Radioactive metala a me kona waiwai. He aha ka ka loa radioactive metala

Mawaena o na kumu a pau o ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika oihana, he nui no ia mea, i ka hapanui o kanaka me ka makau e olelo aku nei. A pehea hiki ia ia pela? No ka mea, e radioactive, a 'o ia hoʻi he pololei hoʻoweliweli' i kanaka ola.

E ho'āʻo i ka maopopo mea like na kumu mua i pilikia a me ka mea kū no ka mea,, a ua loaʻa mai i ka mea a lākou nā palapala 'ole ma o ka kanaka kino.

Ke mau manaʻo o kekahi pūʻulu o radioactive oihana mua

Kēia pūʻulu nā mea hiki ke hooheheeia. A hailona no ia, ka mea i waihoia ma ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika'ōnaehana koke ma hope o ke alakaʻi i ai i na mea hou halepaahao. Ke kumu nui ana no i ua maliuia mai ia ma ka lālā kekahi o ka pae ana o radioactive - o kona hiki ia i ka kekahi hapalua o ke ola.

Ma nā hua'ōlelo, ka radioactive palaho - i ka hou 'ana o ka metala Kora naʻEsau i kekahi, hui ma lalo, a ua pu ma ka ea puka o ka pāhawewe o ka kekahiʻano. A pau keia ia lŘlŘ kekahi huli ana i loko o nā kumu mua.

Radioactive metala - o ka mea nana ma ka liʻiliʻi loa hoʻokahi kālaiōewe mea ole. E like ina na? Ueo holoʻokoʻa makemake eʻeono, a me kekahi o ia wale nō, e ia i ka mea nana i hali ana i keia waiwai, ka ukana holoʻokoʻa e e noʻonoʻo radioactive.

'ano o ka pāhawewe

Ke kumu nui nā kinolau o ka pāhawewe i ua kinoea i loko o ka nāwaliwali o ke hooheheeia e:

• Alpha-(particles);
• Hoʻokolohua huna disintegration paha neutrino;
• isomeric hoʻololi (gamma kukuna).

Aia he mau wale nō o ke ola ana o ia mau oihana mua. Ka mua - He maoli, 'o ia hoʻi, ka wā o ka radioactive metala i loaʻa ma ka' ano a me ka easiest ala ma lalo o ka aoao o ka mawaho koa ua hoohuliia i loko o kekahi mauʻano ma manawa (hōʻike kona radioactivity nāwaliwali aʻela).

Lua o ka pūʻulu - ua artificially hanaʻia e kānakaʻepekema i eliiaʻi hiki o kokololio disintegration a me ka hoʻokuʻu o ka nui dala o ka ikaika pāhawewe. Keia ua hana no ka hoʻohana i loko o kekahi mau wahi. Pono, ma i i hua mai ma ka nukelea reactions loli 'ana o kekahi hehee ai i loko o ka' ē aʻe, i kapaia synchrotron.

I ka likeʻole ma waena o ka mea i koho ia hapa-aoao elua ahuwale: i loko o nā hihia ia spontaneously, akā, wale artificially hua metala haawi ia nukelea reactions ma ke kaʻina hana o ka deconstruction.

Kumu i hoʻokohu 'ia e like nā'ātoma

Mai ka hapanui o nā kumu o wale kekahi a mau isotopes i radioactive, ia e ka hōʻike ka wā i kekahi mauʻano o ka notation, i ka mea holoʻokoʻa pa alima like me ka a pau. No ka laʻana, ke kēpau - e Aloha pono ukana. Inā mākou e lawe i ka mooolelo ia ia mea - he radioactive metala, a laila ia e ke kapa, no ka laʻana, "alakai-207."

Ka hapa-ola o na (particles) e ĸokoĸa ana nä pane kaiāulu. Aia nā isotopes i nei wale 0,032 kekona. Akā, a me ia mea, he poe no hoi ka poe i mau miliona o ka makahiki, e uhai ia i loko o ka'ōpū o ka honua.

Radioactive ke hooheheeia: papa

A i ka papa inoa o nā mea a pau pili ana i na hui o hehee hiki e kilakila kupono, no ka mea, a pau ia mea ma kahi o 80 ke hooheheeia. Keia mea kuhikuhi a pau, e ku ana ma ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika papaʻaina ma hope o ka kēpau, a me ka pae ana o lanthanides a me actinides. Ia mea, bismuth, polonium, astatine, radon, francium, radium, Rutherford, a no laila, ma luna o pūkaʻina helu.

Luna i koho palena mea he lākou o ka Poeikohoia, kela mea keia mea o ka mea hoi i isotopes. Naʻe, i kekahi o ia i e pono radioactive. Ua Ua nolaila, nui, aha? Ueo mea he Nine Inch hehee ai. Radioactive metala, a he oiaio, i kekahi o kona isotopic? Ueo i na lalaʻaneʻane o ka papaʻaina. No ka laʻana, ka mea i:

• kalipuna;
• selenium;
• hafnium;
• tungsten;
• osmium;
• bismuth;
• indium;
• potasiuma;
• rubidium;
• zirconium;
• Europe;
• radium a me ka 'ē aʻe.

Penei, ka mea, ua maopopo i na kumu mua i ho'āʻo waiwai o ka radioactivity, he nui - ke uie kekahi hapanui hewahewa. ua pakele no ka lōʻihi hapa-ola, a loaʻa i loko o maoli kekahi o ia mau mea, i ka 'ē aʻe ua artificially hanaia ma ka ke kanaka no keʻano o ka pono ma ka' epekema a me ka 'ike loea hou a me ka mea loa pilikia i kānaka kino.

radium hiʻona

ua haawiia mai e kona discoverer i ka inoa o ka hehee ai - ka Curies, Pierre a me Marie. Kēia kanaka mua 'ike akula i kekahi o na isotopes o ka metala - radium-226 - keia mea i ka loa i ka pilina paʻa palapala, he kūikawā waiwai o ka radioactivity. Ua hiki i ka 1898, a ua he kŰia wale i kapa. Piha kona mau haʻawina e hana noho male chemists.

Ke etymology o ka olelo i aa mai i ka 'ōlelo Palani, i ka mea kani e like radium. Total 14 ike isotopic ka hoʻololi 'ana o ka hehee ai. Akā, i ka loa i ka pilina paʻa ano o ka nuipa a helu:

• 220;
• 223;
• 224;
• 226;
• 228.

Haʻi radioactivity palapala he 226. By iho, radium - he Nine Inch hehee ai ma ka helu 88. Na'ātoma kaumaha [226]. E like me ka mea waiwai hiki ke ola. Ua Ua he silvery-keʻokeʻo radioactive metala me ka mahele heheʻe i ka wahi o kahi o makina 670 ⁰ C.

Mai ka Nine Inch wahi o ka Hawaii e hōʻike he lawa ke kiekie degere o ka ha awina, a mea hiki ke reacting me:

• ka wai;
• ke aloha nāʻakika e lilo i ka pilina paʻa pono;
• i oxygen e hana i'okesaside.

Ka waiwai a me ka noi

I radium - he Nine Inch hehee ai i lilo 'o ka moʻo o ka paʻakai. Kinohi mai ua ikeia kona nitrides, chlorides, sulfates, nitrates, carbonates, phosphates, chromates. Aia Ua hoi he kaulua, paʻakai me ka tungsten a me ka beryllium.

Ka mea i ka radium-226 ke e he ola p ÷ ino, kona discoverer Per Kyuri aʻo koke. Akā, ua hiki ke ike i keia, i ka wa a lawelawe 'ia ka hoʻokolohua au: lāʻo ia i hele ai me ka hui pu keena lima ho'āʻo şarkı me ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia. Ma ka wahi o ka hui 'ana me ka ili ikea telephium, pakele o ia nä känaka' epekema hiki ole oi aku mau mahina. Mai lākou ia mea ma luna o ka kŰia o radioactivity wahine i haalele, a no ia mea, make iho la, nā mai i kekahi mahele lāʻau nui o ka pāhawewe.

Ma waho aʻeo ia i ka io kumukuai, loaʻa nō kekahi mau wahi ma a ka radium-226 ua hoʻohana 'ia a me ka nui o kona pōmaikaʻi:

1. Anakahi kai kiʻekiʻe o ka wai offset.
2. Ua Ua hoʻohana 'ia, e hooholo i ka nui o ka uranium i loko o ka pōhaku.
3. Hookomoia ma ka ho'ā nā nā mea huihuina.
4. Ma lapaau ka mea, ua hoʻohana 'ia no ka ho okumu ana o' inikua radon bato ke komo iloko.
5. I hoʻohana 'ia no ka wehe' ana i ka pila 'āhewa' ana.
6. Me ka mea paʻa e mahiki ana flaw a welded na nakaka lāliʻi.

Plutonium a me kona isotopes

Kēia hehee ai i loaa i loko o nā forties o ka XX kenekuliaʻAmelikaʻepekema. Ua Ua mua kaʻawale mai ka uranium mea e hoohehee ai, i ka i ka mea i hana mai neptunium. Hope i loko o keia hihia - i ka hopena o ka uranium nucleus. Oia hoi, ka mea, i nā mea a pau pili loa ua hoʻopili i kekahi i kekahi ma, he pono ole radioactive loli '.

Aia nō i ka helu o ka hale lio isotopes o ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia. Eia naʻe, no ka mea, he pono ole, a ano mea hiki ano mea plutonium-239. Ike Nine Inch reactions o ka metala me:

• oxygen,
• nāʻakika;
• ka wai;
• alkalis;
• halogens.

Ka physical waiwai o ka plutonium-239 mea he brittle metala me ka mahele heheʻe i ka wahi o ka 640 ⁰ C. Na ka papa kuhikuhi ano o ka hopena ma luna o ke kino - o ka holo kahua o ka maʻi 'aʻai, hoʻomāhuahua i ka iwi a me ka hoʻokomo o ko lākou lukuʻia, akemāmā maʻi.

Kahua o ka i - ka hapanui nukelea hana. Ua Ua ikeia i ua anao? Aou i ka hoʻopöʻino 'ia o kekahi gram o plutonium-239 ka nui o ka wela i mea like me ka 4 na tona o ka lanahu i nā mōhai. I mea no ke aha la keia ano o ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia ua no laila, hoʻomano hoʻohana 'ia i loko o ka reactions. Nukelea-papa plutonium - he kumu o ka ikaika i loko o nukelea reactors a me thermonuclear hopeʻia. He ua hoʻohana 'ia i loko o ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o ka uila ikehu pūnaewele manaʻo, nona ka hana hiki wale i elima makahiki.

Uranus - i ke kumu o ka pāhawewe

Kēia hehee ai i loaa i loko o 1789 ma ka chemist mai Germany Klaproth. Eia naʻe, e makaikai i kona waiwai, a aʻo pehea e pili ia ma ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa kanaka i kauoha aku wale nō i loko o ka XX kenekulia. I ka papa kuhikuhiE hanohano nō hoʻi hiʻona mea i ka radioactive uranium mea hiki ke ho okumu i ka hoʻopöʻino 'maoli o ka nucleus:

• E alakaʻi-206;
• krypton;
• plutonium-239;
• E alakaʻi-207;
• xenon.

I ano, ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia mea he malamalama ohoʻeleʻele, i ka mahele heheʻe i ka wahi ma luna o 1100 ⁰ C. It ia lŘlŘ i loko o nā minelala hao oia hoi o:

1. Autunite.
2. Uraninite.
3. Pitchblende.
4. Autun.
5. Tyuyanmunit.

Aia i ekolu hale lio kālaiōewe o maoli, a artificially synthesized 11, me ka nuipa a nui mai ka 227 a hiki i 240.

Ke hana ua hoʻomano hoʻohana radioactive uranium, hiki ke disintegrate hoʻomaka koke i ke kala o ka ikehu. No laila, ka mea, ua hoʻohana 'ia:

• ma geochemistry;
• hoʻouku;
• Nukelea reactors;
• ma o ka hana o nukelea mea kaua.

Ke kanawai ma ka kanaka kino, aole ia i oko, mai ka mua kūkākūkā - metala hoʻomāhuahua hiki aku ai i ka mahuahua pāhawewe mahele lāʻau, a me nā hanana o ka maʻi 'aʻai.

transuranic oihana mua

Ka mea nui wale metala, e kū ana ma hope o uranium i loko o ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika papaʻaina i ka poe i i ua wehe nei. Just ma 2004, o ka malamalama, hele mai kumu e hookupaa aku ana i ka hanau ana o ka malamalama hehee ai 115 o ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika nenoaiu.

Ka mea, lilo iho la i ka loa radioactive metala, mai nā mea a pau iʻikeʻia a hiki i ka lā - Ununpentium (uup). Kona waiwai ka mea, i? Anoee hiki i keia manawa, no ka mea, o ka hapa-ola o ka 0,032 kekona! E noonoo, a kuhikuhi i nā mea kiko'ī o ke 'ole, a ua oi loa ma lalo o na ana ia mea wale ole.

Eia naʻe, kona radioactivity mea i na manawa he oi aku ia mamua o ka huahelu ma ka lua o ka waiwai hehee ai - plutonium. Eia naʻe, hoʻohana 'ia ma ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa Ununpentium, a me ka "' ūlōlohi" kona mau hoa i loko o ka papaʻaina - uranium, plutonium, neptunium, polonium a me ka 'ē aʻe.

Kekahi hehee ai - unbibium - theoretically nei, akā, no ka ho'āʻo ia kokokeʻepekema, mai kekahi aina e hiki ole mai 1974. Ka hope hoao i loko o 2005, akā, i i hoopaaia ma ka mau ahaolelo chemists.

thorium

Ua Ua wehe i loko o ka XIX kenekulia e Berzelius, a kapaʻia ma hope o ka Norse akua Thor. Ua weakly radioactive metala. Kēia hiʻona i elima o kona 11-isotopes.

I ka papa kuhikuhiE palapala noi i loko o nukelea mana ua i ka nānā 'ana ma luna o ka hana, e hoʻokuʻu akula nui dala o ka wela i ka ikehu i ka palaho. Ka hiʻona i ka thorium nucleus hiki ke hoʻopio aku i neutrons, a hoohuliia mai i loko o uranium-238 a me plutonium-239, a ua hiki mai 'ana, a me ka nukelea reactions. No laila, i ka thorium hiki e wahi ana i ka pae ana o ke hooheheeia ma lalo o noonoo.

polonium

Silvery keʻokeʻo radioactive metala ma lalo o ka helu 84 ma ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika nenoaiu. Ua Ua weheʻia e ka ua ardent explorers o radioactivity a me na mea a pau e pili ana me ia, me kāna wahine a me Maria Pierre Curie i ka 1898. Ke kumu nui hiʻona o keia waiwai o ia ka mea i koe o ka 'elele e pili ana i 138,5 lā. Oia hoi, keia mea i ka hapalua-ola o ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia.

Ma ke ano maoli, i loaʻa i loko o ka haku mele 'ana o ka uranium, a' ē aʻe i eliia. Ua Ua hoʻohana 'ia me ka ikehu kumu, a me ka pono ikaika. He He KUMUMANAʻO NUI metala i hoʻohana 'ia no ka hana o ka nukelea mea kaua. Ka helu mea pololei i kaupalena 'a me ka mea ma lalo o ka mana o kēlā me kēia moku'āina.

I hoʻohana 'ia e ionize i ka lewa, hoʻopau kūpaʻa uila i loko o ka lumi, ma o ka hana o ka makahiki heaters a me ka' ē aʻe like 'ikamu.

Ka hopena ma luna o ke kanaka kino

All radioactive ke hooheheeia i ke hiki e komo iloko o ke kanaka ili, a loaa i loko o ke kino. Ka mea, i loa poorly excreted ma ka wao huahana, mai hōʻike i ka hou.

Me ka manawa e hoomaka ana e iho mailoko o ka ÷ naehana hanu, circulatory, ko mākou hopohopo nenoaiu, ma o na la irreversible hou i loko o ia mau mea. Kanawai ma keena, ma o na la ia e i kuleana pili i pono. Ka hopena o ke kahua o malignant hikoko, Ka maʻi 'aʻai e ala mai oe.

No laila, kēlā radioactive metala - he pilikia nui i kānaka, o ka oi aku ina ke kamailio ana ia mau mea i loko o ke gula palapala. Mai hoopa aku ia mau mea me ka hanau lima, a noho i loko o ka lumi me ia me kūikawā hoomalu.