Oka a ke hooheheeia: hōʻikeʻano a me ka palapala noi hiʻona papa

Ka hooulu ana ua hōʻike 'me ka oo. Hou nā papaha o ka hanalima a me ko ka hale ona lawelawe ma ka hoʻohana 'ana i kekahi mau kumuhana me ka holumua' ano. Kēia, i ka pau doped mea hiki ke hooheheeia. Lākou 'ano ua nānā'? Iaea uea 'laupaʻi, a qualitative haku mele' ana o ka alloying hehee wale.

Natural-oka a kila

Mua o kona hoʻoheheʻe hao, a i ka waiwai okoa mai o nāʻohana, ka mea, ua aaioea anoanoaaiii-doped. Na smelted prehistoric meteorite hao he hoonuiia dala o ka nikala. Ua ua loaʻa i loko o kahiko Aigupita ilina 4-5 millennia BC. Hawaii., kūkulu o ka ia kuhikuhipuʻuone kia Qutab Minar ma Delhi (V c). Japanese damask pahikaua i ka hao, molybdenum paʻa kūhohonu loa a me Damaseko kila he tungsten, typical no ke kālā no kiʻekiʻe māmā. O lakou na mea hiki ke hooheheeia, o ka mea e hoohehee ai i i koʻu mau, mai kekahi wahi.

Oka a pau o kēia? Iecaianoaaiiuo i komo maoli eiiiiiaiou o ka mea hao, a nonmetallic ka molekumu o, a i lewa i loko o kā lākou mau 'ano a me ka waiwai.

mōʻaukala ala

Ke kumu no ka hooulu ana o ka doping, ua hookumuia oia e hoaponoia ipu hoʻoheheʻe mahele heheʻe i ka hana no ke kila ma Europe i loko o ka XVIII kenekulia. Ma ka hou primitive hoʻokolohua o na ipu hoʻoheheʻe hoʻohana i loko o ka wā kahiko, a me ia no ka smelting o Damaseko, a me Damaseko kila. I ke kakahiaka nui 18th kenekulia, i ka 'ike loea i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ma ka hanalima me ka unahiʻole, a ua ae e hoʻomaʻa i ka haku mele' ana a me ka pono o ka ho mea.

• Ke i ka wā hoʻokahi puka o ka nui a me ka oi hou Nine Inch hehee wale, kipaku noiʻi i ka mana smelting ho okolohua.
• Hopena maikaʻi 'ole o ke keleawe ma luna o ke kila e like ai.
• keleawe Open i loaʻa ka 6% hao.

Ho okolohua i mālama 'ia ma ka olelo o laupaʻi, a qualitative keiki ma luna o ka kila oka a pau o ka tungsten, manganese, titanium, molybdenum, cobalt, chromium, platinum, nikala, Aluminum, a me na mea e ae.

Ka mua hanalima? Iecaianoaaiiuo o ke kila oka a me ka manganese, hoʻokumu 'ia i ka hoʻomaka o ka XIX kenekulia. Ua Ua ulu pū mai 1856 e like me ka hapa o ka Bessemer kaʻina o ka smelting.

doping Hiʻona

Hoikehonua, hiʻona ae i ka maule oka a ke hooheheeia o kekahi haku mele 'ana. Ka walaʻauʻana me nā loina o keia 'enehana.

1. Alloying eiiiiiaiou i manaoia wale ina ka mea, e hoʻolauna a manaʻoi ka maʻiʻo o kēlā me kēia aku i 1%.
2. Luaipele, hydrogen, phosphorus noʻonoʻo impurities. Ke nonmetallic inclusions i hoʻohana like boron, naikokene, silikone, pohihihi - phosphorus.
3. Volume doping - o ka hoike ana o na eiiiiiaiou i loko o ka waiwai i hoʻoheheʻeʻia i loko o ka metallurgical hana. I ka ili o ke kaʻina hana o ka 'ilikai, ahu iho maholahune saturation pono Nine Inch nā kumumea ma kiʻekiʻe mahana.
4. Ma ka mea hoʻonui kaʻina hana, hoʻololi i ka mea pōaka 'ole o "keiki" no ka mea. Ka mea, ke hana ole hoʻopau anal o nā pāʻoihana, a hoonoho iho la ma ka palena o ka mea hao a me ka ole-mea hao hale, e pili ana i ka me mechanical hui o mānoanoa. A kūlana nui 'aneʻi hoʻokani ma ke degere o ka solubility o nā kumu i loko o kekahi i kekahi.

alloying eiiiiiaiou

E like me ia mau Mea Maluna, ua māheleʻia aʻela nā mea a pau i eliiaʻi iʻeleʻele a me nā pōpō. E nāʻeleʻele hao, chrome a me ka manganese. Nā pōpō i puʻunaue i Lightweight (Aluminum, makanekiuma, potasiuma), kaumaha (nikala, kiniki, keleawe), i ka hanohano (platinum, i ke kala, i ke gula), refractory ke hooheheeia (tungsten, molybdenum, vanadium, titanium), ia maʻiʻaʻai, pohihihi keia honua a me ka radioactive. Ma ka alloying ke hooheheeia loaʻa he nuiʻano o ka malamalama, kaumaha, a me ka hanohano refractory ole-ferrous a me ka eleele a pau.

Ke kaumaha ma muli o ka lākiō o kēia mau kumu, a me nā waihona ipu keleawe'ōlinolino Massey hope puunaueia i haʻahaʻa-oka a (3%), srednelegirovannye (3-10%), a kiʻekiʻe (oi ma mua o 10%).

oka a steels

Technologically, ke kaʻina mea straightforward. Ka laulā ka loa ka laula. I ka papa kuhikuhiE Nä Pahuhopu no ka mea kēia steels:

• E hoomahuahua oe i ka ikaika.
• Hou thermal aaioee hualoaʻa.
• Ke mahuahua ma ka popopo ia'ku, wela ia'ku, wela ia'ku, wela ia'ku, ia'ku iʻano pākīkē pae'ōnaehana ana, hana ke ola.

Na ka papa kuhikuhiE eiiiiiaiou - ferrous oka a pau a me ka refractory ke hooheheeia, a loaʻa Cr, HI, W, V, la, Mo, a me nā pōpō Al, Ni, cu.

Chromium a nikala - i ka papa kuhikuhiE eiiiiiaiou wā kuhiliʻole kila (X18H9T) a me ka refractory, a hana aku ana wehewehe aku e kiʻekiʻe ana wela a me ka hawewe wahie, (15H5). Ma ka huina i ka 1.5% ua hoʻohana 'ia no nā mea pilihao, a kū'ē māhele (15HF, SHH15SG)

Manganese - he kumu ke keʻena o ka Wear-hoʻopale steels (110G13L). Small dala paipai 'ia ka deoxidation, hōʻemi lehulehu o ka phosphorus a me ka luaipele.

Silikone a me ka vanadium - hehee wale ana i kekahi dala o ka mahuahua elasticity a me ka mea ia ia no ka hana o ka wai (55S2, 50HFA).

Aluminum mea pono no ka hao me ka nui uila ia'ku (H13YU4).

A nui ano o ka tungsten maʻiʻo o ka pilina paʻa kiʻekiʻe-ka māmā holo kila steels (P9 R18K5F2). Oka aʻepekema no ka metala o ka mea nui hou hoʻomāhuahua ai, a hoʻopale i ka hoohana ia ma mua o ka mea ia kalapona kila kila.

Oka a kila ma ka maʻamau o ana. Ka poʻeʻike ai-kapa oka a me kahaha ko oukou naau waiwai i loaa mai i doping ki ina hana like. Ke'ī mai "laau kila" kekahi mau 1% chromium a me 35% nikala, i hoʻoholo kona kiʻekiʻe thermal conductivity, he ano no ka wahie. Diamond kekahi maupaʻa 1.5% kalapona, 0.5% chromium a me ka 5% o ka tungsten, i characterizes ia me he pololei ai paa, akin i ka daimana.

hao doping

E hookuke hao steels oko mai ka nui kalapona maʻiʻo (mai 2,14 a 6,67%), kiʻekiʻe paakiki a me ka popopo ia'ku, akā, haahaa ikaika. I mea e hoʻonui i ka laulā o ka waiwai a me ka h ÷ ike noi, ka mea, ua doped me chromium, manganese, Aluminum, silikone, nikala, keleawe, tungsten, vanadium.

Aie i ka mea kūikawā ano o ka hao i nā puke a me kona doping - he oi huikau kaʻina hana ma mua o ka kila. Kēlā me kēia no ka eiiiiiaiou e loli ai i ka huli ana o ke kalapona 'ano apau loa i loko o laila. Mai manganese ka poʻea pau i ke kahua o ka "pono" o ka graphite, i hoonui ae i mea paʻa. Introduction o nā kalapona no hoi i ka hopena o ke hoʻololi i ka palaualelo moku'āina, whitening hao a me ka hoemi kona me mechanical waiwai.

Ka 'enehana Ua huikau haahaa mahele heheʻe i ka mahana (ma ka awelika i ka 1000? C), akā, no ka hapanui o ka alloying hehee ua' ano oi aku ma mua o kēia pae.

Ka hapanui o ka pono no ka hao luna 'alloying. I ka Ia manawa, oe e noonoo i mahuahua ka likelihood o segregation o ka hoike ana, ńlua pilikia o ka hoolei ana mā. E lawe mai kaʻina oi efficient i ka electromagnetic a me ka hoʻokomo umu. OAXA kaʻina o nāʻanuʻu mea he kiʻekiʻe-e like ai ka wela lapaau.

Chromium nou ana la o ka hao i wehewehe aku e kiʻekiʻe Wear ia'ku, ikaika, wela ia'ku, ia'ku i ka poe oo hoi, a ka popopo (CHH3, CHH16). Ka mea, i hoʻohana 'ia i loko o Nine Inch' enekinia, a ma ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o metallurgical lako a pan.

Hoolei hao oka a me ka silikone, e wehewehe aku e kiʻekiʻe ka popopo ia'ku a me ia'ku i ka hopena o keʻano pākīkē Nine Inch i huiʻia, eia nae kupono ÿano waiwai (CHS13, CHS17). Ano mau māhele o Nine Inch i hoʻomākaukauʻia, a me ka hookiokio aku EII ni.

An kumu o ka lahui luna 'alloying i wela-hoʻopale nou ana la o ka hao. Ka mea, aia no iloko olaila i loko o kā lākou haku mele 'ana a me ka eleele alloying ke hooheheeia e like me chromium, manganese, nikala. Ka mea, i wehewehe aku e kiʻekiʻe ka popopo ia'ku, e mae wale ia'ku a me ka ia'ku i kiʻekiʻe aʻo nui ma lalo o na kumu o ka kiʻekiʻe hopena - māhele o turbines, EII ni, Hawaii, Nine Inch hana? Ieaoa (CHN15D3SH, CHN19H3SH).

An nui ke keʻena o ke keleawe, a ua komo i loko o ka luna 'a me nā mea hiki ke hooheheeia, ka ninini' ano o ka oka a pau, piʻi pū.

keleawe oka a

Ua Ua hoʻohana 'ia i loko o kona maemae ano a me ka haku o ke keleawe ulaula oka a pau a i ke akeaʻano kaumaha ma muli o ka lākiō o ka papa a me ka alloying hehee wale, keleawe, he keleawe, nikala kālā, a me nā nelziybery.

Clean keleawe - kiniki oka a - i doped. Inā ka mea, nā ka haku mele 'ana o alloying non-ferrous ke hooheheeia ma ka kekahi dala - ka mea, ua manaoia e e multicomponent. Keleawe - ka mea, oka a me nā mea hao eiiiiiaiou, hiki e ke tina a piuta-i loaʻa, doped i loko o nā hihia. Hou e like ai ma ka hoʻohana 'ana HI, Fe, Zn, Ni, Sn, PB, E, Al, P, Si.

Ke silikone maʻiʻo o ke keleawe i huiʻia hoonui ae i ko lakou ka popopo ia'ku, ka ikaika a me ka elasticity; piuta, a me ke kēpau, - i maopopo ai ka pono a me ka antifriction maikaʻi ano pili machinability; nikala a me ka manganese - eiiiiiaiou, no laila,-kapaia deformable oka a pau i hoi i ka maikaʻi ia ma luna o ka ka popopo e kū'ē'ē mai; ka hao hoonui ae i ke ÿano waiwai a me ka kiniki - 'enehana.

Ka mea, i hoʻohana 'ia i loko o uila' enekinia, me ka walaʻauʻana maka mea no ka hana o keʻano o ke kaula, i nā no ka manufacturing noho pilikia eiiiiiaiou no Nine Inch pono, i ÿole mechanical 'enekinia, a me ka mea hana e kukulu, i loko o na ohe a me ka wela poe kuai moni.

Aluminum doping

Hoʻohana 'ia e like me ka hoike ana a me ka hana ana oka a pau. Oka a ke hooheheeia ka mea, ua nānā nō i huiʻia o ke keleawe, manganese ole makanekiuma (duralumin, etc.), i ka hope - ka pilina me ka silikone, ka ai-kapaia silumin a me nā mea a pau i ko lakou hiki koho i doped ma ka mea o Cr, mg, Zn, Li, cu, Si.

Keleawe maoli kona plasticity; Silikone - ka fluidity a me ka pono ninini ka waiwai; chromium, manganese, makanekiuma - hoʻoikaika 'ana i ka ikaika, aaioee ka waiwai a me ka puʻe machinability ka popopo e kū'ē'ē mai. No hoi me alloying eiiiiiaiou ka hoʻopukaʻana i ka ia'ku i ka poe oo hoi, a meʻano pākīkē pae'ōnaehana ana i ke aponoia B, PB, Zr, la,ʻelua.

Hao - he undesirable ke keʻena, akā, ma ka liʻiliʻi mea i hoʻohana no ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o Aluminum pepa kini. Silumin hoʻohana e hoolei noho pilikia māhele, a neo? Aaiiai? Ma me mechanical wilikî. Duralumin a punching ka Aluminum-muli oka a - he nui maka mea no ka hana o ka hauna o hehee wale, a me ka ikaika o nā hale ma ka mokulele kūkuluʻia, shipbuilding a me ka mīkini.

Oka a ke hooheheeia ka pae'āina i loko o nā wahi likeʻole o ka hana e like me ka poe e i hou me mechanical, aʻanoʻenehana ano, i hoohalikeia ai i ka hoʻomakaʻia. I ka laulā o alloying hehee wale, a me nā nā papaha o kēia loea ae e e likeʻole hoʻololi 'ia e hohola aku na uea' ole i 'epekema a me ka' ike loea.