Nitricʻakika

Ikaika monobasicʻakika, i mea ma maʻamau kumu colorless wai i huli yellow iloko o waho pūnaewele i ia i loko o ka paa ana, wehewehe aku ma nā hoʻololi 'ia mea pōaka (monoclinic ole orthorhombic puka olu oia i) ma ke anawela ma lalo hua 41,6 ° C. Kēia waiwai a me ka Nine Inch haʻilula - HNO3 - nitricʻakika ua kapaia. Ua loaʻa he molar nui 63,0 g. / Kameleona, oiai kona pa apŘ hoʻopili like i 1,51 g. / Cm³. ʻakika reflux mahana ua 82,6 ° C, ua pu ma decomposition o ka (hapa): 4HNO3 → 2H2O + 4NO2 + O2. ʻakika pāʻoihana a me ka nui hapa iki o ka walaʻauʻana waiwai o 68% maʻi hēhē ma ka wela o ka 121 ° C. Ke refractive Papa kuhikuhi o ka waiwai maemae hoʻopili like me 1.397. ʻakika hiki e hui me ka wai i loko o kekahi lākiō, a, i ka ikaika electrolyte, kokoke loa disintegrate i loko o Ion H + a me NO3-. Paa palapala - trihydrate a me monohydrate me ka haʻilula: HNO3 • 3H2O a me HNO3 • H2O niioaaonoaaiii.

Nitricʻakika - ka popopoʻeleu,ʻawahia waiwai, a me ka ikaika oxidizing hope paha. Mai ka Middle Ages ike ia inoa, e like me ka "ikaika ka wai» (Aqua fortis). Alchemists i loaaʻakika i loko o ke kenekulia 13th, i ka inoa e maopopo lea ai ia kekahi waiwai (corroded a pau i eliiaʻi, koe gula), no ka oi o ka miliona manawa ka mana o aceticʻakika, i loko o ia mau lā i noʻonoʻo i ka K'lauea. Akā, hiki hope ekolu kenekulia ka mea, ua loaʻa i corrode, he gula hiki ia i ka läÿau, no nāʻakika e like me nitric a me ka hydrochloric ma ka buke lākiō o 1: 3, a no keia mea, i kapaʻia "Aqua regia". I ka helehelena o ka melemele ano i waho pūnaewele mea ku pono i ka hoʻomāhuahua o ka naikokene oxides i loko o laila. Availableʻakika me ka lehulehu hou pinepine 68%, a me ka wā o ka maʻiʻo o ka waihona ipu nā maluna o 89% ka mea, ua kapaia "fuming".

Ke Nine Inch waiwai o nitricʻakika, maopopo ia mai ka dilute sulfuric a hydrochloricʻakika e HNO3 ka ikaika oxidant no ia mea, aole, kuu hydrogen ma reactions me ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia. Aie i ka oxidative ka waiwai, ka mea hoi reacts me ka nui ole-ke hooheheeia. A i loko o nā hihia ua mau hana naikokene'okikene lua NO2. Ma redox reactions, he naikokene koi ia lŘlŘ i loli iki degere: HNO3, NO2, N2O3, NO, N2O, N2, NH3, a me ka nānā 'ana i kaʻakika lehulehu a me ka mama no hoi o ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia. ʻO nā lātoma o na hui hana he naikokene ma ka'okesaside moku'āina +5, +4, +3, +2, +1, 0, +3, niioaaonoaaiii. No ka laʻana, ua oxidized keleawe me kiaʻakika i ke keleawe nitrate (II): cu + 4HNO3 → 2NO2 + cu (NO3) 2 + 2H2O, a me ka phosphorus - i metaphosphoricʻakika: P + 5HNO3 → 5NO2 + HPO3 + 2H2O.

I ole ia hana me ka dilute nitricʻakika nonmetals. Ma ka hana o ka naoh me ka phosphorus: 3P + 5HNO3 + 2H2O → 3H3PO4 + 5NO ike i ua hoemi ia i ka divalent moku'āina ka naikokene. I ka hopena o ka nitric'okesaside, a ua oxidized phosphorus i ʻakika posapahate. I kia nitricʻakika ma ka admixture me hydrochloricʻakika hoike mai i ke gula: Au + 4HCl + HNO3 → NO + H [AuCl4] + 2H2O a me ka platinum: 3Pt + 18HCl + 4HNO3 → 4NO + 3H2 [PtCl6] + 8H2O. Ma kēia mau reactions, initially, hydrochloricʻakika ua oxidized me nitric chlorine hookuu, a laila, hana i ka luna 'metala chlorides.

Nitricʻakika ua hua mai nā pāʻoihana i loaa i loko o ka papa kuhikuhiE aoao ekolu:

1. Me Kinohi - reacting i ka paʻakai me ka sulfuricʻakika: H2SO4 + NaNO3 → HNO3 + NaHSO4. Mua, ka mea, ua ka wale ala e, akā, me ka Hekikai o nā loea, ka mea, ua a ianoiyuaa a hoʻohana 'ia i loko o ke keʻena hoʻokolohua, e paka fumingʻakika.
2. Lua - ia mea he ala o ka piʻo. I ka lewa ma luna o ka uila piʻo me ka wela o ka 3000 a hiki i 3500 ° C, kekahi hapa o ka naikokene i loko o ka lewa (reacts) me ka o oxygen, ho okumu i naikokene monoxide: N2 + O2 → 2NO, a ma hope o anuanu maila ua oxidized i ka naikokene'okikene lua ( 'aʻole i pane koke i ke kiʻekiʻe wela monoxide me ka o oxygen) : O2 + 2NO → 2NO2. A laila, kokoke, i ka holoʻokoʻa naikokene'okikene lua, ma ka oi o ka oxygen, mea hoʻoheheʻe i loko o ka wai: 2H2O + 4NO2 + O2 → 4HNO3.
3. Ekolu - keia mea he ammonia hana. Ammonia ua oxidized ma luna o ka platinum hōʻeleu i ka naikokene monoxide: 4NH3 + 5O2 → 4NO + 6H2O. e ho'ēmi ke kūpono nitrous kinoea, a me ka mea i hana naikokene'okikene lua, i ka paka ma ka wai. Ma keia hana, o kaʻakika me ka lehulehu o ka 60 i ka 62%.

Nitricʻakika ua hoʻomano hoʻohana 'ia ma ka hana, e paka ai', make, pahū, nitric fertilizers a me nitricʻakika paʻakai. Eia hou, ka mea, ua hoʻohana 'ia no ka noho male' ana o ke hooheheeia (e laʻa me, keleawe, ke kēpau pōkā, i ke kālā) mea, aole ia e pane koke me'ē aʻe nāʻakika. Ke Jewelry hoʻohana no ka manao paa o ke gula i loko o ka oka a (keia mea i ka papa kuhikuhiE iaoia).