Oil - nā minelala hao. Oil hoʻokomo kālā. ka aila

Oil - kekahi o ko ke ao nei i ka loa nui nā minelala hao (hydrocarbon wahie). He ka maka mea no ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o mōʻalihaku a me lubricants a me nā pono hana. No kona ano uliuli a me ka nui loa no ka mea global aila hoʻokele waiwai (nā minelala hao) inoa kapakapa kaʻeleʻele gula.

Overview

I aku la o substance ua hana pu me ke 'ano o ka gaseous hydrocarbons ma ka kekahi ka hohonu (ka hapanui mai 1,2 a hiki i 2 km).

ʻO kā mākou dala o ka aila Reservoir ua manaʻo ma ka hohonu o ka 1 i 3 ei. ka waiwai i ka mānoanoa o Malta Near ka honua i ka ili honua, semisolid anoaeuoiauo a me nā pono hana (e laʻa me, hohono one).

E like me ka distinctiveness o ke kumu a me ka Nine Inch haku mele 'ana o kaʻaila, he Hawaii photo i ua hōʻike ma ka pauku, like me maoli combustible kinoea, like hoʻi me ozokerite a me ka anoaeuoiauo. I kekahi manawa, ua hui a pau o kēia mau mōʻalihaku ma lalo o kekahi inoa - petrolytes. Akā, e pili ana i ka lehulehu pūʻulu - caustobioliths. Ka mea, e combustible nā minelala hao o biogenic ano.

Hookomoia ma keia pae a me nā minelala hao e like me peat, shale, bituminous a me kaʻeleʻele nā lānahu, anthracite. Ma ka hana, e hoike mai i loko o ke aloha ke kinowai o ke 'ano (chloroform, kalapona disulfide, ka waiʻona-benzene läÿau,) kaʻaila, e like nā petrolytes a me ka waiwai e extractʻikepili nā'uheheʻe mai peat, lanahu a hoohehee maemae au ia huahana e haawi ia ia e like me bitumen.

i ka hoʻohana 'ana o

Currently, 48% o ka lukuʻia ka ikehu i ka Honua, e hina ia ma ka aila (mea pōhaku kumu waiwai). He He ai mea.

Oil (nā minelala hao) - i ke kumu o na mea he nui Nine Inch hoʻohana i likeʻole nāʻoihana i wahie hana, lubricants, polymeric olona, colorants, nā'uheheʻe a me nā pono hana.

Oil hokii ulu i alakai i kiekie ae kumukūʻai no ka mea, a hiki i ka holo exhaustion o ka mea pōhaku kumu waiwai. Ua hoala ninau e pili ana i ke hoʻololi i ka ikehu kaʻaʻokoʻa kumu.

Helu Description

Oil mea he wai o ka malamalama eleele i ka pouli eleele (aneane eleele) ma ka waihoʻoluʻu. I kekahi manawa, loaʻa he omaomao-'ōmaʻomaʻo specimens. Ka hakakino kaumaha o kaʻaila mea mai ka 220 a hiki i 300 g. / Mol. I kekahi manawa, i kēia aiao loli aʻe i loko o ka laulā mai ka 450 a hiki i 470 g. / Mol. Anakahi kona pa apŘ me ka nānā 'ia ma ka wahi 0,65-1,05 (ʻano nui 0,82-0,95) g. / Cm³. Ma keia manao, o ka aila ua maheleia i loko o kekahi mau ano. oia:

• Maʻalahi. Nuʻa - emi o 0,83 g. / Cm³.
• Ka. nuʻa make i loko o keia hihia - i loko o ka wahi, mai 0,831 a hiki i 0,860 g. / cm³.
• Kaumaha. Nuʻa - oi ma mua o 0,860 g. / Cm³.

Kēia mea he he nui helu o likeʻole ke aloha 'ona. E like me ka hopena, i ka aila maoli ua wehewehe aku,ʻaʻole ma kona iho baila aʻela i wahi, a ma luna o ka loiloi mua kiʻekiʻe o ke anakahi i loko o ke kinowai hydrocarbons. Holo nōhie ia mea> 28 ° C, a me kekahi manawa ≥100 ° C (i loko o ka hihia o ka aila kaumaha).

(Viscosity) o ka waiwai loli aʻe i loko o ke akea huahelu (mai 1,98 a hiki i 265,9 mm² / s). Ua Ua nānā 'ia e ka aila fractional haku mele' ana a me kona wela. Ke kiekie o ka wela, a me ka helu o ka malamalama hapa, ka aila (viscosity) ma lalo nei. No hoi, keia ua kena ae la ma ke alo o ka waiwai e like me kēpau-asphaltene. I ka mea oi ma mua o ia mau mea, i ke kiekie o ka (viscosity) o ka aila.

Na kekahi 'wela o ka waiwai - 1.7-2.1 kJ / (kg ∙ K). Aiao kekahi 'wela o ka'ā, kŘpa a haʻahaʻa - mai 43,7 e 46,2 MJ / kg. Ke dielectric a eia i o ka aila - mai ka 2 a hiki i 2,5, a me kona conductivity - mai ka 2 a hiki i 0,3 ∙ 10-10 ∙ 10-18 ∙ ohm-1 knm-1.

Oil, a hooku iho la ia i ka Hawaii photo i loko o ka 'atikala, mea he flammable wai. Ua uhaʻi au i ma ka wela o ka mai -35 a hiki i +120 ° C. Ua hilinaʻi nui ma luna o kona fractional haku mele 'ana a me ka maʻiʻo o ka mea hoʻoheheʻe kinoea.

Ka aila (wahie) i loko o maʻamau olelo, aole ia i hoike mai i loko o ka wai. Naʻe, ka mea i hiki ke ho okumu i ka pilina paʻa emulsions me ka loli. Wailana aila i kekahi mau waiwai. Keia ua hana ka hoʻohana 'ana i ke aloha'ūheheʻe type. I mea e hoʻokaʻawale ai i ka aila mai ka wai, a me ka paʻakai ua lawe mai i kekahi mau hana. Ka mea, ua nui loa i loko o ke kaʻina. Kēia desalting a me ka dehydration.

Description o ka haku mele 'ana Nine Inch

Ma 'ikepili i kēia kumuhana e lawe i ka mooolelo a pau o ka hiʻona o ka waiwai ma ka nīnau. He He mau, ke hydrocarbon aila a me ka elemental mele. Next, e nana mai i kela mea keia mea o lakou ma ka au mamuli.

Ka nohona ma ka haku mele '

Natural wāwahie ʻaila mea i ka läÿau, a ma kahi o 1000 'ona o kekahi ano. I ka papa kuhikuhiE eiiiiiaiou i na kēia:

• Wai hydrocarbons. He 80-90% ma ke kaupaonaʻana.
• Heteroatomic ke aloha i huiʻia (4-5%). O kēia mau mea, Kīwala'ō ma ka luaipele, i oxygen a me ka naikokene.
• Organometallic i huiʻia (ʻano nui nikala a me ka vanadium).
• I ka mea hoʻoheheʻe hydrocarbon kinoea e like me (C1-C4, mai kekahi mau tenths i ka 4 pakeneka).
• Wai (mai ko läkou 'i 10%).
• mea pōhaku paʻakai. Ka hapanui chlorides. 0,1-4000 mg / k, a kiʻekiʻe.
• Pāʻoihana o ka paʻakai o ke aloha nāʻakika, a me mechanical impurities ((particles) o ka lepo, limestone, one).

hydrocarbon haku mele 'ana

Holo nōhie paraffinic kaʻaila ka mea i (IeAUPIIe, IAa IO 30-35 kākaʻikahi - 40-50% o ka huina) a me ka naphthenic (25-75%) i huiʻia. I ka uuku loa onaona hui anawa. Ka mea, noho 10-20%, a me ka mea uuku - 35%. Kēia e loli ai i ka mea e like ai o ka aila. I hookomoia ma ka waiwai ma ka ninau hui hui a me ka hapalua 'ole. No ka laʻana, onaona a me ka naphthene-paraffinic.

Heteroatomic eiiiiiaiou a me ka hōʻike o ka elemental haku mele 'ana o ka aila

Together me na hydrocarbons i loko o ka huina hoonui e waiwai me ka huikala nā'ātoma (mercaptans a me monosulfides di-, thiophane a me thiophenes, a hiki polycyclic, a me ka e like). Ka mea, me ka nui loa lakou aloha ia i ka mea e like ai o ka aila.

¶ A i loko o ka aila, he waiwai i loaʻa ka naikokene. Ua holo nōhie homologs indole, pyridine, quinoline, pyrrole, carbazole, porphyrites. Ka mea, i kia ka hapanui i loko o ka residues, a kaumaha hapa.

Ka haku mele 'ana nā oxygenates aila (naphthenicʻakika, resinous-asphaltene, phenols a me nā waiwai). IeAUPIIe, IAa IO ka mea, i loko o hapa iki o keʻano kiʻekiʻe.

Ka lōʻihi o ka aila i loaʻa i loko o oi aku mamua o 50 hehee wale. Together me ka waiwai i oleloia makana i loko o ka huina hoonui V (10-5 - 10-2%), Ni (10-4-10-3%), Cl (mai ko läkou 'mai i 2 ∙ 10-2%), a no laila, ma luna o. Ka maʻiʻo o kēia mau impurities i loko o ka maka mea a me na hui o hiki nā mahinaʻai loli aʻe i loko o ka laula, palena. E like me ka hopena, kamailio e pili ana i ka aila Nine Inch haku mele 'awelike loaʻa nā wale conditionally.

E like me ka waiwai a ua hoʻolaha ma ka haku mele 'ana o hydrocarbons?

Ma keia manao, eia kekahi mau ana hoʻohālike. Share manao ma kaʻaila hydrocarbon papa. Aia E e ole aku ma mua o 50%. Inā kekahi o nā papa o nā hydrocarbons mea ole e emi malalo o 25%, i ka loaʻa hou aila malihini ano - naphthene-methane, methane-naphthenic, naphthene-onaona, onaona, naphthenic, a me ka onaona methano-onaona-methane. A ke keʻena mua ka mea, aia no iloko olaila oi ma mua o 25%, a me ka lua o ka - nui ma mua o 50%.

Maka aila ua i pili. No ka technically waiwai huahana (ʻano nui Hawaii wahie, heʻiʻo maka nō mea no Nine Inch hana, nā'uheheʻe) ka mea, ua hoʻokō 'ia.

Nā Papahana O Ka huahana noiʻi

Ka mea e like ai o ka waiwai ana kūpono i ka mea e koho i ka loa ma ka pono a ka naauao ano o kona aaioee. Keia ua hana hoʻohana luna 'ano: Nine Inch, physical, a me ka hana.

General ano o kaʻaila - (viscosity), nuʻa, ninini aku au i wahi a me nā physico-Nine Inch kiko'î, e like me ia ka pono kinoea haku mele 'ana a me ka pakeneka kēpau maʻiʻo, paraffin mahuahua, a resinous-asphaltene i huiʻia.

I ka papa kuhikuhiE rula o gradual study o kaʻaila i iho mai i hoʻohuiʻia i nā 'ana i kūpono o ke kaawale ana o kekahi mau eiiiiiaiou me ka pahuhopu nei simplification o ka haku mele' ana o kekahi mau mahele. Ka mea, i laila, ua kālailai me nā'ēheu kēia'ēheu o ke kino a me ka Nine Inch ki ina hana like. Ka loa e like me ka ano o ka hoomaopopo ana i ka iniiaiie aila hapa haku mele 'ana i acee? Iuo oeiia o ka distillation (distillation) a me ka rectification.

E like me ka hopena o ke koho a hiki i ka puali ololi (ma kahi o nā kapuahi e 10-20 ° C) a me ka laula (50-100 ° C) hapa, ua kūkulu hālawa (TIC) o ka oiaio baila aʻela i mahana o ka waiwai. Ua laila lawe mai, e hookupaa aku i ka Loaʻaʻia o kēia maʻiʻo hehee wale,ʻaila kā nā huahana a me kā lākou mau eiiiiiaiou (kerosinogazoylevyh, kakolina, aila distillates, kakolina diesel a me ka wahie mea kāhinu, a me nā mea hohono), hydrocarbon haku mele 'ana, e like me nā huakūʻai Nine Inch a me physical ano.

Ke distillation ua lawe mai i kaʻike mau distillation i hoʻomākaukauʻia. Ka mea, i lako pono me ka fractionating kia ao. Ma keia hihia pogonorazdelitelnaya 'auhau hoʻopili like i 20-22ʻimi naʻauao papa apana.

Hapa i hōʻike 'like me ka hopena o ka distillation, laila kaawale i eiiiiiaiou. A laila, hoʻohana i kekahiʻano o nā kiʻina hana a lawe mai, e hooholo i ko lakou oluolu, a hoonoho iho la ka waiwai. E like me nā kiʻina hana o ka hōʻike o ka aila haku mele 'ana a me ka hapa maopopo kona pae, kanaka, pae o structurally a me elemental kālailai.

I ka wā o ka pūʻulu me ka nānā 'kaawale ke kālailai i ka maʻiʻo o ka naphthenic, paraffinic, a me ka onaona i hui hydrocarbon.

I ka structurally pūʻulu Ka Ikepili o ka hydrocarbon aila hapa iki o ka haku mele 'ana ua ho'ākāka' ia me ka awelika ka maʻiʻo o ka naphthenic, aromatics a me nā cyclic hale, e like me paraffinic na kaula hehee wale. Ma keia hihia, he hoʻokahi houʻanuʻu - i ka ho omaulia ana o ka pili nui o hydrocarbon i loko o ka naphthene, paraffin, a me Arena.

E hoopaa ana hydrocarbon haku mele 'ana i manao ai no kola a me ka kinoea hapa. Ka wā elemental Ka Ikepili o ka aila haku mele hōʻike dala (pakeneka) C, O, S, H, N, a micronutrients.

O ka papa kuhikuhi hana o ka hookaawale ana aromatics mai naphthenic a me ka paraffinic a me ka hoʻolaʻaʻia ma luna o arenes mea monocyclic a me ka poly- wai adsorption chromatography. Nō kāu absorber ma keia hihia lawelawe 'ana me kekahi mau' hehee ai - papalua sorbent.

I ka haku mele 'ana o ka hydrocarbon aila multicomponent nā mea huihuina ka laulā a me ka ololi poʻe maʻamau decrypted ma kekahi hui malu pu ana o ka chromatography (kinowai ole kinoea pae), ka adsorption' ole 'ē aʻe kaawale epekema me spectral a me ka nuipa a spectrometric epekema haʻawina.

E like me ke ao nei, aia no na tendencies hou recess kaʻina hana e like me ka hooulu ana o kaʻaila, e lilo ia i nui piha Ka Ikepili (oi loa kiʻekiʻe-baila aʻela i a me ka koena huahana - mea hohono, a kaumaha wahie mea kāhinu,).

I ka papa kuhikuhiE aila mahinaʻai i loko o Rusia

Ma ka palena o ka Lūkini hoʻokomo kālā o ka waiwai mai he nui dala. Oil (nā minelala hao) - he aupuni waiwai o Rusia. Ka mea, o kekahi o ka papa kuhikuhiE mea hoʻolilo huahana. Pōʻalo a me aaioee o kaʻaila - kekahi kumu o ka nui auhau i loaʻa ai i ka Lūkini Bedroom.

? Ac? O kaʻaila ma luna o ke kalepa pālākiō i ka hoʻomaka 'ana i loko o ka hopena o XIX kenekulia. Ma ka manawa i loko o Rusia ka mea, he nui mau mea o functioningʻaila. Ka mea, i ke aupuni 'o kekahi mau wahi o ka aina.

inoa waiho	puka Lā	recoverable kumukūʻai	Oil-ka hana mau
nui	2013	300 miliona tona	Astrakhan māhele 'āina
Samotlor	1965	2,7 ieeeea nā kana	Khanty-Mansiysk
Romashkinskoye	1948	2.3 ieeeea? Tons	Repubalika o Tatarstan
Ob	1982	2,7 ieeeea?. T	Khanty-Mansiysk
Arlanskoe	1966	500 miliona tona	Repubalika o Bashkortostan
Lyantorskoye	1965	2 ieeeea? Tons	Khanty-Mansiysk
Vankor	1988	490 miliona tona	Krasnoyarsk Teritori
Fedorovskoe	1971	1.5 ieeeea? Tons	Khanty-Mansiysk
Russian	makahiki 1968	410 miliona tona	Yamalo-Nenets hana nona iho Okrug
mamontovskoye	1965	1 ieeeea? Tons	Khanty-Mansiysk
Tuymazinskoe	1937	300 miliona tona	Repubalika o Bashkortostan

Shale kaʻaila i loko o ka US

Ma nā makahiki, ua loli dramatically ka makeke o hydrocarbon mōʻalihaku. Ka loaʻa o ka shale kinoea , a me ka hooulu ana o ka? Iecaianoaaiiuo 'enehana kona i loko o ka pōkole manawa i lawe mai i kaʻAmelika Hui Pūʻia i loko o ka helu nui o miners o ka waiwai. Ua ho'ākāka O kŰia ka poe akamai i like "shale kipi". Ma ka manawa, i ke ao nei e huli ma ka liʻiliʻi loa ke Kiure kekahi hanana. Mākou e kamaʻilio e pili ana i ka nui kūpono 'ana o ka aila shale hoʻokomo kālā. Mua poe akamai i wānana i ka imminent pau ana o ka aila au, akā, e ka mea e mau loa. Pela i pili 'kamailio ma kaʻaʻokoʻa.

Eia naʻe, 'ike i ka aneiai, ao ke ano o ka? Acaeoey o ka aila shale hoʻokomo kālā ka loa contradictory. E like me ka nupepa "naʻe", paka shale kaʻaila i loko o ka United States (Texas) na koina e pili ana i $ 15 no 1 barela. He nōʻoia iʻo i hou cheapening o ke kaʻina palua ia.

Ke ao nei ka luna o ka? Iecaianoaaiiuo o "panina" aila - Saudi Arabia - ua maikai ka manaʻolana 'ia i loko o ka aila shale hana: o ka lilo o ka barela iʻaneʻi wale $ 7. Rusia i keia manao ua nalowale. Ma Rusia, 1 ka pahu o ke shale aila e loaʻa ma kahi o $ 20.

E like me ka mea ma luna-i hoike ia puke, shale aila hiki ke hua mai i loko o nā wahi a pau o ke ao nei. Kēlā me kēia aupuni, he nui ka aila me ke koe. Eia naʻe, no ka pono o ka luna 'ike mea questionable, mahope mai o ka' ike e pili ana i ka mea i ho'ākāka 'waiwai o ka shale aila? Iecaianoaaiiie nae.

Kanaka kālailai H. Birg lawe mai hoʻiʻikepili. E like me ia, i ka lilo ana o ka barela o ka shale aila o 70-90 dala.

E like me ka Bank o Moscow kanaka kālailai Dmitry Borisov, i ka lilo o kaʻaila i loko o? Iecaianoaaiiuo Mexico, a ke awawa o Guinea ihoiho $ 80. He'ōlelo koʻikoʻi akula like i kaʻikena kuai kumukuai.

H. Birg kekahi kuleana i e haawi kōā o ka aila hoʻokomo kālā (aila shale) ma ka Honua. More o ka elua hapakolu o ka huina o ka leo ua kiaʻana i kāna i loko o ka United States. Rusia Helu no ka wale 7 pakeneka.

No ka mea? Iecaianoaaiiie o ka huahana ma lalo o noonoo i ke kō nui puke o ka pōhaku. Alakaʻi i ke kaʻina hana e like me kaʻaila shale, ka iaoiaeii ua lawe 'oihana. He seriously ia i hoeha mai ano.

E like me ka Birge, i ka ka manaʻo pohihihi o ia ke kaʻina hana, e like me ka pōʻalo o shale aila, ua compensated ma ka prevalence o ka lakou waiwai ma ka Honua.

Inā ua kuhi ua shale aila? Iecaianoaaiiuo enehana ka e hele mai i ka pono kiʻekiʻe, ka wahine aila kala i wale'opi. Akā, i lōʻihi like ole nui loli ma keia wahi ua i mālama.

Me ka na 'ike loea hou a shale aila hiki e waiwai i loko o ka ua hihia - wale i ka wa a ke kumu kuai o ka aila He $ 150 ka barela a oi aku.

Rusia, e like me Birge, ka ai-kapaia shale kipi e,ʻaʻole e hiki i ka pōʻino. Ka mea i ka'āina pōmaikaʻi ai nā nā mea e hiki wale mai. Ke ike ole ia mea puni hoʻi: kiʻekiʻe aila kumukūʻai lawe mai nui ka waiwai, a me ka Hopu ma ka shale huahana, e hoomahuahua i waiwai hoʻolilo ma ka ulu pili kihapai.

D. Borisov ma keia manao mea ole pela optimistic. Ka hooulu ana o ka shale aila-i? Iecaianoaaiiuo, e like me ia, na olelo hoopomaikai i ka'opi i ka aila kumukūʻai ma ke kuai, a me kaʻoi kulu i loko o Lūkini mea hoʻolilo i loaʻa. Naʻe, i loko o ka pōkole makahiki, keia e ole e makau, no ka mea, o ka shale kūpono 'ana i nō problematic.

ka hopena

Kumu waiwai - kaʻaila, kinoea, a pili waiwai - i ka waiwai o kēlā me kēia moku'āina ma i ka mea, i koʻu mau. Ua hiki ke ike ma ka heluhelu i ka 'atikala, ka mea ma luna.