mai sensory nenoai i I. P. Pavlov i kapaia "tentacles o ka lolo." Kēlā me kēia mea kālailai mea loaʻa oihana like antennas e koho i stimuli a probing o ka papa: mālamalama a me nä hawewe kani, nā lātoma o Nine Inch, physical aʻe. Physiologically maʻamau ha awina ole, koe nae sensory nenoai hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka hana o ka mahele mua, i kapaia oʻike ākea, a me ka mea loaʻa. Mai ia originate ole, koe nae, ka reflex piʻo (reflexes).

uao

He biologicallyʻeleu waiwai, ae hana i ka hoolilo ana o excitation mai kekahi neuron i kekahi kūikawā hale - synapses. Ka mea, e pee ma ke axon mua neurocyte, a ua hanaʻiʻo akula like me ka stimulus, ma o na la nā aʻalolo impulses i ka mea loaʻa pau ana o ka mea e hiki mai ana nā aʻalolo aeea. No laila, ke 'ole a me ka hana ana o neurotransmitters a me receptors i pili loa ua hoʻopili. A, kekahi neurocytes i hiki ke ho opa elua a oi transmitters, e laʻa me, glutamic a me ka asparticʻakika, adrenaline a me Gaba.