'O ke ku'ukumu he ... Kūkākūkā:'ano, nā mea waiwai, uku

'O ke kinukukui he mea ia i hana'ia ma luna o ka alumina maika'i me nā mea e ho'ohui ai,'o ka hookomo'ana i loko o ka ho'ohui'ana o ka ho'ohehe'e'ana i ka ho'ololi'ana i nā mea o ke kinona. Hiki i ka'enehana a me ka māmā kaumaha ke mālama i kahi pa'a pa'a, akā e ho'omau i nā pono a pau o kahi māmā.

'Ike i ka'ike

'O ke kinukupapa'u he'ilika o ka alumini me kahi'āpana keleawe nui, kahi'elemakule ma kahi'ano pāhana i nā hana i hana'ia. Ua hana'ia kēia mea i ka makahiki 1903 e Alfred Wilm, ka mea i hana ma ke'ano he'oihana ma kahi halehana German. I loko o nā ho'okolohua, ua'ike'o ia i ke'ano ma'amau, i hō'oia'ia e nā ho'okolohua lō'ihi. Ua'ike'o ia inā e ho'opili ana i ka alumina a me 4% o ke keleawe a laila e ho'oiho i ka mea hopena ma kahi mahana o + 500 ° C me ka ho'onoe wikiwiki'ana a me ka pa'a'ana i ke ana wela no nā lā he nui, Ka mana nui.

I nā makahiki i hala a'e nei, ua loa'a nā'ala me kahi nui o nā mea additives, a ho'onui i ka ikaika o ka mea. I kēia manawa,'o ka duralumin he mea ikaika nui loa, a, e pili ana i nā'ano like'ole, hiki ke komo i ke keleawe, ka magnesium, ke kānikoni, ka'onika, a pēlā aku.

'O ka hui

Kaha nā mea waiwai o ke duralumin hō'ike i nā koina ki'eki'e - a hiki i 370 MPa (ikaika o ka alumina ma'ema'e - 70-80 MPa), ka mea e hana ai i ka mea i noi'ia ma nā wahi he nui o ka'oihana. 'O ke kinikini o ka alumini me nā mehana kinikona, ma nā'ano, ho'ololi i nā'ano o ka mea i loa'a. 'O nā kinikini o lalo ke'ano o nā'ano kūikawā o nā mea'ai.

'O ka papa hana leraluminic penei:

• Kohu (Cu) - 0.5% o ka nui o ka nui.
• 'O ka Manganese (Mn) he 0.5% o ke kinikini.
• Ka magnonaium (Mg) - 1.5% o ka nui o ka nui.
• Silicon (Si) - 1.2%.
• 'O ka Iron (Fe) he 0.1% o ka hana.
• 'O Aluminum (Al) ka kumu nui.

Nā'ano kumu o nā alala

Nui nā'āpana allo i like'ole i ko lākou mau hi'ohi'ona.

He aha ka loralumin (hana, nā lila a me nā'ano)?

• 'O Aluminium + manganese (Al + Mg), alumini + magnesium (Al + Mn), ka inoa'elua o "magnolia" - ke'ano o ke kūpa'a i ka corrosion, ke ki'eki'e o ka pale, ka palekana. He kūpono'ole i ka'oki. 'A'ole nā ha'awina o kēia mau papahana i ho'oha'aha'a hou'ia. Ho'ohana'ia kēia mau mea no ka hana'ana i nā paipu pipili o nā hui pipili, nā autodiators, nā kauā no nā'ano like'ole, ma ka hana hana, a pēlā aku.
• Aluminium + manganese + kekalikona (Al + Mg + Si), kapa'ia ka'āpana "avial". Nā'ano o ke duralumin o kēia'ano - kūpa'a i ka corrosion, ka māmā a me ka ikaika o nā lūlū welded, ka palaoa maika'i. Hiki ke ho'oha'aha'a i kahi mahana o + 515-525 ° C me ka ho'on'alili'ana i ka wai (+ 20 ° C) no nā lā he 10. 'O ka māhele nui o ka noi'ana, he huahana i ho'ohana'ia ma nā'ano o ka wela ki'eki'e, ka hana'ana o nā mea, nā māhele, nā mīkini i loko o ka'oihana o ke ea, ka'oihana ukali,
• 'O ke keleawe + aluminium + manganese (Al + Cu + Mg), a he duralumin, he mea papahana, e pili ana i ka pono e loa'a nā waiwai hope loa, hiki ke ho'ololi ke nui o kēlā me kēia pono ho'ololi. Ua loa'a i ke kinowaika ka ho'omohala ma ka'oihana o ke ea, ka'oihana āpau, no ka hana'ana i nā ka'a ka'a ka'a nui ("Sapsan"), a me nā mea'ē a'e. 'O ka'ūpana kūpapa he pono e mālama pono i ka palekana,'o ia ka mea ma ka noi'ana i ka papalina maika'i.

Ka ho'ohana

'O ke kinui kūpanawila ka mea nui no ka'oihana o ka'oihana ka'a a me ka'oihana o ka wā. 'O ka palapala mua no ka mokulele i hana'ia i ka makahiki 1911 i ke kūkulu'ana i nā mokulele. I ke kenekulia 21 ua nui aku nā mau'oihana o kēia mālamalama a me nā mea lō'ihi. No nā māhele o ka mokulele, ho'ohana pinepine'ia ka brand D16T,'o ia ho'i he'umi mau meli, e like me ka hao, nickel, a me nā mea'ē a'e, a'o ka ligatoa he keleawe, he silikoni a me ka magnesium. 'O ka nui o ka aluminika i loko o ke kinikini a pau ka palena o 93%.

'A'ole nā kinikini a pau o ka duralumin e launa maika'i, ua hana'ia nā huahana ma nā rivets a me nā'ano like'ole. 'O ka papahana'oihana'oihana'oihana o ka papahana, he hana'ilikai,'oihana kālaihana, hana hana mīkini. Akā,'a'ole wale i nā'enehana ki'eki'e wale nō e ho'ohana i ke kele, no ka mea, he pōkole no ka ho'ohana pono'ana i kēia mea, e hala aku i nā makahiki he 20, a me ka mālama maika'i a me ka pale'ana - a'oi aku.

I ke kūkulu'ia'ana o ka moku,'a'ole'o nā moku wale nō ka mea i hana'ia i ka waiwai, akā, he'ano nui nō ho'i o loko o ka hull, nā pūpū. Ke ho'ohana'ia nā kukui hao lā'au, ka pa'a a me ka lahilahi, i nā wahi a pau, mai ka hale a me nā pono i nā pipeline gas. Ho'opili'ia nā pāpale i nā mea e kūkulu ai.

Nā pōpilikia a me nā mea'ino

'O ke kinukupapa'u he'ilika e kau'ia ana ma luna o ka alumini, e like me kēlā me kēia mea, he kūpono kona. Ma waena o lākou:

• Kaha ikaika ki'eki'e.
• 'O ke ola lō'ihi.
• 'O ke kūlana ha'aha'a i ka luku.
• 'O ka palekana i nā'ano pā'ani weliweli, mechanical, nā mea pāhana.
• Ho'opili'ia i kahi hana welded (ke alumina i loko o kona'ano ma'ema'e e ho'opili pono i ka uhi o nā ho'ohui).
• Nui nā māhele o ka noi.

Aia kekahi pahuhopu nui i loa'a i ka duralumin - hiki i ka hō'ino'ino i ka'ino'ino. Pono e ho'opili'ia nā huahana a pau o ka mea me ka alumina maika'i a i uhi'ia me ka huapalapala, ka mea e pale ai i ke'ano o ka'aila.

Ka helu helu

No ka kū'ai'ana i ka mea i ma'alahi'ole, ua ho'okumu'ia ke kumukū'ai ma muli o ka ho'ohālikelike o ka ho'ohui. 'O ka hapa nui o nā mea kanu i hana'ole i nā metala non-ferrous e hua mai i ka leralumin. 'O ke kumukū'ai ma luna o nā kumu he nui, i ke'ano o ka huahana, ka nui o ka lako a me nā kumu'ē a'e. I loko o nā palapala i kākau'ia nei, ua koi'ia ka mea ho'okele e hō'ike i ka māhele o ke kinikini, ka mālama'ana i ka GOST, i ka hana.

'O ke kumukū'ai o nā mea hana duralumin (ke kihi, paipu, pepa) e ho'omaka ana mai 580 rubles i kilo kilo. Me ka ho'onui'ana i ka nui o ka lako,'o ke kumukuai ma ka tona o nā pipili kani he 510,000 mau'āpana. E ho'omaka nā wili huila ma kahi kumukū'ai he 250 ruble ma ka kilokika. 'O ka po'omaka ka mea i ho'onohonoho pono'ia o ka hana hana o nā mea, a'o ka mahele o ka mahele he poho o nā'ano like'ole,'o ka lō'ihi o ka mea i hiki i ke 3 mika.