Qualitative e ho'āʻo ai ma phenol. Makaukau o Phenols: no AiON

Carbolicʻakika - kekahi o na inoa Phenol, e hoike ana i kona kūikawā hana i loko o Nine Inch keʻano o ka hanaʻana. Kēia mea hiki ma mua o benzene komo i loko o nucleophilic hakahaka naoh. Ka hoʻomaopop 'ana i ka waiwai o ka hui e wehewehe ka hoʻoneʻeʻakika hydrogen'Ātoma i loko o ka hydroxyl pūʻulu palapala hoopaa i ke apo hookahi. Ka like o hakakino 'ole a me ka kiʻekiʻe-kbps pane e ae i ka phenol hui nā onaona i huiʻia - benzene nā mea loaʻa.

Phenol (hydroxybenzene)

I ka 1834, he Kelemānia chemist Runge anao? Aou carbolicʻakika mai ka lanahu hohono, akā, ua hikiʻole i ka decrypt kona haku mele 'ana. Ma hope, ua manaoia nā noiʻi i ka haʻilula, a lawe i ka hou pilina i ke onaona ka waiʻona. Ka simplest 'elele o keia pae - phenol (hydroxybenzene). Ma kona maemae palapala, keia waiwai o ka aniani moakaka aniani me ke ano ala. Air-phenol ke kala e hoʻololi i ka lilo nonono aʻulaʻula. No ka onaona waiʻona typical ilihune wai huihui solubility a me ka maikai - i loko o ke aloha nā'uheheʻe. Phenol heheʻe i ka wela o ka 43 ° C. Mea heʻawahia hui, ma ka hui 'ana me ka ili a nā loa'ā. Ke onaona moiety mea he'ano'ē o phenyl (C6H5-). 'Ana me kekahi o ka kalapona nā'ātoma o ka o oxygen ua palapala hoopaa me ka hydroxyl pūʻulu (-OH). Ke alo o kela a me keia o na (particles) hōʻike kūpono qualitative naoh i ka phenol. Ke haʻilula e hoike ana i ka huina o ka maʻiʻo o nā'ātoma o Nine Inch nā kumumea i loko o ka lātoma - C6H6O. 'Ole noonoo mall haʻilula, me kalapona a me Kekule ooieoeiiaeuiiai pae - hydroxyl. Ke kākoʻo e hoohalike ai o ka lātoma, he onaona waiʻona haawi sharosterzhnevye kŘkohu.

Hiʻona o ka hakakino 'ole

'Ākeʻakeʻa o ka benzene apo a me OH pae Ho'ākāka' Nine Inch naoh o phenol me ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia, halogens, nā waiwai. A e paa ana i ke onaona apo o ka oxygen ma'Ātoma hele aku ai a hiki i ka redistribution o ka huina'ine paʻapū i loko o ka lātoma. Palapala O-H Ua oi Polar, i nā hualoaʻa ma ka māhuahua ka hoʻoneʻe o ka hydrogen i loko o ka hydroxyl pae. Ke proton hiki auou caiaiai ma ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia nā'ātoma, i Hōʻike i kaʻakika o ke phenol. I huli ai oe, o ka OH pae maoli ka kū'ē waiwai o ka benzene apo hookahi. Delocalization o electrons, piʻi pū, a me ka hiki i ka electrophilic hakahaka ma ka nucleus. Kēia maoli ka ka hoʻoneʻe o ka hydrogen nā'ātoma palapala hoopaa i ka kalapona ma ka ortho- a me ka para-kulana (2, 4, 6). Kēia keia mea aie a hiki i ke alo o ka pou huina'ine nuʻa - hydroxyl hui. Manawa i kona keiki phenol hana ma mua o benzene hoi ma reactions me kekahi mau waiwai, a hou substituents aʻo i kaʻoihana i loko o ka ortho- a me ka para-kulana.

Kaʻakika waiwai

Ke hydroxyl pae o ka onaona ka waiʻona i oxygen'Ātoma loaʻa iā ia kekahi he maikaʻi kauoha, hoʻonāwaliwali i kona kamailio ana me hydrogen. proton hookuu Ua kōkua ai i nā, no laila, phenol hoi me he nawaliwaliʻakika, akā, ikaika ma mua o ia ka waiʻona mai. Qualitative naoh i phenol nā ho'āʻo litmus oʻu ho'āʻo ma ke alo o protons hoʻololi ano mai ka uliuli e Huaale. Ke alo aku o ka halogen nā'ātoma a nitro pūʻulu pili me ka benzene komolima hiki aku ai i ka hua i loko o ka hydrogen ha awina. Ke hookoia ua ike ia ma ka nitro phenol nā lātoma. Lowerʻakika substituents e like me ka'amino pae, a alakaila (CH3-, C2H5-, etc.). Hui i lawe pu i ka benzene ke komo lima, he hydroxyl hui a me ka meto'ano'ē, pili cresol. Kona waiwai, ua nawaliwali ma mua o carbolicʻakika.

phenol naoh me ka paʻakai a me kona'ākilikai

Like me nāʻakika phenol ua reacted me ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia. No ka laʻana, reacts me ka paʻakai: 2C6H5-OH + 2Na = 2C6H5-Ona + h2 ↑. I hana paʻakai phenoxide, a me gaseous hydrogen ua hookuu. Phenol ua reacted me ka wailana kumu. Ua lŘlŘ neutralization naoh e hana i ka paakai a me ka wai: C6H5-OH + NaOH = C6H5 -ONa + H2O. Ke hana, e haawi hydrogen i loko o ka hydroxyl pae i loko o ka phenol mea lalo loa'okanikaʻole a carboxylic nāʻakika ma mua. Ua displaces ia mai ka paʻakai mea hoʻoheheʻe i loko o ka wai, a hiki kalapona'okikene lua (carbonicʻakika). Naoh helu kaulike: C6H5-Ona + CO2 + H2O = C6H5-OH + NaHCO3.

Nā reactions o ka benzene apo

Onaona waiwai i ku pono i ka huina'ine delocalization i loko o ka benzene nucleus. Hydrogen, mai ke apo no ka ihu ua hookomoia ma halogen nā'ātoma, nitro. A like kaʻina hana ma ka phenol lātoma ka hiki mua ia o ka benzene. Kekahi laʻana - ka bromination. Benzene halogen hana i loko o ke alo o ka hōʻeleu, loaa bromobenzene. Phenol ua reacted me ka bromine ka wai ma lalo o maʻamau ana. Ke AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN o ka keʻokeʻo precipitate o 2,4,6-tribromophenol,ʻo konaʻano, e hoomaopopo i ka hoao waiwai like i ka mea mai onaona i huiʻia. Bromination - qualitative naoh no phenol. Helu kaulike: C6H5-OH + 3Br2 = C6H2Br3 + HBr. Ka lua o ka naoh huahana - hydrogen bromide. I ka reacting phenol me ka dilute nitricʻakika loaa nitro derivative. Ke naoh huahana me ke kiaʻana i kāna nitricʻakika - 2,4,6-trinitrophenol a picricʻakika he nui mea hiki manaʻo nui.

Qualitative e ho'āʻo ai ma phenol. papa inoa

Ma ka AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN o ka waiwai i loaa mai ai kekahiʻai e ae oe, e kau aku i ka qualitative haku mele 'ana o ka wahi ho pono hana. A helu o ke ano naoh Hōʻike i ke alo o (particles), ka loiloi pūʻulu i poe pono no ka Nine Inch Ka Ikepili. Qualitative naoh e hooiaio i ke ola ana o ka phenol no lātoma o ka waiwai i ke onaona apo, a OH-pūʻulu:

1. Ke kākoʻo pāʻoihana o ke phenol uliuli litmus pepaʻulaʻula.
2. 'Ia nā pōpō naoh phenols i hana i loko o ka palupalu kumu o meakino me ka diazonium paʻakai. A yellow aʻalani azo make.
3. Ua reacted me ka bromine ka wai eleele precipitate i Konakele. Keʻokeʻo tribromophenol.
4. Ma ka naoh me ferric koloriside pāʻoihana loaa phenoxide ferric - waiwai uliuli, lila a uliuli coloration.

Kaniak phenols

Phenol? Iecaianoaaiiuo i loko o ka hana i loko o elua a ekolu kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao. Ma ke kahua mua o ka propylene a me ka benzene ma ke alo o ka Aluminum koloriside hua cumene (isopropylbenzene, he pono ole ka inoa). Ka helu kaulike o ka naoh o Friedel-Fashion naoh: C6H5-OH + C3H6 = C9H12 (cumene). Benzene a propylene i loko o ka lākiō o 3: 1 ua hele aku la ma kaʻakika hōʻeleu. Increasingly, kahi o ka kuʻuna hōʻeleu - Aluminum koloriside - ecologically maemae zeolites. Ma ke kahua hope o ka'okesaside ua mālama 'ia me ka o oxygen ma ke alo o sulfuricʻakika: C6H5-C3H7 + O2 = C6H5-OH + C3H6O. Nā phenols i ke loko mai distillation o ka lanahu, nā kula waena i loko o ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o'ē aʻe ke aloha 'ona.

Ka hoʻohana a phenols

Onaona oe i ka waiʻona i hoʻomano hoʻohana 'ia ma nā lula ea Ke hana, make, pesticides, a me nā waiwai. carbolicʻakika? iecaianoaaiiuo o benzene o ka mua koe i loko o ka hoʻokumu o ka helu ana o polymers, me polycarbonates. ua reacted Phenol me formaldehyde, phenol-formaldehyde kēpau i loaa.

Cyclohexanol o ka maka mea no ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o polyamides. Phenols i hoʻohana like antiseptics a me disinfectants ma deodorants, lotions. Hoʻohana 'ia ma ka' imi phenacetin, salicylicʻakika a me ka 'ē aʻe ai'. Phenols i hoʻohana 'ia i loko o ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o kēpau mea i hoʻohana i ka uila huahana (mea hoʻololi, kumu). Ka mea, i kekahi hana i loko o ka makaukau o ka azo make, e like me phenylamine (aniline). Picricʻakika, i mea ka nitro nā mea loaʻa o ka phenol hoʻohana no ka i hookohu aku i nā'aʻaʻa, pahū hana.