Pehea e komo ai nā mea'a'ala i loko o nā mea lepo, nā wai a me nā kinoea?

'O kēia mea'a'ole e ha'i wale i ka ho'onohonoho'ia'ana o nā mea lālā i loko o nā mea lepo, akā pehea ho'i e ne'e ai i nā kinoea a i'ole ka wai. E ho'ākāka'ia nā'ano o nā lattices panana ma nā mea like'ole.

Kālā'āpana

Aia nō kekahi mau hae, e hoike ana i ke alo o ka ekolu typical Hawaii o aggregation, oia hoi paa, wai a me ke kinoea.

E ho'ākāka i nā'āpana no kēlā me kēia ka'ina'āina.

1. 'O nā mea pale e noho pa'a mau i ka leo a me ke'ano. 'O ka hopena hope loa he pilikia loa me ka uku'ole o ka ho'olālā.
2. Hiki i ka wai ke ho'ololi i ke'ano, akā e ho'omau i kona mana.
3. 'A'ole pa'a nā waihona waiwai i nā'ano a i'ole ka leo.

'O ka'ike kumu nui kahi i ho'oholo'ia ai ka'āpana'āina i kahi o nā molekino a me nā'ano o ko lākou ne'e'ana. I loko o kahi mea momona,'oi aku ka nui o ka mamao ma waena o nā'ōma'oma'i ho'okahi i ko lākou iho. I huli ai oe, na nā lātoma o ka wai 'ona mai i lūlū aku ma luna o ka lōʻihi mamao ma lalo o maʻamau olelo no ia, a hoopaa iho o ko lākou leo. Ho'onohonoho'ia nā māhele'oihana i loko o nā mea kaulike i kahi kauoha i ho'onohonoho pono'ia,'o kēlā me kēia mea, e like me ka'ōlemu hō'ailona, e ne'e e pili ana i kekahi wahi ma ka'ōmole aniani. Hā'awi kēia i ka ikaika nui a me ka ikaika.

Nolaila, ma keia hihia, o ka ninau e pili ana i ke ano o ka ike ana o na mea oolea ma kahi maloo. I nā kumu'ē a'e a pau,'a'ole nā papa (mole) i ka papa i ho'onohonoho'ia.

Nā Kūlana Kūmole

Pono pono ke nānā pono i ka'oia'i'o o ka wai wai he'ano waena o ka pilina waena ma waena o ka noho pa'a o ke kino a me kona manawa holo. No laila, i ka ho'oha'aha'a'ana o ka mahana, ho'olālā ka wai, a pi'i kona ki'eki'e ma mua o ka paila kola o ka wai i loko o ke'ano'eha. Eia nō na'e, he mau'ano ma'amau ka wai me nā mea pa'akikī a me nā mea ma'i. No laila, i ka makahiki 1860, ua ho'okumu ke'enekema'enekema kūlana DI Mendeleyev i ka noho'ana o ke'ano wela kūpono - ka'ohi maika'i loa. He kumu kēia i kalowale ai ka palena mālie i waena o ke kinoea a me ka mea i loko o kahi malo pa'a.

'O ka papahana'ē a'e, e hui pū ana i'elua mau moku kaiaulu kokoke, he isotropy. I kēia hihia, ua like ko lākou waiwai i nā'ao'ao a pau. 'O ka pahu kilo, he anisotropic. E like me nā kinoea,'a'ohe'ano kūpono o ka wai wai a pa'a i ka nui o ka moku e kū nei. 'O ia ke'ano, he iki'i iki ka nui a me ke ki'eki'e. Ke kuhi nei kekahi i kekahi, hana ka mea ho'ohālike i ka wai ai'ole ke kinoea i nā ho'oikaika ka'awale. 'O ia ka mea ma ka nui o ka wai i hana'ia e ka wai'a'ohe kauoha i ka mole. No laila, ua kū'ē ka wai a me ke kino i nā kristal. Akā, ma muli o ka hopena o nā ha'awina o hope, ua hō'oia'ia ka like like ma waena o nā kino ikaika a me nā wai.

Ma kahi o ka wai ma kahi mahana e pili ana i ka ho'ohuihui'ana, ua like ke kahe ana o ka mīkini i ka ha'alulu i nā mea like'ole. I kēia hihia, hiki i ka wai ke hana i kekahi hanana. No laila, i ka wā e pane ai mākou i ke'ano o ka ho'onohonoho'ia'ana o kēlā me kēia mea i loko o nā waiwaena a me nā kinoea, hiki iā mākou ke'ōlelo aku i ka hopena,'o ke kahe o nā molekino he ho'ohūhū. Akā, i loko o nā mea'ele'ele o nā kinikini e noho i loko o ka hapa nui, he kūlana pa'a.

'O ka wai ka'ano waena. A'oi aku ka lō'ihi o ka mahana i ka'aila, pi'i ka nui o nā moleka e like me ke kinoea. Inā kokoke ka mahana i ka ho'ololi'ana i ka māhele pa'a, ho'omaka ka microparticles e ne'e a'oi a'e a'oi a'e i ke'ano.

E ho'ololi i ke'ano o nā mea lā'au

E no'ono'o i ka hō'ailona'oi loa o ka ho'ololi i ka moku wai. 'O ka Ice he lā pa'a o ka wai. 'O kona mahana ma lalo o ka'ole. I ka mahana o ka zero, ho'omaka ka hau e ho'ohe'e i ka wai. Hō'ike'ia kēia ma ka luku'ia o ka'ōmole'ōmole: i ka wela'ana o ka'ōmole, e ho'omaka ai nā'ōpū e ne'e. 'O ka pāmahana kahi e ho'ololi ai ke kino i ka'āina hō'ulu'ulu'ia ka inoa ho'onā (i ko mākou kumu he 0 no ka wai). E ho'omaopopo i ka mahana o ka hau i ka pae ho'okahi a hiki i ka hehe'e. I kēia'ano, e ne'e nā mana a me nā moleka o ka wai i ke'ano like me ka mea ma'amau.

A laila mākou e ho'omau i ka wela o ka wai. Ho'omaka ka ne'e'ana o nā mea'ele'ele a hiki i ka hō'ea'ana o kā mākou waiwai i kahi hope loa o ka ho'ololi'ana i ka moku hō'ulu'ulu-kahi paepae. Hiki ke'ano o kēlā manawa i ka wā e wāwahi'ia nā kaulahao i waena o nā molekino i hana ia no ka holo'ana o ka molo - a laila loa'a iā ia kahi'ano kū'oko'a, a'o ka wai i ho'oholo'ia e komo i loko o ka papa hana. 'O ka hana o ka ho'ololi'ana i kahi mea (wai) mai kahi lālā wai i kahi mea malolo ua kapa'ia'o ka'aila.

'O ke anahana kahi i kapa'ia ai ka wai o ka wai'o ka paila kohua. I ko mākou kūlana, ua like kēia helu i 100 mau Celsius (ke kūlana o ka mahana ma luna o ka pēpili,'o ke kaumaha ma'amau he ho'okahi lewa). Nānā: aia a lilo ka wai ola a lilo a lilo i ka mahu, e mau ana ka mahana.

Hiki ke ho'ololi i ke'ano o ka ho'ohuli wai'ana mai kahi mokumahu (kahuehu) i kahi wai, i kapa'ia'o ka ho'onani.

A laila, hiki iā'oe ke nānā i ke ka'ina hana o ke kilikelika - ke ka'ina hana o ka ho'ololi o kahi wai (wai) i loko o kahi palapala pa'a ('o ka mea mua i hō'ike'ia ma luna nei he hau). 'O nā hana i ho'ākāka'ia ma luna nei e hiki ai ke loa'a i kahi pane pololei i ka ho'onohonoho'ia'ana o nā mea'a'ala i loko o nā mea lepo, nā wai a me nā kinoea. 'O ka wahi a me ka noho'ana o nā molekino o kahi mea waiwai e pili ana i kona ka'ina'āina.

He aha ke kino pa'a? Pehea e hana ai nā micropartic i loko?

'O ke kino pa'apa'a he'ano mea waiwai,'o ke'ano kūikawā o ka mālama'ana i ke'ano mau a me ke'ano mau o ka mīkini o ka microparticles, e hana ana i nā hanana kūikawā. Hiki i nā kino ke komo i loko o kahi kūpa'a pa'a, wai a me ka malo'o. 'O ka hāhā ho'i o ka moku,'o nā mea'epekema e'ike nei i kēia manawa i ka heluna o nā hō'ili'ili -'o ia ka mea i kapa'ia he plasma.

No laila, i ka hihia mua,'o kekahi mea, e like me ke'ano, he'ano ho'ololi mau'ole ia, a he mana ko'iko'i kēia ma ke'ano o ka ho'onohonoho'ia'ana o nā mea lālā i loko o ke kino. Ma ke anuanu microscopic, hiki ke'ike'ia he mau mea e pili ana i nā mākau pa'a e pa'a ana i kekahi me kekahi ma nā kekiko pa'a me ka ho'onohonoho'ana i nā kī o ka'ōmole paneli.

Akā, aia kekahi mahele'ē a'e - nā'ano amorphous i loko o kahi pa'a pa'a, akā,'a'ole hiki ke ho'oki'eki'e i ka puka o ka'ōmole tiohi. No kēia mea e hiki ai iā mākou ke pane i ka nīnau no ka ho'onohonoho'ia'ana o nā mea'a'ahu i loko o ke kino. Hō'ike ka laikini i ka mea mua e hō'ike ana nā mana a me nā moleka i nā pae uila. Akā i ka lua o ka hihia,'a'ohe no ia kauoha, a'o ke'ano o ka mea i like me ka wai.

'O ka laikini a me ka hana kūpono o kahi pa'a

I kēia hihia, mālama ka waiwai i ka mālama'ana i kona leo a,'o ke'ano, ke'ano. 'O ia ke'ano, i mea e ho'ololi ai i kēia hope, pono e hana, a he mea'ole paha inā he mea ho'ohehe'e'ia, kahi'āpana'ilika paha. Ke kumu o ka kumu i loko o kona kumulā'au lā'au. A'oi aku ke'ano pololei, ma ka pilina o nā molecule, a he kino ke kino. I kēia hihia, aia lākou i kahi kokoke. 'O kēia ho'onohonoho o nā molekino he mea ia e ho'omau hou ana. 'O ia ke kumu e nui loa ai nā pū'ali o ka loli like'ole ma waena o kēia mau māhele.

'O ka pilina o nā microparticles ke ho'ākāka nei i ke'ano o kā lākou ne'e. 'O ke'ano a me ka leo o kēlā'ano pa'a ke pa'akikī e ho'oponopono ma kahi a ho'okahi. Hiki'ole i nā pa'opa'a o ke kino pa'a ke ne'e wale i loko o ka pu'upu'u o ka pa'akikī, akā hiki ke ho'oweliweli i kahi kokoke i kekahi wahi ma kahi āpau. 'O nā kinikoki o ka pa'akikī kaomi mālie i nā'oko'a like'ole, akā,'ike lākou i nā mea like, e ho'iho'i iā lākou i ko lākou kūlana mua. 'O ia ke kumu i loa'a ai nā kimehu i loko o nā mea lepo, e like me ke'ano, i loko o ke kauoha i kaukalena'ia.

Nā pāleona a me ko lākou wahi i kahi pa'a

Hiki i nā kino ko'iko'i ke'ano o'ekolu'ano: crystalline, amorphous and composites. 'O ia ka mea ho'ohui mele e pili ana i ka ho'onohonoho'ana o nā'ōlehu i loko o ke kino.

Ua ho'onohonoho'ia nā'ōpili pōhaku crystalline. 'O kā lākou mau molekila a mau mana paha e hana i kahi leki uila makoki o nā'ano ma'amau. No laila,'o kahi kino pa'a i loko o ka moku crystalline he'ōmole kalaliani kūpono ia, a ma ke'ano ho'ololi i kekahi mau'ano kino. 'O kēia ka pane i ke'ano o ka ho'onohonoho'ana o nā mea'āpana i loko o kahi pa'a.

E hā'awi kākou i kahi hi'ohi'ona: i nā makahiki he nui i hala aku nei ma St. Petersburg, waiho'ia kahi'āpana'ōma'oma'o ke'oke'o ke'oke'o i loko o ka hale kū'ai, a'o ka manawa i ho'oha'aha'a'ia ai ka mahana, ua nalowale ko lākou lūlū a huli mai ke ke'oke'o i ke oho. Ua pa'i'ia nā kīkāka i kahi lepo'ele'ele. "Ke ahulau" - ka "ma'i" i kapa'ia he "ma'i", akā'o ka mea'oia'i'o, he hana hou ia o ka hale aniani i lalo o ka mana o ka mahana wela. 'Oka i ka ho'ololi'ana mai ka'āpana ke'oke'o i ka'ōpū hina'ele'ele. Ho'onui'ia nā'ele'ele i nā mono-a me nā polycrystals.

Nā Kēkē a me nā Polycrystals

'O nā monocrystals (ka pa'akai pa'akai) he mau makamae like like'ole e hō'ike'ia ana e ka'ōmole aniani i ho'omau'ia ma ke'ano o nā polygons ma'amau. 'O nā Polycrystals (ke one, ke kō, nā'ale'a, nā pōhaku) he kino kupanaha i ulu mai mai nā'āpana li'ili'i i ho'onohonoho'ia. I loko o nā kelika,'ike'ia kekahi'ano e like me ka anisotropy.

'Amelika: kahi kūikawā

'O nā kino'ele'ele (resin, rosin, glass, amber)'a'ole kahi kauoha ikaika loa i ka ho'onohonoho'ana o nā mea lālā. 'O kēia kekahi kumu kūpono'ole o ka ho'onohonoho'ana i loko o nā mea ma'amau. I kēia hihia, ua mālama'ia ka'ano o ka isotropy,'o nā mea kino o nā kino amorphous he like ia ma nā'ao'ao a pau. Ma nā mahana wela e lilo lākou i mau wai'awa'awa, a ma nā'ano li'ili'i, ua'ano like lākou me nā mea nui. I ka'ike'ana i nā hopena o waho, hō'ike lākou i nā'āpana o ke kino,'o ia ho'i, e uhaki'ia i loko o nā mea lahilahi like me nā kino ikaika, a me ka li'ili'i: ho'omaka lākou e holo e like me nā wai i loko o nā hopena lō'ihi lō'ihi. 'A'ole lākou i ka ho'okahe kūmole a me ka ho'opunipuni. Ke ho'onā'ia, ho'onani'ia nā kino amorphous.

Nā hi'ohi'ona o nā mea mea like'ole

E lawe, i la'ana, i ke sukake ma'amau a'ike i ka ho'onohonoho'ana o nā mea'ahu i nā mea pa'akikī ma nā'ano like'ole ma kona hi'ohi'ona. I kēia hihia, hiki ke ho'ohana'ia kēia mea like i loko o ka pepa crystalline a me ka amorphous. Inā hele mālie ka wai i ho'ohehe'e'ia, ua hana nā molekino i nā lalani - nā pōhaku'ele'ele (ka hulu hulu, a me ka hulu nui'ia). Inā ho'ohehe'e'ia ke kō, e like me ka ho'okahe'ana i loko o ka wai anuanu, e hiki wawe mai ka hau'oli, a'a'ole hiki i nā mea huna ke manawa e hana ai i nā lālani pololei - e pa'akikī ka waihe'e me ka hana'ole i nā mele. A laila, huli'ia ka candy sugar ('o ia ka kānana-'a'ole ka crystalline).

Akā, ma hope o ka manawa, e hiki ke ho'onui i kēia mea, e hō'ili'ili'ia nā mea'āpana i nā lālani pololei. Inā kū i lalo ke ku'i sugar no nā mahina he nui, e ho'omaka'ia e uhi'ia i ka papa moe. Pēlā e'ike'ia ma ka papa o nā pahu. No ke kō,'o ka manawa he mau mahina, a no ka pōhaku - miliona mau makahiki. 'O ke kumu like'ole he carbon. 'O ka pa'i ki'i he kalapona kalapona, a pa'a ke'ano. 'O ke diamond ka mineral'oi aku ma luna o ka honua, hiki ke hana i ke aniani a'ike i nā pōhaku, ho'ohana'ia no ka'ō'ō'ana a me ka poli'ana. I kēia hihia, ho'okahi ka pahu - carbon, akā'o ka hi'ohi'ona ka hiki ke ho'ohālike i nā'ano like'ole. 'O kēia kahi pane'ē a'e i ka ho'onohonoho'ana o nā mea'āpana i loko o ka pa'akikī.

Nā hualoa'a. Ka Hopena

'O ka ho'olālā a me ka ho'onohonoho'ana o nā'ōle'ale'a i loko o nā mea pa'akikī, e pili ana i ke'ano o ka waiwai i loa'a ai ka waiwai. Inā pololei ka waiwai, e kauoha'ia ka ho'onohonoho'ana o nā microparticles. 'A'ole i ho'okomo'ia nā kumukānāwai'Amelika i kahi'ano like. Akā, hiki i nā composites ke komo i ka mua a me ka lua o ka hui.

I ho'okahi manawa, kū like ka wai me kahi pa'akikī (ma kahi li'ili'i, e kokoke ana i ka mahanahana crystallization), akā hiki ke hana i ke kino (e like me ka pi'i'ana). No laila, i loko o kēia ha'awina ho'olālā, ua nānaka mākou i ka'ike'ana o kēlā me kēia mea'a'ole wale i nā mea kaulike'ole, akā, i nā'ano hō'ulu'ulu ma'amau o nā mea.