'ōewe 'aoʻao - He aha ka mea? i ka ho'ākāka 'ana

He aha ka ka hōʻike o nā nā'ōewe? He aha kona kūlana? Pehea i keʻano papa hana o ka'ōeweʻana? He aha nō na ka manaʻolana 'ia ka mea wehe mua mākou? Pehea o ka rula o ka'ōeweʻana i loko o eukaryotes a me prokaryotes? Eia ka he pōkole papa inoa o nā nīnau i e e hōʻike 'ia ma kēia' atikala.

kekahi mau 'ike

'ōewe 'aoʻao o - o ke kaʻina inoa hoolilo o aaiaoe' ike mai ka DNA Via RNA i nā polokina, a polypeptides. E ka hana i ka mea uuku waleʻana aku ka naauao. He aha e nā'ōewe? Kēia laina DNA polymers e i pili ma ka lōʻihi kaulahao. E ho ohana i ke kumuʻiʻo ka mea, kuahene chromatin chromosome. Inā mākou e kamailio e pili ana i kekahi kanaka, a laila, ua loaʻa he kanaha-kumamaono. Ka mea, i ke aupuni 'ma kahi o 50 000-10 000 nā'ōewe a 3.1 ieeeea kumu hui. Pehea e alakaʻi 'aneʻi? Ka lōʻihi o na pauku no i hana ua hanaia ae la keia, ua hōʻike ma na tausani a miliona o nucleotides. Kekahi chromosome he ma kahi o 2000-5000 nā'ōewe. Ma o kekahi i kekahi mau mea okoa hua'ōlelo - ma kahi o 130 miliona kumu hui. Akā, i kēia mea he loa hoʻonaninani olelo, i mea oi a emi oiaio no ka nui kaʻina wale. Inā e hana ma luna o pōkole mamao, ka lākiō e e hehiʻana. No hoi ma keia papahele mea e loli i ke kino, i i ka hana a ua lawe mai i nā puke.

About nā'ōewe

Ka mea, i ka loa e lauwili loa. Eia, no ka laʻana, globin - He 1500 nucleotides. A dystrophin - no ka like ka nui me 2 miliona! Lākou Kisa no lakou hoʻokonukonu oihana mua i ke holoiʻia mai ka'ōewe no ka loihi. Pela, ma ka globin ka mea, e ma ke kaawale ana o 50 a me 30 nucleotides ma tysyach 5'- a 3'-olelo, niioaaonoaaiii. Ke alo o ia i hui me ka nui loa complicates mākou ka wehewehena o na palena ma waena o lākou. Nō hoʻi,ʻo nā'ōewe komo he nui nui o ka vysokopovtoryayuschihsya kaʻina ooieoeiiaeuiuo kuleana a mākou i ole i hoomaopopo.

E maopopo kā lākou 'ole i kekahi ke manao wale ia 46 chromosomes i kaawale puke, ma ka i' ike ua waiho waho. Ka mea, i Hoʻohui 'i loko o 23 mau hui. Kekahi o na mau hehee ua ili mai ka makua. "Text," i ka loko o "puke" pinepine ae la oia "hou-heluhelu" na tausani o nā hanauna a pau, a lawe mai i loko o ka hailonaʻana no ka wahaheʻe a me ka loli (kapa mutations). A me ka mea, i nā mea a pau ili e ke keiki kakou nana. Ano, he mea lawaʻimi naʻauao 'ike i ka hoʻomaka i ka hana i ka mea ana i'ōewe hōʻike hoike mai ai ia. Kēia mea o ka papa kuhikuhiE kumuhana o keia Haawina.

I ka kumumanaʻo o ka operon

Ua Ua nānā 'ana i aaiaoe haʻawina, β-galactosidase hoʻokomo, i komo i loko o ka hydrolytic cleavage o lactose. Ua Ua ua kālaiʻia e Jacques Monod a me Fransua Zhakobom. Kēia kumumanaʻo wehewehe i keʻano papa hana no ke kaōhiʻana i ka hoʻololi kemikala o nā polokina ma prokaryotes. pāʻani pū nui i Mānoa a me ka EKOLU. Ke kumumanaʻo o ka mea na nā'ōewe i nā polokina i i functionally pili loa aku i ka metabolic keʻano o ka hanaʻana, ua pinepine Hoʻohui 'pu. Ka mea, hana mall naehana kapa operons. Lākou nui mea ia a pau na nā'ōewe i i kekahi hapa o ka ia, i hoike ia ma ka weli. Ma nā hua'ōlelo, ka mea hiki ke i kāna mete ia, a me kekahi o ia mau mea hiki e "heluhelu". Ma na hihia a pau, i ka operon mea hana paha OE. 'ōewe 'aoʻao o' ilikai hiki ke hoʻololi wale ina he mea kekahi lākou o kanaka hehee wale.

Hoʻokomo o ke kumuʻiʻo hoʻololi kemikala

E ka manao wale ana mākou i ka halepaahao i loko o kona ulu ana me ke kumu o ke kalapona i monakō koko. Inā ka mea, ua hoʻololi no ka disaccharide lactose, i loko o kekahi mau minuke oe hiki e ai i ka mea i hakuloli i na olelo e i loli. I ka mea, he wehewehe: ka halepaahao e ae ke hana nā kumu o ka ulu ana, akā, i kekahi o ia mea oi pono. Nolaila, aia no he "maka" i ka Nine Inch hui fabricable. Akā, ina ka mea, ua lilo, a UAIAaIN ma kaʻikea ia ma ke lactose, ke kuleana RNA polymerase ua ho'ā 'ia paha, a hoʻomaka e kulia kona aoao ma ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o ka makemake kumuʻiʻo. O oi i ke kumumanaʻo, akā manawa e ka kamailio e pili ana i ka mea maoli'ōewe hōʻike ia lŘlŘ. He loa pīhoihoi.

I ka hui o ka chromatin

Material o kēia paukū mea he kumu hoʻohālike o ka differentiated keena o ka multicellular meaola. Nā nuclei chromatin noae ai mea wale he uuku EKOLU o ka genome mea i loaʻa (ma kahi o 1%). Akā, ma muli naʻe o keia, hoomaikai e,? A? 'Ano a me ka manaʻo pohihihi o ka keʻano o ka hanaʻana lawe ana wahi i loko o ia mākou ke ho ololi ia. I ka manawa, no ka mea kanaka ka mea, ua loaʻa iā ia ka hopena ma luna o ka hoʻolālā o chromatin:

1. Hoʻololi i ka helu o mall nā'ōewe.
2. Ka maiau kāna mete ia i nā māhele o ke kuhi.
3. Kukulu hou i nā nā'ōewe i loko o nā chromosomes.
4. E hoʻololi 'ia, a synthesized polypeptide kaulahao.

Eia naʻe, efficient olelo o ka pale umauma hoʻokahi'ōewe ua loaʻa ma ke kanana 'adherence enehana. No keia mea i hana e hanaia ae la keia, a hiki ina ka hoʻokolohua hele ma ka apana uuku na mea hoʻomaʻi. Na ka papa kuhikuhiE mea - mea e pili ana i ka manao e holo pololei mai ma ka 'uao.

Hoʻololi i ka helu o nā'ōewe

Pehea la e hiki ai ia e hoʻokō? E mai manao wale ia mākou e hoihoi i loko o ke kanawai ma ka'ōewe hōʻike. E like me ka prototype mākou i mea eukaryote. He ua kiʻekiʻe plasticity, ua hiki no ia mea, e na kēia hoʻololi:

1. E hoomahuahua i ka helu o nā'ōewe. Ua Ua hoʻohana 'ia i loko o na wahi e mea pono ia ua mahuahua ke kino i ka hoʻololi kemikala o ka maopopo huahana. Ma ia he ano e listen nui maikaʻi kēia oihana mua o ke kanaka genome (e laʻa me, rRNA, tRNA, histones, a no laila, ma luna). Oia ioauoa hiki i tandem loko o ka chromosomes, a me ka hiki ke hoʻohala i ia i loko o ka nui o ka 100 tausani i 1 miliona kumu hui. E ka nana aku ma ka pili ana. Ukupanee ia mai o ka metallothionein'ōewe. Kona kumuʻiʻo huahana hiki nakinaki nei ke hooheheeia e like kiniki, cadmium, o Hereme, a keleawe, a, niioaaonoaaiii, e hoomalu aku i ke kino mai o kaʻapu kōheoheo ia. Kona ho'ā hope hiki e pono i ka kanaka e hana ana ma unsafe ana. Inā he kanaka he ua hōʻike muaʻia aʻe ka māhuahua lehulehu o kaumaha i eliiaʻi, ma ka'ōewe ho'ā hope ia lŘlŘ lohi koho.
2. Emi i ka helu o nā'ōewe. Ua Ua kākaʻikahi hoʻohana iaoia o ka hooponopono. Akā, iʻaneʻi pū, ua examples. Kekahi o ka loa kaulana - ka mea, o ka ula koko keena. Ka wā e oʻo, i ka Kora naʻEsau collapses a me ka lawe haalele i kona genome. Oia ke kaʻina hana o ka maturation, a ho'āʻo lymphocytes a me ka wai koko keena, likeʻole clones mea i synthesized pee ano o immunoglobulins.

'ōewe rearrangement

I nui o ka manawa kūpono o ka neʻe a hoʻohuiʻia ka mea me a ia mea hiki ke EKOLU a me ka replication. Kēia kaʻina ua kapaia aaiaoe recombination. Ma ka maomeka ia mea hiki ia? E ka pane i ka noonoo ana i keia ninau ma ka lāʻau lapaʻau kino kumu hoʻohālike. Ua hanaia lakou ma ka B-lymphocytes, a pili ana i kekahi ano o ka maopopo clone. A ma ka hihia o ka hui 'ana me ke kino o ka antigen ia i ka lāʻau lapaʻau kino He mea manuahi me kaʻeleu paena o IeIIeYOA hana me ka mahope ka hoʻonuiʻana o ke keena. No ke aha la ka mea i na kanaka kino i ka hiki e hana i kekahiʻano o nā polokina? Kēia. Ma muli o recombination a me ka somatic mutations. Akā, ka mea hiki ia i ka hopena o ka ke kanaka-i loli ma ka DNA 'ole.

loli RNA

'ōewe 'aoʻao o - o ke kaʻina hana ma i Radio he nui kūlana ribonucleicʻakika. Inā mākou e noonoo i ka mRNA mea pono e hoailona oukou ia ia ma hope o ka Ekolu a iniiaiie 'ole e ĸokoĸa ana nä pane. Ke kaʻina o nā nucleotides i loko o nā nā'ōewe o ka ia. Akā, i loko o kekahi nā'aʻaʻa mRNA e ikea substitutions, hookomo, ai wale poho, e ana Leomakana. E like me ke kumu hoohalike mai keʻano hiki alakai apoprotein B, ua loaʻa i loko o na keena o ka mea liilii, a me ka naʻau liʻiliʻi akepaʻa. He aha ka mea i hoʻoponopono i ka unuhi? I ka mana i laweʻia ka naʻau liʻiliʻi, he 2152'amino nāʻakika. 'Oiai, ke akepaʻa maʻiʻo kēia hoʻolaha 4563 kaupaona! A ma muli naʻe o keia koena unuhi, mākou i kēia nui apoprotein B.

Loli ma ka mRNA kumupaʻa

Mākou i aneane hele mai ai i ka hopena e ia i hiki ke hana i loko o nā polokina, a polypeptides. Akā, e ka maka ia i nana i pehea la e hiki ai e paa mRNA kumupaʻa. E hana i kēia, initially ia e haʻalele i ka nucleus, a hele mai o ka cytoplasm. Keia ua hooko ma ka na ili. A nui helu o mRNA ua pipili ma nucleases. ʻO ka mea pakele i kēia hoʻopaʻi, hoonohonoho pono a pau o ia me nā polokina. Lifetime o eukaryotic mRNA loli aʻe ma luna o ke akea huahelu (i ia mau lā). Inā stabilize mRNA, laila, ma ka paa ana hiki ke malama i ka māhuahua helu o ka lānai hou i hana kumuʻiʻo huahana. 'ōewe 'aoʻao o' ilikai ma keia hihia, aole ia e lauwili ole, akā, nui importantly, i ke kino, e hana me ka nui ka hoʻokōʻana. E ho ohana i hakakino kālaimeaola i kūpono, i ka huina hoonui hope hiki ke karaima, a e i ka nui wā e ola ana. Ke'ōlelo mai, no ka laʻana, hiki ke hana i kekahi β-globin functioning ma kahi oʻumi hola (i kēia mea he nui loa no ka mea).

kaʻina holo

I ua noʻonoʻo i mau'ōewe 'aoʻao o ka'ōnaehana pūnaewele. Ano ka mea, koe wale no ka mea e pakuʻi ai i ka loaʻa 'ike, o ka ike o ka hoʻokēʻai na keʻano o ka hanaʻana, e like me ka loihi o-ka noho nā polokina. E ka olelo i ka mana o ka'ōeweʻana, e paa. It E e hoʻomaopopo i ke kanawai ma ka uku ia i noʻonoʻo i ka iniiaiie iaoia o ka hooponopono 'ano a me ka nui o ke kumuʻiʻo huahana. ʻOiai kona loli i ka mea e loaʻa ai kēia pahuhopu ua nō i hoʻohana. E like me ke kumu hoohalike i ka hoʻololi kemikala o ke kumuʻiʻo huahana ma reticulocytes. Hematopoietic aeea differentiation ma luna o kaʻilikai nele o ka nucleus (a ma keia hope aku i ka DNA). Na pae o ka 'aoʻao o'ōewe hooponopono i mau i kūkuluʻia ke kaumaha ma muli kekahi ano o ka pili ana nā papaha e' Imi ho ololi i ka mākau keʻano o ka hanaʻana.

Ka lōʻihi o ka

A i kekahi kumuʻiʻo ua synthesized, i ka manawa i ka mea āna e noho hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka protease. Aole hiki ole ke kapaʻia e like me ka hiki, no ka mea, ma keia hihia papa koa, mai kekahi mau hola i ka mau o ka makahiki. proteolysis mämä holo loli aʻe kaiāulu, ke kaumaha ma muli aha aeea ia mea. Nā'ūhū i hiki catalyze keʻano o ka hanaʻana kamaʻilioʻana i koke "i hoʻohana." No ka mea, o keia, ka mea, i kekahi hana ma ke kino i loko o nui mea. Nō hoʻi ma luna o ke kumuʻiʻo wa e ola ana ke ho ololi i ka physiological moku'āina o ke kino. No hoi, ina o ka hemahema huahana i ua hana, ka mea e e koke eliminated ka aiiay nenoaia. Pela, ua hiki, he olelo i ka mea wale nō mea, ua hiki iaʻu ke hai - keia mea i ka wa e ola ana maʻamau i loaa i loko o ke keʻena hoʻokolohua.

ka hopena

Kēia wahi mea nui i olelo mua iaʻi. No ka laʻana, ka hōʻike o ka haole nā'ōewe ke kōkua i ka hoola hereditary mai, a hoʻopau io mutation. I loko nō o ka alo o ka nui 'ike ma luna o ke kumuhana, ua hiki, he olelo i ka manaʻo kanaka mea no ma ka loa hoʻomaka wale. Aaiaoe 'enekinia, wale nei aʻoʻia e līkaia no i ka mea e pono ai māhele o nucleotides. 20 makahiki aku nei, aia i kekahi o nā hanana nui o kēia 'epekema - Ua hana Dolly ka hipa. Ano, noiʻi ua i mālama 'ia ma luna o kanaka embryos. me ka wiwo ole e mākou nō ma luna o ka paepae puka o ka wā e hiki mai, ma laila nō i nā maʻi a me ka physiological pilikia mākou hiki ke olelo aku. Akā, ma mua, ua loaʻa ia makou iho ma laila, e pono e loa ka pono e hana ai no ka pomaikai o ka pomaikai.