'ole o ka'Ātoma

'ātoma 'ole hoihoiʻepekema loa ma mua kona ola ana i ai scientifically. O na tausani o nā makahiki aku nei, Democritus, Greek poe akeakamai a me ka kumu,'ōlelo i kekahi waiwai ninoieo o ka moku (particles). A ka mea, ua iho la ka mea mua hoʻohana i ka hua'ōlelo "'Ātoma". Ma hope o kona make ana, ua he pūʻulu o Greek poe akeakamai, kona mau lala ka ho'āʻo e hoʻomōhala i kona mau manao. Ka mea, i kapaʻia atomists. i waiho mai i mau manao Roman Lucretius ma kona kaulana hana "Ma ke ano o na mea." Eia naʻe, ma ka nui nā manawa, a hiki i ka hoʻomaka o ka pakebona, i Kīwala'ō ma lalo o ka manao o kekahi Helene kumu Aristotle, ka mea categorically hoole i ke ola ana o nā'ātoma.

Ka mea mua nana i ka hoao e hoʻomaha i ke ao ana o Democritus, Boyle ua he Pelekāne i ua kūkākūkāʻia kona pähola 'o "indivisible (particles)". He ho'öho like e Newton. Eia naʻe, 'epekema hooiaio ana o ka olelo HaleakaLā, he kumu o ka makemakika. Lawe ana mai ho okolohua me kinoea, ka mea, ua hoʻomaopopo i ka lākiō o ka poe (particles) o ka hydrogen a me ka oxygen, a komo i loko o ka Nine Inch naoh, mau hoʻopili like me ka kekahi ano. Ka hope nō kāu ho i ka lākiō o ka liʻiliʻi loa. Kēia pūnaewele i ka 'ōlelo Pelekānia kumu o ka makemakika, e formulate i kona kānāwai o "mau ka pili ma", a me ka hope - a me ke kānāwai o "ka hoʻomauʻana pilina", ma muli o ka mea, i loko o kēlā Nine Inch i huiia, i ke kaumaha lākiō o ka hoʻomaka mea ua maopopo mau no ia. Kona haʻawina hoomau Bertselliusom a me Avogadro.

Ka nui, e hoike ana i ka 'ole o ka'Ātoma meaʻano huikau, ka mea, ua maopopo e physicists ke kenekulia aku nei. Na makana i keia loaʻa nui i i ma: Thomson hoao iho la ia i ke ola ana o ka cathode kukuna, Skłodowska-Curie a me kana kane Per Kyuri, wehe aʻela ia i ka aoao maoli radioactivity o na waiwai Rezeford, i ke alo ma ka waena konu o ka'Ātoma ikaika i hoopiiia nucleus a me ka manawa kūpono o kaʻimi hoʻopunipuni transmutation o kekahi hehee ai i loko o kekahi mea la, Chadwick, e huai ae i ke alo o'ākilikai nā kumu a me neutrons. hoomaka këia Thompson, i ka 'ole o ka'Ātoma mua seriously loaa ka huina'ine i ka 1897. He ua hiki ke hooiaio i ke ola ana o ka hiki hou microscopic kino. Manawa i kona mama no hoi i ka 'ole o ka'Ātoma ua nui clearer. He ike aku i ka huna ua poe ma ka spherical hoi o ka makana o ka 'oluʻolu' āhewa 'ana, offset loa io. No keia kumu'Ātoma ka uila'ākilikai.

Ma ka moʻo o ka haʻawina i mālama 'ia e kēia mau a me nā noiʻi, ka mea i loaʻa i ka'Ātoma mea he homogeneous kino ole, a me ua haku o (particles) e like me neutrons, protons a me electrons.

Ke proton nucleus nā'ātoma like me ka nui a me ka electrons i loko o kona iwi, hou, i ka helu ana o protons hoʻopili like me ka helu ana o ka hehee ai i loko o ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika papaʻaina. ʻO nā paʻi hua o ka proton a me ka neutron kokoke oe'ālike. Mau kumu mua i paa i loko o ka nucleus o ka'Ātoma ma kūikawā koa, ka poe i hoi i kapaia nukelea; Mau koa, ua nui loa aku kou mana, akā, hana ma ka ultrashort mamao, i ka mau koa no ka oi huna repulsion. Weight o electrons mea negligible. Kokoke i ka anai nuipa o ka'Ātoma mea i loko o kona nucleus, me ka 'ole o ka nucleus o ka'Ātoma loaʻa neutrons a me protons. Ka waiwai o keia hapa ua nānā 'ia e kona walaʻauʻana eiiiiiaiou kau aʻela ma luna. Mawaena o na nā'ātoma i loaʻa i ka ai-kapaia isotonic. Mau (particles) e o ka ia waiwai i okoa mea, mai ka mea i ka helu ana o neutrons ke oko a. Ka helu o ko lākou mau protons, naʻe, ua maopopo mau no ia. No ka laʻana, me ka 'ole o ka kalapona nā'ātoma ua hookuu kuhi ke alo i loko o kona nucleus eono ikaika i hoopiiia (particles), a'ākilikai nāʻeono - wale 12, a laila i ka ai-kapa kalapona nuipa helu loa olelo - 12. Eia naʻe, loaʻa nō i nā isotopes o ka hehee ai i loko i ka helu ana o protons e like me stably 6 a me ka helu o nā neutrons ke oko a.

'Ātoma iwi mea, aole i huikau kahua. Ua ninoieo o kekahi mau subshells me kekahi ikehu pae, i ka huli e māheleʻia i loko o iiaciiie-pae, a iiaciiie-pae - ma ka orbital. Recent oko ma shape a me kā lākou nui.