Russian kinoea pipelines: palapala a me nńnń. Kinoea pipelines mai Rusia a hiki i Europa

Pipeline amo i nā neʻeʻana mai o ka nui waiwai e like me ka aila a me ka maoli kinoea. Lūkini pipelines i oi ma mua o ka hapalua o ka kenekulia mōʻaukala. hoomaka ae la e kukulu a me ka hooulu ana o ka aila nā mahinaʻai o ka Baku, a Grozny. I kēia mau lā o ka palapala 'Lūkini kinoea i aneane 50 tausani. Km o ke kumu pipelines, a EII ni i ka hapanui o Lūkini aila.

I ka moolelo o Lūkini kinoea

Pipeline kinoea amo i loko o Rusia, hoomaka ae la e hoʻomōhala 'Imi i ka makahiki 1950, a i pili i ka hooulu ana o ka hou hoʻokomo kālā a me ke kukulu ana i ka aila refinery ma Baku. Kela manawa, ma ka makahiki 2008, i ka helu ana o kaʻi aku kaʻaila a me kaʻaila kā nā huahana hiki 488 miliona. Tona. Ke hoʻohālikelike a me 2000, he mahuahua o 53%.

Makahiki Russian kinoea pipelines (ka noaia ua hōʻano hou 'ia a me ka Hōʻike' laina a pau) e ulu ana. Inā ma ka makahiki 2000, i ke paipu lōʻihi o ka pipeline ka 61 tausani. Km i ka 2008 ano nui i 63 tausani. Km. I ka 2012, me ka nui loa hoʻonui i ka papa kuhikuhiE kinoea pipelines Rusia. Map ua hōʻike a puni 250 tausani. Km o ka pipeline. , Of mau, 175 tausani ei o ke kinoea pipeline lōʻihi ua 55 e Iesu ke Km -, ka lōʻihi o ka pipeline, 20 e Iesu ke Km -, ka lōʻihi o ka aila pipeline.

Russian kinoea pipeline kekahi kaʻao ka

Ka pipeline - he pipeline kekahi kaʻao ka 'enekinia, e kukulu, a ua hoʻohana' ia no ka amo ana o methane, a kūlohelohe kinoea. Ke kinoea lako ua lawe mai ma ka mea o ka oi puʻe.

I kēia lā ia mea paakiki i ka manaoio i ka Russian Hui (a ianoiyuaa a ka nui mea hoʻolilo o "uliuli wahie") ka initially e kaukaʻi ma maka mea kūʻai wale aku no. I ka 1835 ma St. Petersburg, i ka mua o na mea kanu no ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o "uliuli i wahie" i ka puʻunaue'ōnaehana, mai ke kula, a hiki i ka consumer i ua weheia. Ma keia mea kanu extract kinoea mai ka haole lanahu. 30 makahiki ma hope, he like kanu i kukuluia ma Moscow.

Aie i ka mea kiʻekiʻe lilo o ke kūkulu o ke kinoea na ohe a me ka waiwai, heʻiʻo maka mea mua Lūkini pipelines he uuku ma ka nui. Hookiokio aku i nui anawaena (1220 a me ka 1420 mm) a me ka slowness kiʻekiʻe. Me ka hooulu ana i ke kula o ka 'ike loea hou a maoli kinoea make a me kona? Iecaianoaaiiuo nui "uliuli muliwai" i loko o Rusia, hoomaka ae la e mahuahua hikiwawe loa.

Ka nui loa Lūkini kinoea pipelines

"Gazprom" - i ka nui Aʻole o "kinoea artery" i loko o Rusia. I ka papa kuhikuhiE 'ano o nā hui e:

• 'ā inaʻimi loa i ka lewa,? iecaianoaaiiie, ka halihali, pūnaewele, aaioee;
• ? iecaianoaaiiuo a me ka kuai o ka wela a me ka uila.

I ka manawa, eia na pipelines:

1. "Blue Stream".
2. "Holomua".
3. "Union".
4. "Nord Stream".
5. "Yamal-ʻEulopa".
6. "Urengoi-Uzhgorod Pomar".
7. "Sakhalin-Khabarovsk-Vladivostok".

Mai ka hooulu ana o ka aila a me ka petrochemical spheres o ka hoihoi nui nā kānaka hoʻopukapuka kālā, nā kānakaʻenehana 'Imi hoʻomōhala, a kūkulu i nā hou nui kinoea pipelines Rusia.

Lūkini aila pipelines

Ka pipeline - he pipeline kekahi kaʻao ka 'enekinia, e kukulu, a ua hoʻohana' ia e lawe aku kaʻaila, mai ka? Iecaianoaaiiie paena i ka consumer. Aia he mau ke ano o na ohe: ka papa a me ka kahua.

Ua nui loa ka aila pipeline:

1. "Peace" - kekahi o ka nui o? Ooia o ka Russian aupuni a pau. I kēia mau lā ka iecaianoaaiiuo naʻe ia 66,5 miliona. Tona no ka makahiki. Iwi kuamoo kŰlń ao mai Samara ma Bryansk. Ma ke kulanakauhale o Mozyr "Druzhba" ua maheleia i mau pauku:

• hema kuamoʻo - hele ma Ukraine, Croatia, Hungary, Solowakia, ka Lepupalika Czech;
• Northern alahao - ma Hawaii, Latvia, Poland, Belarus a me Lithuania.

1. Baltic pipeline'ōnaehana - he ano o ka pipelines e hoʻohuiʻia o ka wahi o ka aila? Iecaianoaaiiuo mai ka seaport. I ka mana o ia i ka laina o 74 miliona. Na tona o ka aila no ka makahiki.
2. Ka Baltic Pipeline System-2 - o ka'ōnaehana e loulou iho ai ka "Druzhba" pipeline i Lūkini na awa ma ka Baltic kai. Naʻe ia 30 mln. Tona no ka makahiki.
3. Hawaiian aila pipeline hoʻohuiʻia o ka wahi o ka iecaianoaaiiuo ma hikina a me Western Siberia me ka US, a hawaiian wahi kanaka. I ka mana o ka aila ihoiho 58 miliona. Tona no ka makahiki.
4. Caspian Pipeline Clarita - he nui kūwaho hoʻi pāhana me ke komo 'ana o ka nui aila poe, hanaia no ke kūkulu a me ka hana ana o ka paipu lōʻihi o 1.5 tausani ei .. E hana ana nona iho, he 28,2 miliona. Tona no ka makahiki.

Kinoea pipelines mai Rusia a hiki i Europa

Rusia i Europa ke haawi kinoea i loko o ekolu aoao: ma ka Ukrainian kinoea amo'ōnaehana, e like me ma ka pipeline "Nord Stream" a me "Yamal-ʻEulopa". Ma ia hihia, ina Ukraine hope hooki alu like 'ana i loko o ka Russian Hui, i ke kokuaia mai e "uliuli wahie" i Europa, e e lawe mai nō kinoea pipelines Rusia.

Noaia pūnawele o methane ma 'Eulopa pono, e like me nā kinolau:

1. "Nord Stream" - he maoli kinoea pipeline e hoʻohuiʻia Rusia a me Kelemania, ma lalo o ka Baltic kai. Ke pipeline bypasses maalo aina: Belarus, Poland, a me ka Baltic'āina. "Nord Stream" Ua ua i loko o hoʻohana kŘpa nei - i ka 2011.
2. "Yamal-Europe" - He kinoea pipeline lōʻihi o elua tausani oi ma mua o kilomika o nāʻohe hele ana oukou ma ka mokuna o Rusia, Belarus, Kelemania, a Poland.
3. "Blue Stream" - kinoea pipeline hoʻohuiʻia ka Russian Hui a me Tureke ma lalo o ka Black Sea. Kona lōʻihi Ua like ia 1213 ei. Ke manao naʻe ia 16 ieeeea?. Cubic mika no ka makahiki.
4. "Hawaiian kahawai" - o ka ohe ua puunaueia i ka'āina a me ka moana mau mea. Malina pauku holo ma lalo o ka Black Sea, a hoʻohuiʻia ka Lūkini Hui, Tureke, Pulakalia. Ka lōʻihi He 930 ei. Land kuka ae ma ka mokuna o Serbia, Pulakalia, Hungary, Italy, Slovenia.

"Gazprom" i oleloia e ke kumu kuai o ka kinoea i Europe ma 8-14% e hoalaia mai i ka 2017, e. aku nei au Lūkini nā kānaka kālailai i ka buke o shipments keia makahiki, e e oi ma mua o ka 2016. Loaa kinoea monopoly o Rusia i ulu ma 34,2 ieeeea?. Dala i ka 2017.

Russian kinoea pipelines: hoouku noaia

kokoke'āina, a Rusia e pau ai kinoea nā:

1. Ukraine (kuai sostavlyaet14,5 ieeeea? Cu. M.).
2. Belarus (19.6).
3. Aneea oneiaey (5.1).
4. Moldova (2.8).
5. Lithuania (2.5).
6. 'Ararata (1.8).
7. Latvia (1).
8. Estonia (0.4).
9. Georgia (0.3).
10. South Ossetia (0.02).

Mawaena o ka Moscow aina ka Lūkini kinoea i:

1. Germany (shipments o 40,3 ieeeea? Cu. M.).
2. Tureke (27.3).
3. Italy (21.7).
4. Poland (9.1).
5. United Kingdom (15.5).
6. Czech Lepupalika (0.8), a me kekahi poe e ae.

Kokuaia mai e ke kinoea i Ukraine

Ma December 2013, "Gazprom" a me ka "Naftogaz" kakauinoa i addendum i ka aelike. Ka palapala ua loaʻa he hou "uku ho'ēmi" kumukuai, he kolu emi o koi 'ia ma o ka aelike. Ke Kuikahi komo i loko o ka ikaika ma luna o January 1, 2014, a me ka pono e hana hou i na malama ekolu. No ka mea, o ka aie, no ka kinoea "Gazprom" Ua hōʻoki aku i ka uku ho'ēmi ma April 2014, a mai Aperila 1, i ke kumu kūʻai ala, i hiki i $ 500 no tausani. Cubic mika (he discounted ana ua like no 268.5 dala o ka tausani. Cubic mau mika).

Na? Ieoaeunoaa o ke kinoea pipelines i loko o Rusia

Map o Russian kinoea pipelines ma lalo o? Acaeoey kikowaena elima pauku. 'Aʻole i hoʻokō i ka papahana "South Stream" ma waena o Anapa a me Pulakalia, kūkulu "Hawaiian" - He kinoea pipeline ma waena o Siberia a me Western China. pono kekahi Caspian kinoea pipeline, a e hoopakele maoli kinoea mai ka Caspian kai, ma ka lōʻihi manawa ma ka mokuna o Rusia, Turkmenistan a me aneea oneiaey. No ka lako mai Yakutia i loko o ka Asia-Pākīpika māhele 'āina, ua kūkulu kekahi laina - "Yakutia-Khabarovsk-Vladivostok".