'O Aluminium, mea'enehana alumina:'enehana, ho'omana a me ka wehewehe'ana

He nui ka waiwai o ka aluminium e ho'olilo ai iā ia i kekahi o nā mea i ho'ohana nui'ia ma ka honua. Ho'olahalaha'ia ma ka'ano, e lawe mua i waena o nā metala. 'A'ole paha he pilikia i ka hana'ana. Aka, o ka hana kiekie o ke alakai metala i ka oiaio o kona maemae hiki ole ke loaa, a he mea paakiki ke hana - he ikaika a he mea kumukuai ia.

Nā meahana'oihana no ka hana'ana

He aha nā mea lapalapa i hana'ia mai ka alumini? 'O ka hana'ana o ka aluminiuma mai nā melaki a pau he mea kū'ai a maika'i'ole ia. Extract ia mai ka bauxite, i pihaʻi me mai i ka 50% Aluminum oxides , a waiho pololei ma luna o kaʻili o ka honua a nui nā paʻi hua.

Mau Aluminum mea e hoohehee ai iʻano luna 'Nine Inch haku mele' ana. 'O lākou ka alumina i loko o 30-70% o ka nui o ka mass, silica, hiki iā ia he 20%,'o ka hao wai hao e pi'i mai ka 2 a 50%, ka hao (a hiki i ka 10%).

'O Alumina, a'o kēia ka alumila alumila,'o ia ho'i nā hydroxides, corundum a me kaolinite.

I kēia mau lā, ua loa'a mai nā'elepa alumini mai nā nephelines,'o ia ho'i ka lepo sodium, potassium, meauma, a me nā mea'alapona alunite.

No ka lawe'ana i ho'okahi tone o ka alumina ma'ema'e, e pili ana i'elua talani o ka alumina e pono ai, a ma ka huli'ana mai, ua loa'a mai i kahi 4.5 mau bauxite.

Uku o nā bauxite

Ua palena nā mālama o ka bauxite ma ka honua nei. Ma ka honua holo'oko'a he'ehiku wale nō'āina me kona waiwai nui. 'O Guinea kēia'o'Akelika, Brazil, Venezuela a me Suriname ma'Amelika Hema, Jamaica i Caribbean,'Austalia, India, Kina, Greece a me Turkey ma ka Mānānia a me Rusia.

I nā'āina i kahi waiwai nui o ka bauxite, hiki ke ho'omohala'ia ka hana alumini. Ho'okomo'o Russia i nā pula ma nā Urals, ma nā'āpana'o Altai a me Krasnoyarsk, ma kekahi o nā moku o ka'āina Leningrad, nepheline - ma ka moku'o Kola.

'O ka'oihana momona o ka Hui Umi RUSAL'o Rusia. Ma muli o nā mea nunui Rio Tinto (England-Australia), ua hui pū me nā Canadian Alcan a me CVRD. 'O ka hā,'o Chalco ka hui mai Kina, a laila'o ka Hui'Amelika-Australian'o Alcoa, a'o ia ho'i nā mea hana nui o ka alumina.

Ke kumu o ka hana

Ua kapa'ia e ke kauka Denemaka'o Oersted ka mea mua o ka alumina ma kona'oko'a free ma ka makahiki 1825. Ke Nine Inch naoh i wahi me ka Aluminum koloriside a me ka potasiuma amalgam, kahi o ka a mau makahiki ma hope German chemist Wohler hoʻohana 'ana i mea hao potasiuma.

Paila potassium - maika'i ka waiwai, no laila i ka hana'enehana o ka alumini, ua ho'ohana'ia ka sodium e ka Frenchman Deville ma kahi o potassium i ka makahiki 1854, he sodium, kahi mea'u'uku, a me ka'āpana konupalalua kūpa'a o ka alumini a me ka sodium.

Ua hiki i ka'epekema Lūkia'o NN Beketov ke ho'ohuli i ka alumini mai ka mea magnetic cryolite e magnesium. I ka hala'ana o nā makahiki he kanawalukumamāwalu o ke kenekulia ho'okahi, ua ho'ohana'ia kēia huahana'ele'ele e nā po'e Kelemānia ma ka mua o ke kanu alumini. Ma ka hapalua o ke kenekulia 18, ua loa'a i 20 mau tononi o ke kila maika'i. He mea'ai nui loa.

'O ka hana'enela alumini me ke kōkua'ana o ke electrolysis i ho'omaka'ia i ka makahiki 1886, kahi i waiho'ia ai nā palapala noi like'ole e nā mea i ho'okumu i kēia'ano na ka'Amelika'Amelika a me ka Frenchman Eru. Ho'olālā lākou i ka alumina ho'ohehe'e'ia i loko o ka leo i ho'ohehe'e'ia, a laila loa'a ka alumini ma ka electrolysis.

Me kēia mea, ho'omaka ka alumina alumina, a lilo i'oi aku o kahi haneli haneli o ka moolelo ma kahi o nā lālā nui loa o ka metallurgy.

'O nā kumu nui o ka'enehana hana

Ma ke'ano ma'amau,'a'ole i ho'ololi ke'enehana hanahana alumina mai kona ho'omaka'ana.

Aia'ekolu mau papa hana. Ma ka mea mua Aluminum mea i eliia, a me bauxite paha ka mea, nephelines loaa alumina - Aluminum'okesaside Al ₂ O _3.

A laila, ua lawe'ia ka alumini pa'ahana mai ka'ōmole me ka helu ho'oma'ema'e o 99.5%, no ka mea'a'ole i lawa nā kumu.

No laila, ma ka hope hope, ua ho'oma'ema'e'ia ka alumina. Ho'opiha'ia ka hana alumina ma kona ho'oma'ema'e'ana i 99.99%.

Loaa ka alumina

'Ekolu ala e hana ai i ka'aila alumini mai nā ohe:

- acidic;

- Electrolytic;

- ka'alikai.

'O ke'ano hope loa -'o ka mea ma'amau, i ulu'ia i ka XVIII ma mua, akā mai ka manawa i ho'omaika'i hou'ia a ho'omaika'i nui'ia, ho'ohana'ia no ka hana'ana i nā bauxite ki'eki'e. No laila e hele i kahi 85% o ka alumina.

'O ke kumu o ke'ano alakalina e kau ana i loko o ke'ano o ka ho'ohemo'ana o nā wai alumina i ke ki'eki'e i ka wā e ho'okomo'ia ai ka lepo hydroxide i loko o ia mau mea. 'O ka hopena i koe ma hope o ka ho'opuka'ia'ana i kahi ki'eki'e wela o 170 170 mau C. a ho'ohana hou'ia e wehe i ka alumina;

'O ka mua o ka bauxite ka'oki'ia a me ka palaoa i loko o nā mīkini me ka'alakali ala me ka lime, a laila i loko o nā autoclaves i nā mahana a hiki i 250 ° C, ua ho'okumu'ia kāna hana'auamo a ua ho'okumu'ia ka sodium aluminate, ua ho'ohālike'ia me kahi'ūpili alkaline ma kahi ha'aha'a ha'aha'a - 100 100 wale nō. Nā mānoanoa ko'iko'i, i ho'oka'awale'ia mai ka lepo. A laila ua ho'oholo'ia kona hewa. Ma o nā kānana, ho'opuka'ia ka hopena i loko o kahi pahu e ho'opili'ia e ho'omau i ka hana i ho'ohui'ia ai ka wai alumini pa'apa'a no ka hua'ana.

Hiki i nā waihana a me ka ho'ohehe'e'ūpala ke hana i ka aluminika hydroxide, a ua ho'iho'i'ia kekahi o lākou e like me ka mea kanu, a ua ho'ohana'ia kekahi no ka ho'opili'ana. 'O ka kānana e waiho ana ma hope o ka ka'awale'ana o ka waihā e ho'i hou i ka'āpana e lele i nā papa hana hou.

'O ke ka'ina hana o ka ho'opau'ana (wai malo'o) o ka hydroxide i nā kilns rotary ma kahi o nā mahana a hiki i 1300 ° C.

No ka lawe'ana i'elua keona o ka'ōmole hana alumini, e ho'opau i ka 8.4 kWh o ka uila.

'O kahi māmā kino pa'apū, nona ka'ale'a he 2050 ° C,'a'ole ia i ka honua. Ke hana'ia o ka alumini i mua.

'O ka electrolysis o ka mea alumini

'O ka mea hana nui no ke koho pono'ia'ana he paila kūikawā, i kāwili'ia me nā kalaka kalapona. Hā'awi'ia ka mana'Eleka i laila. I ka'au'au, puhi'ia nā carbonodes carbon i ka wā e ho'oka'awale'ia ai lākou mai ka oxyide o'ema'e oxygen a lilo i ka'aila a me ke kalapona'okikene lua. 'O nā lumi, a me nā mea electrolyzers, i kapa'ia he po'e lapa'au kūikawā, ua ho'okomo'ia i loko o ka māhele elele i ka papahana, e hana ana i kahi lālā. 'O ka ikaika o kēia manawa he 150,000 amperes.

Hiki i nā'āpana'elua ke'oki'ia: i kohu'ia i nā pola nui nui,'o ka nui o ia mau mea he'oi aku ka nui ma mua o ka ton a me ka huki pū'ana, e kau ana i nā hae momona i loko o ka'ōmole alumina, kahi i ho'opili'ia i ka wā o ka electrolysis ma lalo o ka mana o nā wela.

'O ka papahana hana i ka bath e ma'a mau i 5 volts. Ho'omana'o ia i ka volta e pono ai no ka ho'ohaunaele'ana o ka mea oxide, a me nā poho kūpono'ole i ka pūnaewele kikowaena.

Mai mea hoʻoheheʻe ma cryolite-ka nānā 'ana i hoʻoheheʻeʻia alumina i hoʻoheʻeheʻe metala, a ua kaumaha ia ma mua o ka electrolyte paakai ua waiho ma luna o ka lānahu ahi kulanui i bata. Kuhi'ia i ka manawa.

'O ke ka'ina hana o ka'enehana alumina e pono ai ka nui o ka lewa. No ka loa'a'ana o ho'okahi ana o ke alumina mai alumina, pono'oe e lilo i kahi 13.5,000 kWh o ka elele DC. No laila,'o kahi'oi a'e no ka hana'ana i nā kikowaena nui nui kahi pūnaewele mana kokoke.

'O ka ho'onani'ana i ke alumini

'O ka'oihana kaulana loa'o ka electrolysis'ekolu. Lawe'ia kekahi wahi ma nā electrolysis baths me nā pāpuni kalapona, i kāwili'ia me ka magnesite. 'O ka anode i loko o ke ka'ina hana,'o ia ka mea i ho'ohehe'e'ia he mea ho'ohehe'e'ia, kahi i ho'oma'ema'e'ia. Aia ia ma ka papa ha'aha'a ma kahi papahana. 'O ka'ōmole alumina, kahi e ho'oku'u ai i ka mea electrolyte ma ka papa anode, ua'ike'ia i luna a lawelawe'ia e like me ka cathode. Hā'awi'ia ka mea i kēia manawa ma o ka pakuhi graphite.

'O ka electrolyte i loko o ka papahana waena he mau aluminiuma alumini ka mea ma'ema'e ai'ole me ka ho'ohui'ia o ka sodium a me ka barium chloride. He wela ia i 800 ° C.

Uila mana hokii i ka ekolu-, ahu iho hoohehee maemae au ia mea 20 kWh no kg o ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia, a laila kekahi tona Pono 20 tausani kW * h. 'O ia ke kumu, me ke'ano'ole o ka hana hana keleawe,'o ka mea alumini e pono ai ka mea e loa'a ai ka eletolima, akā, no ka nui o ka mana ma kahi kokoke koke.

'O ke kinona i ho'ohehe'e'ia he hao, silikino, copper, zinc, titanium a me ka magnesium i nā'ano li'ili'i loa.

Ma hope o ka ho'oma'ema'e'ana, ho'opili'ia ka mea alumini i mea kū'ai huahana. 'O kēia ke kumu, a me ke aho, a me kahi pepa, a me ka pulupulu.

Lawe'ia nā huahana i loa'a mai ma muli o ka ho'oulu'ana, ma kekahi hapa, ma ke'ano o ka ho'okae ikaika, ho'ohana'ia no ka ho'ohemo'ana, a ha'alele'ia e like me ke'ano o ka hopena.

Ua loa'a ka paukameka pono'ole ma muli o ka ho'ohehe'e'ana o ka ho'ouka hope o ka mea i ho'ohui'ia i loko o ka'ōmole kūmole a me ka mīkini. 'O kona'ano kupaianaha ki'eki'e ka'oihana eletise ki'eki'e ma nā mahana pāpona.

Ho'ohana hou i nā'enehana kūlana ki'eki'e

'O kahi hapaha o ka koi'ana o ka alumini e ho'okō'ia e ka hanahana lua o nā'oihana. 'O nā huahana i ho'opili'ia i ka ho'ohehe'e'ia.

'O nā mea i ho'ohui'ia ma mua i ka ho'ohui'ia i ho'ohehe'e'ia i loko o ka kapuahi paepae. I loko o laila aia kekahi mau metala e loa'a ka'ilikai ki'eki'e ma mua o ke aluminika, e like paha me ka nickel a me ka hao. Lawe'ia nā'āpana nonmetallic inclusive mai ka mea alumina i ho'ohehe'e'ia ma ka holoi'ana me ka chlorine a me ka mea'aila.

Ho'opau'ia nā kinikini hao'elepona'ē a'e e nā additives o ka magnesium, zinc a mercury a me ka holo'ana. Lawe'ia ka magnnesium mai ka melt e ka chlorine.

Ua ho'okumu'ia kahi'āpana e huki ai i ka ho'ohui'ana i nā mea additives i ho'oholo'ia e ke'ano o ke alumini.

'O nā mea kanu lā'au alumini

Ma ke'ano o ka'āpana alumini,'o Kina ka noho mua, e waiho ana ma hope o nā USA i ka lua o kahi a me ke kolu o kahi pa'a Germany.

'O Kina ho'i he'āina'enehana aluminika, me kahi palena nui e alaka'i nei i kēia wahi.

'O nā luna he'umi, koe na'e ka PRC,'o ia'o Russia, Kanada, nā'Amelika Arab Emira, India,'Amelika Hui Pū'ia,'Austalia, Norway, Brazil a me Bahrain.

Ke Lūkini monopolist i loko o ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o alumina a me ka Aluminum mea i hoʻohui pū poe RUSAL. Ho'ohālikelike ia i 4 miliona toni o ka aluminika i kēlā me kēia makahiki a ho'oku'u aku i nā huahana i nā'āina he kanahiku, a aia ma nā papa'āina'elima ma nā'āina he'umikumamāhiku.

'O ka'Amelika'Amelika'o Alcoa i Rusia aia i'elua mau mea kanu lā'au.

'O Chalco ka mea kanu nui loa ma China. 'A'ole like me ka po'e ho'okūkū haole, ua ho'omau'ia kāna mau waiwai i kona'āina home.

'O ka'enehana Hydro Aluminium o ka Norekoa Norekoa e loa'a i nā mea alumini ma Norway, Kelemānia, Slovakia, Kanada, a me'Asuria.

'O Australian BHP Billiton nona ka hana alumina ma Australia,'Akelika Hema a me'Amelika Hema.

Ma Bahrain ka Alba (Bahrain Banner Bahrain BSC) - kokoke i ka hana nui loa. 'O ka aluminiuma o kēia mea hanahana'oi aku ma mua o 2% o ka nui o nā puke o "metal wing" i hana'ia ma ka honua.

No laila, i ka hō'ulu'ulu'ana, hiki iā mākou ke'ōlelo a'e,'o nā mea hana kumuhana alumina nui he mau'oihana kūikawā i loa'a nā waihona bauxite. A o ka papahana ho'onui i ka ikehu,'o ia ka loa'a'ana o ka alumina mai ke aluminium ores, e hana ana i nā pa'akai fluoride,'o ia ho'i ka cryolite, ka anodic carbon a me ka anodic carbon, cathode, nā mea e pa'a ai, a me ka hana electrolytic maoli o ka pahū maika'i,'o ia ka mea nui o ka metallurgy alumini.