Nobel makana no ka moʻokalaleo: ka papa. Nobel me Moʻolelo lua o ka USSR a me Rusia

Ua hoʻokumuʻia ke Nobel uku ma industrialist, inventor a me ka Nine Inch lunaʻenehana mai Kuekene, Alfred Nobel, a ua kapa 'ia ma o kona hanohano. Ua Ua noʻonoʻo pono i ka loa 'ihiʻihi i loko o ke ao nei. Laureates loaa he gula kâlâ keʻokeʻo, a hoike AB Nobel palapala puka, a me ka loaʻa, e kaha i ka huina nui. Ka hope ua haku o ka pono nui, a hookipa mai i ka Nobel Foundation. I ka 1895, Alfred Nobel i kona makemake, ma i kona kapikala i hoonoho ia ma ka mea paa, laau a me loan. Ka uku o ka mea e lawe mai ai i keia mau dala i kela a me keia makahiki ua maheleia like i elima māhele, a lilo ae la ia i ka makana no ka piʻi like i loko o elima mau mea: kemika, ke kālaikūlohea, physiology a lapaau, moʻokalaleo, a no ka hana, e paipai maluhia.

Ka mua Nobel makana no me Moʻolelo i kumu kāki i 10 December 1901, a ua mai, ua puka mai ka makahiki ma luna o kēia lā, i ka lā hoʻomanaʻo o Nobel ka make. Ia nā kumu kāki no ka Winners i wahi ma Stockholm ma ke Kuekene ke alii. Ma hope o ka loaa ana i ka hoʻolilo 'ana o ka Nobel lua no ka me Moʻolelo laureates i 6 mahina, e haawi i ka haʻi'ōlelo ma luna o ke kumuhana o kā lākou hana. Kēia mea he paʻa mau ana no ka loaa ana i ka ia nā kumu kāki.

Ka olelo hooholo e pili ana i ua hookoia ka Nobel uku ma Moʻolelo, ka Kuekene Academy e launa mai, me ka nānā 'ia ma Stockholm, e like me ka Nobel kōmike ia iho, a ua heluhelu mai wale i ka helu o nā kānaka noi manawaleʻa, me ka hai ana mai i ko lakou mau inoa. Ke kaʻina hana iho o ke koho ana o ka hoʻolaha, i ke kumu no kekahi manawa, huhu kiʻiʻoniʻoni a me nā detractors ana i ua haawiia mai ka ia nā kumu kāki no ka pili aupuni kumu ma mua no ka palapala, ai 'e piʻi like. Ke kumu nui i kekahi manaʻo hoʻopiʻi, a ua haawiia mai ma ka hoike - ua piliwaiwai uku nui Nabokov, Tolstoy, Bohres Joyce. Naʻe, i ka papa inoa o nā kākau i loaa ka nō kilakila. O Russian Nobel makana uwa maila no me Moʻolelo makana - elima kākau moʻolelo. E aʻo hou e pili ana i kela a me keia o ia mau mea, e nānā ma lalo nei.

Ke Nobel lua ma Moʻolelo 2014 i hookoia 107 manawa, ka mea, ua Patrick Modiano, Palani mea kākau a me ka screenwriter. Oia hoi, mai 1901, ka mea nona o ka hoʻolilo 'ia' i 111 kākau moʻolelo (no ka mea, eha ana ia i hookoia na kākau elua i ka ia manawa).

E helu i na Winners a loaaʻi ka ike i kela mea keia mea o lakou, - e Aloha hala loa o ka lōʻihi manawa. Ua kaulana loa, a kipa i ka Nobel lua no ka moʻokalaleo a me kā lākou hana i kaumahaia aku ai i kou noonoo.

1. William Golding, 1983

William Golding loaa ka ia nā kumu kāki no kona kaulana novels, a ma kana hana, ma laila nō 12. Ka loa loa-ike, i waena o ka maikaʻi-kuai puke i kākauʻia e Nobel laureates "ka Haku o na nahu" a me "ka hooilina". Ka puke "ka Haku o na nahu", nolaila ia i kuu i ka makahiki 1954, i lawe mai kūwaho hoʻi kaulana i ka mea kākau moʻolelo. Kiʻiʻoniʻoni pinepine hoohalike ia me ka puke "ka manu i loko o ka rai" ma JD Salinger degere o kona nui no ka hooulu ana o ka moʻokalaleo a me ka Contemporary manaʻo i loko o kekahi mau.

2. Toni Morrison, 1993

Nobel makana no ka moʻokalaleo - kanaka ole wale, aka, i na wahine. Mau nā Toni Morrison. Kēia 'Amelika mea kākau hānau i loko o ka hana papa ohana ma Ohio. Kākau inoa 'oe i loko o Howard University, kahi i aʻo ai moʻokalaleo a me ka olelo Beritania, hoomaka ae la oia e kākau i kana hana ana. Ka puke mua, "Ka Bluest Eye" (1970), i kākau ma ke kumu o ka moʻolelo i mai no kona kulanui pōʻai o ke kākau moʻolelo. He mea kekahi o ka loa hanohano hana o Toni Morrison. Kekahi o kona puke, "Sula," paʻi i ka 1975, ua koho no ka National Book Achievement noʻAmelika Hui Pūʻia.

3. Dzhon Steynbek, 1962

Steinbeck ka loa kaulana hana - "aina hikina oʻEdena," "i na hua waina o ke alohaʻole ka inaina," "Ofʻiole a me na kanaka." I ka 1939 i ka puke "Ka hua waina, o ka inaina,", lilo iho la ia i ka bestseller, kuai ma 50.000 kope, a me keia la i ko lakou helu mea oi ma mua o 75 miliona. A hiki i 1962, ka mea kākau moʻolelo i koho ia no ka hoʻokolokolo i nā ewalu manawa, a manao iho la oia ia ia iho pono o ka hoʻolilo 'ia'. A me ka nui US kiʻiʻoniʻoni kaulana i kona hope novels mea nui nawaliwali ma mua o ka mea mua, a pane negatively e pili ana i keia hana pili. I ka 2013, ka wā ka mea, i declassified kekahi palapala o ka Kuekene Academy (a i mālama i ka mea pili i malama i malu no 50 makahiki), ka mea, ua hoʻomaka iholaʻo ia i i hookoia ai ka mea kākau moʻolelo no ka mea, ua i loko o keia makahiki ka " 'oi ma ka pilikia ka huakai."

4. Ernest Hemingway, makahiki 1954

Kēia mea kākau moʻolelo i kekahi o ka eiwa ia nā kumu kāki no ka Winners moʻokalaleo, i aku la ia i hookoia,ʻaʻole no ka hana, e like me ka a pau, a no ka mea i ho'ākāka 'huina hoonui,ʻo ia ka puke "Ka Old Man a me ke kai." O ka hana mua paʻi i loko o ka makahiki 1952, i lawe mai i ka mea kākau i ka mea e hiki mai ana, 1953, a me kekahi 'ihiʻihi ia nā kumu kāki - ka Pulitzer uku.

I ka hookahi makahiki ka Nobel kōmike Hemingway me i loko o ka papa inoa o nā moho, akā, me ka uwa o ka ia nā kumu kāki lilo i ia manawa, Winston Churchill, ka mea ma ia manawa i huli mua 79 makahiki kahiko, a me ka mea, i laila, hoʻoholo ke hoomau aku i ka hoʻolilo 'ana i ka waiwai pio,ʻaʻole ia. A Ernest Hemingway i ka hewaʻiʻo e uwa ana o ka ia nā kumu kāki ma ka hope, i ka makahiki 1954.

5. Gabriel Garcia Marquez, 1982

Nobel makana no ka me Moʻolelo i ka 1982, komo pū i loko o ka helu o Gabriel Garcia Marquez. He ua ka mua kākau moʻolelo mai Colombia ka mea i hookoia ka Kuekene Academy. Kona mau buke, i waena o mākou a e kahińuli i ka "Chronicle o ka make'ōlelo", "Akuma ka o ka makua'lii" a me ka "Love ma ka Time o Cholera," lilo i ka maikai-kuai i na hana e kākau i loko o Paniolo, i loko o kona mōʻaukala. Ka puke "Hookahi haneri makahiki o mehameha loa" (1967), i ka kekahi Nobel uku e uwa, Pablo Neruda, i kapaʻia ka mea nui ma hope o Cervantes ' "Don Quixote" puke hanaia i loko o Spanish, ua unuhi' ia i loko o oi aku mamua o 25 'ōlelo, a me ka nui holo o ka huahana ua oi aku mamua o 50 miliona kope.

6. Semyuel Bekket, 1969

Nobel makana no ka me Moʻolelo i ka makahiki 1969, i kumu kāki i Samuel Beckett. Ke Ipelana kākau moʻolelo o kekahi o na elele loa kaulana o modernism. Ua ua ia i ka mea, pu me Ezhenom Ionesku hoʻokumu i ke kaulana "keaka o ka absurd." kakau iho la Semyuel Bekket kana mau hana ma ka 'ōlelo a elua - English a me Palani. Ke keiki kaulana loa o kona peni i ka hula "Look no Godot", kākau i loko o Palani. Hana e hahai ana i ka'āina. I ka papa kuhikuhiE huapalapala ma ka hula i manaoia o ke Godot, a e hana i kekahi mea pono i loko o ko lakou ola. Eia naʻe,ʻo ia i i hou, no laila, i ka mea heluhelu a me ka Mea Nānā i ka hooholo ia mea, ua ai no ke kiʻi.

Beckett ua leʻaleʻa o ka hookani Mū Kākela, i hoʻomaha ai ka pomaikai a me nā wāhine, akā, alakaʻi heʻano secluded ola. Hiki mai i kaʻana,ʻaʻoleʻo ia iʻae aku i ka Nobel makana, hoʻouna ma kona wahi o kona hoʻopuka Jerome Lindon.

7. Uilyam Folkner, 1949

Nobel makana no ka me Moʻolelo i ka 1949, hele aku la ia William Faulkner. He pū initially hōʻole, e hele i Stockholm no ka ia nā kumu kāki, akā, ma ka hopena e hoohuli i ke kaikamahine iā ia. US Pelekikena Dzhon Kennedi hoouna aku la oia i olelo kono i ka ahaaina awakea, i hoʻonohonoho 'ia i loko o ka hanohano o ka Nobel uku. Eia naʻe, Faulkner, i kona ola noʻonoʻo iho "i ka mea kākau moʻolelo, a me ka mahiai", ma kana mau olelo, ua hoole eʻae i ke kono, Kuhikuhi 'ia' elemakule.

Ka loa kaulana a me ka hanohano novels o ka mea kākau i ka "Sound, a me ka inaina" a me "E like me au make ana." Akā, i ka pomaikai ana o kēia mau hana i ole e hele koke aku, no ka mea, he lōʻihi manawa, ka mea, aneane kuai. Ka puke "The Sound a me ka inaina," paʻi i ka 1929, no ka mea mua 16 makahiki ma hope o ka puke, ua kuai lilo aku la i ka holo o ka ekolu tausani kope. Eia naʻe, i loko o ka makahiki 1949, i ka manawa o ka loaʻa 'ana o ka Nobel uku mea kākau, i kēia puke i Ua he kumu hoʻohālike o ka panina moʻokalaleo o Amerika.

I ka 2012 i hele mai i loko o ka UK mai i ka kūikawā paiia o keia hana, ma i ke kikokikona i pai ia i loko o 14ʻokoʻa'ōniʻoniʻo, i ka hana ma ke noi ana o ka mea kākau i ka mea heluhelu, e hai i kaʻokoʻa manawa Kekoa. Limited Edition puke ua like ia wale 1.480 kope, a kuai lilo koke ma hope o ke kala. Ano, ua oaeuiinoe i ka waiwai e lilo aku o kēia ke nānā puke a paʻi ma kahi o 115 tausani rubles.

8. Doris Lessing, 2007

Nobel makana no ka me Moʻolelo i ka 2007, i kumu kāki i Doris Lessing. Kēia mea kākau a me ka haku mele, mai ka UK loaa hiki ke hoʻolilo 'ia ma ka makahiki o ka 88 makahiki, a lilo iho la ia i ka mea nāna o ia. Ua hoi ka i lilo i kaʻumikumamākahi o ka wahine (13), lanakila 'o ia i ka Nobel uku.

i ole i Lessing hiʻona nui i waena o kiʻiʻoniʻoni ma hope iho kākaʻikahi kākau ihola ma luna o kumuhana e pili ana i ka ua e nohona nīnūnē, ka mea, ua pinepine i kapa propaganda Sufi aʻo, e hai ana renunciation o nä mea a pau. Eia naʻe, e like me ka Magazine ka Times, i kēia mea kākau i ka lima o ka wahi i loko o ka papa inoa o ka 50 nui loa o Beritania moʻolelo, paʻi ma hope o 1945.

Ka loa kaulana hana o Doris Lessing noʻonoʻo i ka puke "Ka Golden puke noke", nolaila ia i kuu i ka 1962. Kekahi mau manaʻo kiʻiʻoniʻoni ke kaila ia i kekahi laʻana o ka panina feminist Ana Aina, akā, i ka maoli kākau moʻolelo me keia manao kū'ē'ē 'oe.

9. Alber Kamyu, 1957

Nobel uku no ka me Moʻolelo, a loaa i ka Palani mea kākau. Kekahi o ia mau mea, he mea kākau, kanaka moʻolelo nūpepa, essayist, o Algerian ka molekumu o, Alber Kamyu, mea he "Western naau." Kana hana kaulana loa ua paʻiʻia ma ka 1942 ma Farani, o ka moʻolelo "Ka kanaka". English unuhi, ia i loko o 1946 kuai hoʻomaka ', a me ka ua i loko o kekahi mau makahiki, i ka helu o nā kope kuaiia ua oi aku mamua o 3.5 miliona.

pinepine Albera Kamyu haawiia i like lunamakaainana o existentialism, akāʻo ia iʻae mai i keia a me ka ikaika i hoole ia i ka ho'ākāka 'ana. No laila, i loko o ka'ōlelo ma ka Nobel uku, ma kona hoʻomaopopo aku ia i loko o kona hana imi i "pale aku blatant wahaheʻe a me ka oukou pale ana i ka hoʻoluhi hewa."

10. Elis Manro, 2013

I ka 2013, na nominees o ka Nobel lua no ka moʻokalaleo i komo i loko o kona papa inoa o Elis Manro. Lunamakaainana o Canada, keia novellistka kaulana i loko o ka 'ano moʻokalaleo o ka pōkole moʻolelo. Kākau ia, ua hoomaka iho la i kakahiaka nui, a me ka teenage makahiki, nae, o ka mua ohi ana o ia hana ma lalo o ka inoa o "hauʻoli hula o ka aka" i paʻiʻia wale nō i ka makahiki 1968, ka wā o ka mea kākau i huli mua 37 makahiki. I ka makahiki 1971 iʻikeʻia ka mea e hiki mai ana ohi, "na ola o nā kaikamahine a me na wahine," i manaʻo kiʻiʻoniʻoni i kapaia o "puke o ka hoʻonaʻauao 'ana". ʻO kona mau 'ē aʻe ka palapala, ai hana pū i ka buke. "A o ka mea e oe, ma ka oiaio, ka mea?" "Ke kanaka mahuka," "Dia mau ukali", "Nui ka pomaikai." E like me kekahi o kona hoiliili ole, "ka inaina, aloha, courtship, ke aloha, mare," paʻi i ka 2001, i hele aku la i ka Junior Auana kapaia "E kiola aku mai kana", ke kuhikuhi ma ka Sara Polli. Most hanohano puke o ka mea kākau ua noʻonoʻo i ka "Alanui o Life", paʻi i ka 2012.

Munro ua pinepine kapaia ka "Junior Chekhov", e like me na styles o kēia mau moʻolelo like. Like ka Lūkini mea kākau, ka mea, ua wehewehe aku ma ka manaʻoʻike realism a me ka mōakaaka.

Nobel me Moʻolelo lua o Rusia

I ka lā, na nā mea hōʻoia o ka ia nā kumu kāki i elima Lūkini moʻolelo. Ka mua o kēia mau i ka laureate I. A. Bunin.

1. Ivan Alekseevich Bunin, 1933

He He pono-ike Lūkini mea kākau a me ka haku mele, he haku oʻoia iʻo Ana Aina, mea he honorary lala o ka St. Petersburg Academy o Sciences. I ka 1920, Ivan emigrated i Farani, a me ka wā e haawi ana i ka ia nā kumu kāki kaulana i ka Kuekene Academy hana nui bravely, ia nā kumu kāki mea kākau-emigrant. Mawaena o na moho i helu a me kekahi Lūkini mea kākau, Maxim Gorky, nae, pili ia e hoʻokuʻuʻia ma ka puka ma ka manawa o ka puke "Ka Life o Arseniev" tipped na unahi nō i Ivan no keia makahiki ka ia nā kumu kāki.

First poem Bunin hoomaka kākau ma ka makahiki o ka 7-8 makahiki. Ma hope, mai o kona kaulana hana: ka puke "Ka Village", he ohi o "Suhodol", ka puke "John Rydalets", "ke keonimana mai San Francisco", etc. Ma na 20s ka mea i kākau. "Rose o Ieriko" (1924), a " sunstroke "(1927). A i loko o 1943 ka mea i hele mai i ka malamalama i ka luna o kaʻike hoʻokumu o Ivan Alexandrovich, he ohi o ka moʻolelo "Dark Alleys". Kēia puke i hoʻolaʻa, e pono i kekahi kumuhana - aloha ia "poeleele iho" a me kaʻaoʻao pouli, e like me ka mea kākau i kākau ai i loko o kekahi o kona mau palapala.

2. Boris Leonidovich Pasternak, 1958

Nobel makana no ka me Moʻolelo mai Rusia i ka 1958 komo i loko o kona papa inoa o Borisa Leonidovicha Pasternaka. Ka haku mele i i hookoia ai ka makana ma keia pilikia manawa. He Ua haʻakoi e haʻalele ia ma lalo o ka make māinoino o Lūkini loulou. Naʻe, i ka Nobel Komite i wehewehe i ka holo pono o Pasternak like me ka poe ikaika no lakou, i ka 1989, haawiia i kekahi mekala, a me ka palapala puka i ka mea kākau moʻolelo o ka make kāna keiki ma hope. Ke kaulana puke "Kauka Zhivago" He He oiaio noʻeau berita Pasternak. Kēia hana i kākau 'ia ma 1955. Alber Kamyu, uwa maila i ka 1957, i mai la o kēia puke me ka mahalo.

3. Mihail Aleksandrovich Sholohov, 1965

I ka 1965 M. A. Sholohovu i i hookoia ka Nobel makana no me Moʻolelo. Rusia i hookahi manawa hou ho'āʻo ai i ke ao nei i ka mea, he loea moʻolelo. Hoomaka ae la i kona mau palapala, ai '' oihana me he 'elele o ka realism, depicting ka walaau oleʻokoʻa o ke ola, Sholokhov, nae, ma kekahi mau hana ua pio Socialist paialewa. Iloko o ka Nobel Mihail Aleksandrovich olelo uku, i kaulana i loko o kona mau palapala, imi ae la e hoomaikai aku "i ka lāhui kanaka i ka hana, e uhau ana a me nā koa."

I ka 1926 hoomaka ae la oia i kona nui puke "a he maluhia kahe ka Don", a pau ia i ka 1940, lōʻihi ma mua oia i i hookoia ka Nobel makana no me Moʻolelo. Sholokhov ka hana i paʻiʻia apana, a me ka "noho malie kahe ka Don". I ka 1928, hoomaikai ma ka hapa e hoʻolaulaha A. S. Serafimovicha, he hoaaloha o Mikaela, ke kaomi i ka hapa mua. 'O kēia ka lua o ka leo i paʻiʻia ma ka hope o ka makahiki. Ke kolu Ua paʻiʻia i loko o nā makahiki 1932-1933, ua, a me ke kōkua a me kākoʻo o Gorky. Ke ha a me ka hope, i i paʻiʻia ma ka 1940. Kēia puke ua nui loa no Lūkini, a no ke ao nei moʻokalaleo. Ua Ua ua unuhi 'ia i loko o nā' ōlelo 'ē, e lilo i ke kumu no ke keaka mele kaulana Ivana Dzerzhinskogo, e like me lehulehu moʻolelo keaka wale-i? Iecaianoaaiiuo a me films.

Kekahi, aka, i hoopiiia no plagiarism Sholokhov (me A. I. Solzhenitsyn), e manao ana he nui loa o ka hana i ua rewritten, mai nā moʻolelo i kākau lima F. D. Kryukova, he Cossack kākau moʻolelo. Other noiʻi Ua hoopaa ke kilo o Sholokhov.

Ma waho aʻeo ia keia hana, hana a Sholokhov "Virgin lepo Upturned" i ka 1932, he hana narrating i ka mōʻaukala o collectivization i loko o ka Cossack kaiapuni. I ka 1955 hiki i ka mokuna mua o ka lua o ka leo, a ua pau i loko o hope o ka kakahiaka 1960s.

kolu o ka puke i paʻiʻia ma ka hopena o 1942, "Ua kaua no ko lakou aina."

4. Aleksandr Isaevich Solzhenitsyn, 1970

Ke Nobel lua ma Moʻolelo i ka makahiki 1970, i kumu kāki no A. I. Solzhenitsynu. Aleksandr Isaevich maliuia mai ia, akā, ma ka hoʻolilo 'ia' ka lawelaweʻia, e hele i kekahi, no ka mea, ua makau oia i ka Soviet aupuni, a manaʻo i ka olelo hooholo o ka Nobel Komite like "politicallyʻenemi." Solzhenitsyn makau ia ia i hiki ole hoʻi i ka hale ma hope o kēia holo, eia nae ka Nobel lua no me Moʻolelo i ka makahiki 1970,ʻo ia loaa, e hoala mai i ka prestige o ko mākou'āina. I kana hana, papaʻi maila ia i ka pahikaua kaiapili-kālai'āina nīnūnē, 'Imi kaua aku communism a me kona manaʻo a me nā kānāwai o ka Soviet mana.

Mawaena o ka papa kuhikuhi hana o Aleksandra Isaevicha Solzhenitsyna ioiinyony: "I kekahi lā Ivana Denisovicha" (1962), i ka moʻolelo "Matryona", ka puke "Ka First Circle" (palapala mai ka 1955 a hiki i 1968), "Ka Gulag pae" (1964-1970). Ka mua pai ia hana i ka pōkole moʻolelo "One Day ma ka Ivana Denisovicha", iʻikeʻia i loko o ka Magazine "New World". Kēia puke ulu nō keʻano nui hoihoi a me ka nui pane mai ka mea heluhelu, a hooeueu ae la i ka mea kākau moʻolelo e ho okumu ana i "ka Gulag pae'āina." I ka 1964, ka moʻolelo mua Aleksandra Isaevicha i i hookoia ka Lenin uku.

Eia naʻe, he makahiki hope, oia nalowale i ka wahi o ka Soviet Aupuni, a me kana mau hana banned puka. Kona puke "Ka Gulag pae", "Ka First Circle" a me ka "Cancer Ward" i paʻiʻia ma kahi'ē, no ka mea, i loko o 1974 o ka mea kākau moʻolelo i hoonele ia o ke kupa, a me ka mea i hoʻoikaika i ka emigrate. Wale nō 20 makahiki ma hope, ka mea, ua hiki ia hoʻi ka hale. I 2001-2002, aia no he hana nui no Solzhenitsyn o "na makahiki elua haneri Together". Aleksandr Isaevich make i ka 2008.

5. Iosif Aleksandrovich Brodsky 1987

Nā mea hōʻoia o ka Nobel lua no me Moʻolelo i ka 1987, hui na kaua I. A. Brodskim. I ka makahiki 1972, ka mea kākau moʻolelo i haʻakoi e emigrate i ka US, no laila, nā hualoaʻa a puke noiʻi kūʻikena hiki ke kahea aku nei ia 'Amelika. I waena o nā mea kākau, ka poe i loaa i ka Nobel uku, oia ka ka muli loa. Kona lyrics, oia conceptualized i ka honua me ka moʻomeheu a me ka metaphysical kaʻahahui, a hōʻike i ka i kaupalena 'pokole ana o ke kanaka me ke kumuhana o ka ike.

Iosif Aleksandrovich kakau iho la,ʻaʻole wale nō i loko o Lūkini akā, i loko o English poetry, (essay), ka palapala, ai noʻonoʻo loi. Koke ma hope o ka puke i loko o ke Komohana o kona puke mua, i ka 1965, Brodsky hele mai i ka lahui kaulana. Mawaena o ka maikai buke o ka mea kākau i: "Quay maʻi", "Part o ka Moi", "Hawaii me ka wai," "Ka Hopena o ka Beautiful au hou", "Ua oki i loko o ka wao nahele" a me na mea e ae.