Natural 'epekema - mea ... Pūʻulu He Hoikehonua. Kemika, ke kālaikūlohea

'Epekema - kekahi o ka loa nui mau o kanaka ha awina ma ka keia kahua o ka? Acaeoey o ka honua noho maikai ana. I kēia lā, he mau haneri o kekahi hoʻopaʻi 'ana: oaoieei-, ka nohona, aloha kekahi i kekahi, a kūlohelohe sciences. He aha i ka mea, aʻo? Pehea e hoʻomōhala i ka kūlohelohe mōʻaukala i loko o ka mōʻaukala kēia lākiō?

Natural 'epekema - keia mea ...

He aha ka 'epekema? I ka wa ia i hanau, a me ka mai i ka ao ao o?

Natural 'epekema - i ka hahau i ka haʻawina o kaʻike manaʻo maoli a me kaʻike manaʻo i ikeia mawaho i ka noiʻi kumuhana (kanaka). Ka manawa " 'epekema" i loko o ka' ōlelo Lūkini ua loko mai o ka hua'ōlelo "ʻano", ia mea, synonymous me ka hua'ōlelo "ano".

Ka hookumuia'na mai o na sciences maoli hiki ke noʻonoʻo me makemakika a me ka kālaiʻike. O kēia mau mea, ma a me ka nui, i hele mai a pau i kaʻiʻo nō o kēia kūlohelohe sciences. Initially, ho'āʻo naturalists e pane i nā nīnau a pau e pili ana i ke ano a me kona mea a pau hoikeana. A laila, e like me ka ka manaʻo pohihihi o ka noiʻi kumuhana, 'epekema hoomaka ana e wawahi i ka mai i kaawale no ka hoʻopaʻi' ana e ho'ōla Stavan hou okoa.

Ma ka pōʻaiapili o kēia manawa maoli 'epekema - he luna' o ka 'epekema no ka hoʻopaʻi' ana o ke ano maoli, ia i loko o kā lākou pili launa.

I ka moolelo o na sciences maoli

Ka hooulu ana o na sciences maoli ua gradual. Eia naʻe, kanaka waiwai i loko o kaʻike manaʻo o ka mea hoike aku ia ia iho i loko o kahiko.

Natural kālaiʻike (ma ka mea, 'epekema) ua' Imi hoʻomohala i kahiko Greece. Makamua thinkers, ka hoʻohana primitive ano o ka noiʻi a me kekahi manawa kilo, hiki ke hana i kekahiʻano o ka 'epekema discoveries, a nui nā mea mahuʻi. Oia laila, ma kona ano maoli poe akeakamai i hoomaopopoia ana o ka honua revolves puni o ka la, hiki ke wehewehe i ka poe a me ka Helu Pu, he pololei ana i nā mea kiko'î o ko mākou Honua.

Ma ka Middle Ages ka hooulu ana o maoli 'epekema i ka meheu o nunui, a uaʻelemakule kalele iho ma luna o ka ekalesia. He nui nā kānakaʻepekema i ka manawa i hana ino ia mai no ka ai-i kapaia o nā 'aoʻao hoʻomana. All scientific haʻawina a me ka hoʻokolokolo 'ana i, ma ka mea, hele mai la ia i ke ano a me ka hoaponoia ana o ka palapala hemolele. Naʻe, i loko o ke au o ka Middle Ages nui ke kūpili a me ke kumumanaʻo ulu. Ua E hoi e kaulana ia i keia manawa i ka piko o maoli kālaiʻike (kauoha study o maoliʻike manaʻo) geographically 'oni iki i ka ¶ʻO'Araba-Muslim māhele' āina.

Ma Europa, i ka kokololio kūpono 'ana o ka' epekema maoli kaʻina kānāwai (ka hoʻomau 'ana) wale nō i loko o ka XVII-XVIII kenekulia. He He manawa o ka nui-ka unahiʻole, hoʻomāhuahua o factual ike a me ka empirical ikepili (i ka hopena o ka "kula" o ke kilo hoʻokolohua, a). i ka nānā 'ana 18th kenekulia' epekema lākou noiʻi ma ka hopena o ka lehulehu Geographic kaua kiʻi e kaua, 'auʻau, këia i ke Puhi iho loaa aina. Ma ka XIX kenekulia, hookahi manawa hou ke hele mai i ka mua ke kūpili a me kaʻimi naʻauao manaʻo. I ia manawa, kńnaka epekema i 'Imi ke kō a pau i ka ohi kūʻiʻo, ka hoʻokikina likeʻole theories formulating kānāwai.

Ke koʻikoʻi loa, naturalists i loko o ka moʻolelo o ka 'epekema e like me Thales, Eratosthenes, Pythagoras, Klavdiya Ptolemeya, Archimedes, Isaaka Nyutona, Galileo Galilei, Rene Dekarta, Blaise Pascal, Nicola Tesla, Mikhail Lomonosov a me na mea he nui' ē aʻe kaulanaʻepekema.

Ka pilikia o maoli 'epekema Mea Maluna

I ke kumu o maoli sciences i: Balanced (a ua haawiia no hoi pinepine i like "i ke aliʻi wahine o sciences"), kemika, ke kālaikūlohea, kālaimeaola. Ka pilikia o ka Mea Maluna o maoli sciences, he ua loa, ua nui kou manaʻo e pili ana i nā manaʻo o ka oi ma mua o kekahi kakini ka noiʻi a me theorists.

He aho e Makuakane me keia hihia Friedrich Engels - German poe akeakamai a me nä känaka 'epekema, ka mea ua maikaʻi ike like me ka pili makamaka Karla Marksa a me kona ke kākoʻo'-mea kākau o ka hana kaulana noa i ka ' "Capital". He ua hiki ke kuhikuhi i ka papa kuhikuhiE kumu elua (hoʻokokoke) ka typology o ka 'epekema no ka hoʻopaʻi': he Pahuhopu hoʻokokoke mai, e like me ka rula o ka? Acaeoey.

Ka loa piha Mea Maluna o sciences kaumaha i ka Soviet methodologist Bonifatii o Kederona. Ua Ua i nalowale kona pilina i kēia lā.

Papa Inoa o Natural Sciences

Ka a pau eiiieaena o ka 'epekema no ka hoʻopaʻi' hiki ke maheleia i ekolu nui pūʻulu.

• kanaka (a pōʻai) sciences;
• enekinia,;
• maoli.

ʻimi ana i ke ano o ka mea i hala. A i ka papa inoa o na sciences maoli ua hōʻike mai iā ia ma lalo:

• kilohōkū;
• physical Tilly;
• kālaimeaola;
• lapaau;
• geology;
• lepo 'epekema;
• ke kālaikūlohea;
• maoli sciences;
• kemika;
• botany;
• zoology;
• ʻike manaʻo.

Like no ka makemakika, kaʻepekema ka mea,ʻaʻohe kona manaʻo ma ma a pae o ka 'epekema no ka hoʻopaʻi' ia e ke hana. Kekahi manao ia he maoli 'epekema,' ē aʻe - pololei. Kekahi hoʻomanaʻo pili makemakika ma ka papa o ka ai-kapaia olelo (a Hōʻuluʻulu) sciences.

kemika

Kemika - mea he nui kahua o maoli 'epekema, ka papa kuhikuhiE kumu o ka haʻawina o ka waiwai, kona waiwai a me ka' ole. Kēia 'epekema E hoomanao i ke kino o maoli mea ma luna o ka'ātoma a me ka hakakinoʻilikai. Ua kekahi hoike o ka Nine Inch ka ponaʻana a me ka reactions i kupu mai, mai ka AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN o okoa mall hunaʻia.

No ka mea manawa mua i ka pähola 'i i i i ka uuku a pau kino maoli (ʻaʻole hiki i ke kanaka) hehee wale, kipaku ka Helene poe akeakamai Democritus. Ua Ua ea ae ka hana i kela a me keia waiwai maupaʻaʻoi aʻe (particles), e like me na olelo iloko o kekahi mau palapala.

Hoikehonua, kemika - he luna 'epekema, i ka loaʻa o kekahi mau kakini ka hoʻopaʻi' ana. Kēia'okanikaʻole a me ke aloha kemika, biochemistry, geochemistry, a liuliu, kemika.

ke kālaikūlohea

Ke kālaikūlohea - kekahi o ka mea kahiko sciences i loko o ke ao nei. E wehe i kona kānāwai i ke kumu, ke kahua no nā mea a pau ma kona ano maoli 'epekema no ka hoʻopaʻi' kahua.

No ka mea manawa mua i ke kau "ke kālaikūlohea" Ua hoʻohana Aristotle. I ia mau lā ka mea, uaʻaneʻane'ālike kālaiʻike. Ke kuokoa 'epekema ke kālaikūlohea olalo e huli wale nō i loko o ka XVI kenekulia.

I kēia lā, ma lalo o ka ke kālaikūlohea maopopo i ka 'epekema i Haʻawina mea, kona' ole a me ka neʻeʻana, e like me ka mea mau kanawai o ke ano. Ma kona 'ole hōʻike' i ka helu o ka papa kuhikuhi pauku. He panina mechanics, thermodynamics, quantum ke kālaikūlohea, relativity, a me kekahi mea e ae.

physiography

Ke hoʻokaʻawale i waena o maoli a me ka aloha kekahi i kekahi sciences i ka wiwo ole au laina ma ka "kino" o ka manawa hookahi 'amelika hana kemika, ka mahele ana i kona kaawale ana. Penei, ka physical Tilly (i loko o Akä naÿe i ka waiwai a me ka nohona) i loko o ka poli o ka sciences maoli.

Kēia 'epekema haʻawina o Geographic Honua ka iwi me he holookoa, e like me kekahi maoli eiiiiiaiou a nenoai komo i loko o kona haku mele' ana. Hoikehonua, physical Tilly ninoieo o ka moʻo o ka hana noiʻi. I waena o lākou:

• panorama haʻawina;
• geomorphology;
• climatology;
• hydrology;
• oceanography;
• lepo 'epekema, a me na mea e ae.

ʻEpekema a me humanities: ke kuʻikahi, a me ka 'ano

Humanities, maoli sciences - me he mea la i mamao ke kaʻawale, e like me ka mea i manao?

O ka holo ana, ua okoa ma ke kumuhana o ka hoʻokolokolo 'ana i kēia mau ka hoʻopaʻi' ana. Na maoli sciences ao ke ano maoli, aloha kekahi i kekahi -ʻeleu lākou noonoo ana ma luna o ke kanaka a me ka lehulehu. Humanities hiki ole paʻi i ka mea maoli e like, ka mea, i ole hiki ke mathematically ho'āʻo lākou kumumanaʻo, a hoopaa i ka kuhiakau.

Ma ka kekahi lima, kēia kanaka i pili loa aku, intertwined i kekahi i kekahi. No loko o ka pōʻaiapili o ke XXI kenekulia. Penei, makemakika ua lōʻihi ia kumu ma ka moʻokalaleo a me ka mele, a me ka ke kālaikūlohea kemika - i loko o ke akamai,ʻike manaʻo - ma ka lawelawe hana kemika a me ka 'aoʻao hoʻokele waiwai, a no laila, ma luna o. Eia hou, ka mea, ua lōʻihi Ua maopopo i na mea he nui nui discoveries e i pono i ka hookui ana o kekahi mau? Iie no ka hoʻopaʻi 'i, ma mua kilohi, i loa he hope ma, he pono ole.

I ka hopena ...

Natural 'epekema - he lala o ka' epekema i haʻawina no ka maoliʻike manaʻo, keʻano o ka hanaʻana a me kaʻike manaʻo. Mau ka hoʻopaʻi 'ana ma laila nō i nui loa: he kemika a me ke kālaikūlohea, makemakika, kālaimeaola, hana kemika a me ka kilohōkū.

Natural sciences, hoʻowahāwahā i ka nui oko i loko o ke kumuhana a me ka ano o ka noiʻi, a ua pili loa ua hoʻopili i ka nohona sciences a me humanities. No ka ikaika o keia pilina ua hoikea mai oia, i loko o ka XXI kenekulia, ka wā o nā sciences a pau converge a intertwine.