Ke kānāwai o radioactive ka palaho

Helu kānāwai o radioactive palaho i ua kālaiʻia ma hope o ka 1896 Becquerel loaa ka kŰia o ka radioactivity. He unpredictable hoʻololi nuclei o kekahi? Ueony'ē aʻe, a me ka mea, hoʻokuʻu akula kekahi mau ʻano o ka pāhawewe a me (particles) hehee wale. Ke kaʻina hana maoli ai, ka wā ike mai maoli ai 'ia isotopes a me kaʻimi hoʻopunipuni, ma ka hihia o ka loaa ana i kēia i loko o nukelea reactions. Ua maheleia ke kāna mau 'ōlelo o ka i, ka mea, ua noʻonoʻo i ka makuahine, akā, e huli mai - he hui ma lalo. Ma nā hua'ōlelo, ke kumu o kānāwai o radioactive palaho kikowaena ākeʻakeʻa kumu maoli kaʻina hana o ka hoʻololi 'ana i kekahi Kora naʻEsau i kekahi.

Ka like hoike i ke alo o Becquerel uranium paʻakai mua i ike ole pāhawewe, i loli ai ka kiʻi papa, ua piha me ka lewa Ion, a i ka waiwai, e hele ana oukou ma lahilahi metala una honua. Nā hoʻokolohua o M. Pierre Curie a me radium a me polonium hoʻopaʻa i ka withdrawal, e like me ka ho'ākāka 'ia ma luna, a ma ka' epekema, ka hou manaʻo, i kapaʻia ke ao ana o ka pāhawewe.

Kēia kumumanaʻo, i Hōʻike 'i ke kānāwai o radioactive palaho, ua muli ma luna o ka mea mahuʻi o kekahi noho'na makaainana i ulu kaʻina hana, i mea malalo i ka' ikepili helu. No kanaka nuclei palaho kū kaʻawale mai kekahi i kekahi, ka mea, ua noʻonoʻo i ka awelika helu o amo ma ke au o ka manawa hapaʻauhau a hiki i ka manawa nondecomposed panina kaʻina. Inā 'oe e hahai i exponential kānāwai, me ka helu o nā emi iho me ka nui loa.

Ke ka nui ana o ka kŰia ua wehewehe aku ma nā kumu waiwai o ka malamalama. Ma ka ai-kapaia hapa-ke ola a me ka radioactive nuclei sredneraschitanny kīkoʻo o ke ola. Mua ia loli aʻe ma waena o hapa iki o ka lua ma ka miliona a me nā ieeeea? O nā makahiki. ʻepekema, ua mau nuclei mai i ulu kahiko, a he mea ole kona mau makahiki i manaÿo no ia.

Radioactive palaho kānāwai ua ma muli o ka ai-kapaia offset rula, a me ka mea, ma ka huli, e kekahi no o ka pähola 'ana o ka malama ana o ka Kora naʻEsau uku ole a me ka nuipa a nui. Ua Ua hoʻokūpaʻa experimentally i ke kanawai o kaʻume mākenēki kahua hana ma naʻano likeʻole: He) laau deflection ia lŘlŘ like me ka ikaika i hoopiiia (particles); b) e like me ka io; c) mai i hōʻike i kekahi naoh. Mai keia ka mea, penei i ka pāhawewe mea o ka ekolu ano.

Aia nō i ka ia ka helu a me ka laha ana o ka hoʻopöʻino 'kaʻina hana: me ke kala ana o ka huina'ine; positron; omo o kekahi huina'ine a me ka nucleus. Ua Ua ho'āʻo ai i ka nucleus e like me kona 'ole o ke kēpau,ʻike piʻi ka palaho ma ka hoʻopuka wai. Ke kumumanaʻo Ua hoʻomaopopoʻia ia Alpha palaho, a ua ua ua kālaiʻia G. A. Gamovym i ka 1928. Ka lua o ka mana i ua kālaiʻia i loko o 1931 ma Enrico Fermi. Kona hoʻokolokolo 'ana i ua hoike ia kekahi mau' ano o nā electrons kahi nuclei hoʻokuʻu akula e ku pono ana (particles) - positrons, a me ka mea, ua mau pu ma o ka ea puka o ka huna me ka 'Aʻohe uila kauoha, a hoomaha nuipa neurine. Ka simplest laʻana o ka Hoʻokolohua palaho ua noʻonoʻo i ka proton naeaeaa neuron me ka manawa au o 12 minuke.

Mau theories, noonoo i ke kānāwai o radioactive palaho, ua i ka papa kuhikuhiE a 1940 o ka 19th kenekulia a ka Soviet physicists G. N. Flerov a me KA Petrzhak i ike i kekahi ano, i ka i uranium nuclei spontaneously puunaueia i loko o nā like (particles). I ka makahiki 1960 ka mea i wānana papalua-proton radioactivity a-neutron. Akā, i ka manawa, i kēia 'ano o ka palaho hookupaa iho la ia ma ka hoʻokolohua i ole e holopono ana, a i ole i loaʻa. Ua Ua ike wale proton pāhawewe, ma a ka nucleus o ka proton ua kipaku.

I ka hana a me nā mea a pau kēia mau nīnūnē mea pilikia, eia nae ke kānāwai o radioactive palaho ka poe noonoo ole. Ia mea i oluolu i ka maopopo kona physicalʻano, a, o ka papa, i ka hōʻike o kēia kumumanaʻo hele loa aku ia i ka polokalamu o ke kālaikūlohea me kekahi kumuhana i loko o ke kula.