Russian nō o ka 20th kenekulia a me kona? Ueony

"Pure" nō, e hea ae ana i nā loina mai i hilinaʻi ma ka lawelawe a me ka mōʻaukala nīnūnē a me nā mea kū i, - ka mea pono, akā, unreal kŰia.

He mea hiki ole i ka hana ma ke kaʻawale mai ka maʻamau o ke ola, i ka uku nānā i nā manaʻo maʻamau ma ke kaiāulu - nā olelo a me ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa. Russian 20th kenekulia nō ua loli ana e loli i loko o ka nohona oihana o ka ikaika, i ike ole ai i kekahi'ē aʻe aupuni.

Ka hoʻomaka o ke kenekulia, me ka huli 'ana no ka hou nā manaʻo

100 makahiki o ka XX kenekulia no ka pau o ka noho maikai ana, he i ke au o ke ano kūkaʻi 'upheaval. Ma ka pau ana o ka XX kenekuliaʻanoʻenehana holomua'uī manawa a me ka lewa no ka mea a pau Honua, kaiapili kāna hana e lawelawe i loko o ka kaupalena māhele'āina escalated e puu hua palaoa planetary pālākiō. Moʻomeheu a me ke akamai o ka 20th kenekulia Rusia, e like me nā mea a pau lehulehu haʻawina i loko o Europa a me Amerika, ua he? Aiaiiuie IeIIeYOA i nā hananaʻano nui i loko o kāu mau mōʻaukala.

Magic helu e hoike ana i ke kumu o ka hou ke kenekulia, mau paha ke kanalua ana o ka loli, manaolana no ka Hekikai o ka hou, hauʻoli manawa. ʻO kaʻumikumamāiwa ke kenekulia, nana i hana ke ao nei-ākea kaulana i Lūkini moʻomeheu, uhukiia i loko o ka hala, e waiho i ke ku una i hiki ole nalo i ka pō.

"World o Art" - ka ai-kapa 'ē aʻe o ka Artists i waho i ka 1898, a mau ae la ia me ka haʻahaʻa a hiki i 1924, me ka a he mea hiki ole ke manao wale nō i loko o ka hapaha mua o ka 20th kenekulia i loko o Rusia. Ka "miriskusstnikov" i ole i kekahi, i ka huina o ua loaʻa kaila - pena, Kimia Artists, sculptors hele aku la i ko lakou mau aoao, a me ka 'ae' ana o ka manao ma ka mea o ke akamai a me kona kūlana ma ke kaiāulu. He nui hiʻona o keia manao hōʻike ano akamai Mihaila Vrubelya. Kūlana kāna mau 'ōlelo hookumuia'na mai o ka' ona, he L. S. Bakst, M. Dobuzhinsky, E. E. Lansere, AP Ostroumova-Lebedev, K. A. Somov. I kekahi mau manawa, ka mea i hele ma ka Bilibin, A. Ya. Golovin, I. E. Grabar, KA Korovin, BM Kustodiev, N. K. Rerih, V. A. Serov a me nā haku.

I mai la lakou a pau ike i ka supremacy o professionalism i loko o ke akamai, he nui hapa o makakū ku okoa ana a me ka Kuokoa o ka artist mai o ka lehulehu dogmas,ʻaʻole e hoole ana i ka waiwai o ke akamai i loko o kanaka ola,'ōlelo ikaika aku ana i ka me kēia rigidity ma ka kekahi lima, a me ka excessive politicization o ka pena i ka poʻeʻaeʻa ma - ma ka 'ē aʻe. Nema aku kākoʻo o na mooolelo o ka "World o Art" hiki ole pono i loko o ka kokololio kaʻina hana o ka hanau ana o ka "proletarian" oe, akā, ua loaʻa iā ia he nui hopena ma luna o nā mea a pau i ka nani kilokilo 20th kenekulia Rusia - a me ka poe hana ma ka Soviet Union, a me ka poe i loko o emigration.

kēia

Ka hope makahiki o ka umikumamaiwa kenekulia he i ka manawa o ka hanau ana o ka hou kaila i haʻalele i ka hoailona ma na hana o ka haku o ka palaoa oe a me ka kuhikuhipuʻuone. Ua loaʻa iā ia kona mau 'ano i loko o kekahi mau wahi o' Eulopa, kahi ana i kapa okoa ahiahi. I Pelekiuma a me Palani, apo la i ka inoa "Art Nouveau" ma Germany - "Art Nouveau" i loko o Austria - "Secession". E ike o nā inoa pili me ka Artists loa kaulana o kēia kaila a ua kūpaʻa mau paka like LIKE lako, Jewelry a me nā huahana: mika musha, Guimard kaila - ma Farani, Liberty ma Italy, i loko o ka United States - Uʻilani Style, etc. Art o Rusia .. 20th kenekulia kuhikuhipuʻuone i ka nui, ike aku la ia ia me he modernist kaila.

Art Nouveau lilo ma hope o ka wā lōʻihi o ke stagnation o ke kaila kekahi o ka loa expressive a visually noʻeau LIKE i shape. Kona ano kanu,'ōlohelohe ano o ka paʻa kūhohonu loa hoanmike laina hui me ka poe noonoo ole geometric ano a me expressive o Laielohelohe nui dala o ka freshness a me ka originality o Artists a me nā kānaka kuhikuhipuʻuone.

Fodor Osipovich Shehtel (1859-1926) - Russian hoku o kēia kuhikuhipuʻuone. ua haawi mai kona tālena na kāna moʻoleloʻano nui cosmopolitan kaila masterpieces Shechtel - Yaroslavsky Station, Ryabushinsky hale - keia hanaia mea Lūkini kanaka kuhikuhi puʻuʻone, a me ka nui, a ma nā lāliʻi.

Mālama '-hoʻokahuli aupuni vanguard

i ke kaʻina hana o ka loaa hou ano o ke akamai, a me ka oi - kona hou mea - ua nui no na mea akamai ma Europa a me Amerika. Russian nō o ka 20th kenekulia he kekahi maoli hoʻokahuli aupuni manawa, i ka wa o ka hana ana o kekahi mau reformers kuhikuhi i hou kuhikuhi o? Acaeoey o noʻeau manaʻo. Kekahi o ka loa a me ka luku ana kilakila i ka waena o-hoʻokahuli aupuni 'alemanaka mai ka 1905 a hiki i 1917. Hiʻona o ka avant-gardeʻoe i loko o Rusia i ke kumu ma ka ulia Lūkini lehulehu ola ma hope o ka pōʻino o ka Lūkini-Japanese War, a me kaʻOiʻenehana o 1905.

Ala ae la i keia manawa he nui avant-garde neʻe a me ka makakū kaiāulu i like kumu a me ka hoʻomakaʻia like pahu hopu o noʻeau huli 'ana. Ua i ole mana ma luna o ka walaʻauʻana akamai o ka 20th kenekulia i loko o ka Lūkini Futurists a me Cubo-Futurists, "Jack o Diamonds" a me ka "Blue Rose", Kandinsky a me Malevich ka Suprematism naʻano likeʻole e kali ana no ka hou lani a, kaheaia na kahiko nō o ka ulia, ua lilo mākou i hoʻopā aku me ka ike maopopo, mua i ka Hekikai o global turmoil .

I waena o nā manaʻo hou hanau avant-garde, ua i ka manaʻo o ka hoʻololi kemikala o na kilokilo ana. Hana keaka nō o ka 20th kenekulia Rusia iloko ona i kakauia na kēia mau 'aoʻao like kaulana hula - ka manifesto o ka hou nō "A ia la aku Over ka Sun" (1913). Ka mea, ua i ka hopena o ka hoʻomaopopo like 'ana' futurist haku mele o A. hoʻoluli, M. Matyushina, Khlebnikov a me ka mea hoʻonani hana Kazimir Malevich.

Hoolako mai i kou manaopaa no o 20th kenekulia Lūkini Artists Konchalovsky, Kuzma Petrov-Vodkin, Mashkov, Goncharova, Marc Chagall lilo nā kākau o ka pena i i loaa lahui iaia. Ua hoomaka keia iaia i loko o umi makahiki o ka XX kenekulia, i loko o ke au mai o ka hanau ana o ke avant-garde pena o nā mōʻaukala.

Ho okumu ana o Soviet nō

Ma hope o ka OkatobaʻOiʻenehana, Rusia i ka manawa, e wehe i hou lipolipo a pau loa ma ke ao nei i loko o ke ola lehulehu, a me na kilokilo ana. A me na rula i ua hana i ka hoʻomaka, ka wā immeasurably māhuahua i ka waiwai o na ia i ka manawaleʻa kanaka, hele mai la i ka mua nā mīkini uila o hou manaʻo makakū.

Pehea Hawaii ana o ka mōʻaukala o ke akamai? Ke 20th kenekulia, Rusia, kupikipikio twenties - Ua unprecedentedly kaila noʻeau ola o na mea he nui nō nā pūʻulu, i waena o i mea:

- UNOVIS - "affirmative hou nō" (Malevich, Chagall, Lissitzky, Leporskaya, Sterligov). Hookumu ma ke kumu o ke kula no oe i loko o Vitebsk, kēia hui ua he apologist no ka mea noʻeau avant-garde, ua kaumaha aku e nana i hou Halaman a me ka ano o ke akamai.

- "Lau Arts" - no ma ka laina me ka "World o Art" ka papa kuhikuhiE mea -, alahula expressive Loaʻaʻia o ka kuhikuhipuʻuone, kiʻi kaula, unuhi aku la ia a me ka pena i ka hōʻike. E hai i ka pono no ka poʻokela, a makakū ku okoa ana. Ke koʻikoʻi loa, ka poeikohoia o ka kanaka kuhikuhi puʻuʻone A. V. Schusev, ka hoʻopaʻa 'V. A. Favorsky, sculptor V. I. Muhina, pena Kuzma Petrov-Vodkin, AP Ostroumova-Lebedev a me na mea e ae.

- "OST", "Society o Easel Artists". Ua Ua noʻonoʻo pono i ke kumu nui hōʻike hoailona o ka hoouka kaua ana o ka maluhia ke ola hou, i ka hana o ke kēia uʻi aina ma ka mea o ka holomua expressive, akā hemahema hoi a me ka mōakāka kaila. Nā alakaʻi: J. Sternberg, A. Deineka, Yu Pimenov, P. Williams.

- "E kahalina o Artists" (Leningrad). Ma hope o ka oihana, e loaa hou ana, i ke kūpono 'ana o "ke au o ke kaila." Hana lālā o ka pūʻulu: A. Samohvalov, Pakhomov, VA Pakulin.

- AHRR - "Ka Hui o Artists o hoʻokahuli aupuni Rusia" - o ka hoao ana e lilo i ke kumu no ka a laila i hana mai i ka Union o Artists o ka USSR,ʻeleu alakaʻi mele laina o ka ideological alakaʻi o ka noʻeau kaʻina, i kahi mea paahana o ka aoao propaganda, i ka poe hooilina o ka poe aea. Mākou e kū ana ma ke poo o I. Brodsky, A. M. Gerasimov, MB Grekov, B. V. Ioganson.

constructionism

Ma na papa hana o ka loa 'ihiʻihi hoʻonaʻauao kulanui i nā kānaka kuhikuhipuʻuone lńkou mau makana nana i ke kumuhana "Lūkini Constructivism - ka kuhikuhipuʻuone avant-garde 20-ies". O ka nui ka mea i ai i ka naʻauao o ke akamai o ka hale, loa pili no kekahi lōʻihi o ka manawa i nā manaʻo enunciated e na luna o ka olelo. Ke koena hale o Konstantin Melnikov (hale kanaka kuhikuhi puʻuʻone Krivoarbatsky Lane laau palau Rusakova ma Stromynka, Novo-Ryazanskaya Street aoeaiia caaiea, etc.), ka Vesnin hoahānau, Moiseya Ginzburga (Narkomfin ma Novinsky Boulevard) a me nā hoku Lūkini kuhikuhipuʻuone hana o - ke gula waihona kālā o ke aupuni kuhikuhipuʻuone.

Functionalism, ae ho'āʻo ana hoʻokali kūpono 'embellishment, na aesthetics o ka hale' ole, i ke aloha hanaia ma ka papa - kēia mau manaʻo i ke kumu o ka hou ho'āʻo posed i ui nā kānaka kuhikuhipuʻuone, Artists a me 'Oihana o ka wahi i liloʻike me hanalima manao. Ka mea, i ke kūkulu nuipa hale no ka mea hou kulanakauhale, hana 'na newa, e hoʻoikaika i ko lākou mau personalities, e hana i mea no ka hana a me ka koena o ke kanaka hou. Kupaianaha e piʻi like o ka avant-garde o na twenties hiki ole ke piliwaiwai ma ke akamai o Rusia ke aʻo 'ana mai o ka 20th kenekulia. Kuhikuhipuʻuone ma Europa a me Amerika a pau mahope manawa ua pili kēia ma muli o ia mau mea. Ua mea kaumaha ia mau mea e holumua ai nā manaʻo, he liʻiliʻi loa i loko o koi ma ka hale, a me ka piʻi like nui o Soviet kuhikuhipuʻuone ua hoʻomano manaʻo me "Stalin mau aupuni a pau".

Art i loko o ke ana nou o totalitarianism

I ka 1932, i ka hooholo ana o ke Komite Central o ka CPSU (b) ma luna o ka hana ana o ke akamai pūʻulu. ʻIno au mai o kekahi mau LIKE a me nāʻaoʻao ma luna o ka hana i ka mana o ka moku'āina hana hoi malalo o ko ka ideological i hoʻomākaukauʻia, a hooikaika aku la i poho mana. No ka nui makahiki, Lūkini nō o ka 20th kenekulia, e like me ka nui i loko o ke ola o ka aina, ua lilo ia i mea e kaukaʻi ma ka manao o ke kanaka hoʻokahi - Iosifa Stalina.

ua lilo Creative uniona kālepa i ka mea o ka subordination o noʻeau manaʻo hookahi ideological hae. Ke au o ka Socialist realism ma ka pena. Ua, i kekahi haiahū kūmau, mai ka kūhelu mämä i criminalized, kuee la e hele mai ma lalo o maoli repression. E hāʻiliʻili aku o deviating mai ka 'aoʻao laina i ke ano o ka hoʻoponopono' ana 'o kēia hui kūkā. Ke progressiveness o keia ka loa kanalua. Pehea e hoʻoikaika i, no ka mea he nui, Lūkini me ka hana keaka o ka 20th kenekulia, ināʻaʻole hāʻule luahi i ka repression nui reformer ke kahua Vsevolod Meyerhold?

Ke ano o ka noʻeau talena mea eiiieaena a me ka inexplicable. Images o nā luna i i'oe me ke akamai nui a me ka oiaio aloha. 'Aʻole i ka loa brutal repression hiki ole ole i ka muli o ka io loea Artists, no ka mea o ka papa kuhikuhiE mea ua pakiko-' aoʻao o ka nānā 'ana i ka ideological? Aieao.

Ma kuhikuhipuʻuone, ia ka manawa e "Stalin mau aupuni a pau". I ka huli 'ana no ka avant-garde i UAIAaIN e kekahi hoʻi i ka ai canons. Ka mana o Communist ideology embodies nui specimens hoʻokō 'neoclassicism - Stalinist "skyscrapers".

Art wartime

Ma ka moʻolelo o ko mākou'āina mākou i ka manawa, lilo ae la ka nui pōʻino, a me ka launa mua ana o ka ulu ana ka uhane. Rusia 20-21 kenekulia oe i i kekahi o na kumu nui kumuhana apau loa, e leie aku iā mākou i ka hoike i ka nui o ka Lūkini na ano, o ka hohonu o ka ko e hiki haku i ke kanaka, a me ka nunui nā paʻi hua iloko o ka mōʻaukala upheavals.

The Great Patriotic War, mai ke kakahiaka nui lā i loaʻa olelo ma ka pilikia makapō kiʻi o kamahaʻo mana. I. Toidze pelaha "ka Motherland kāhea aku a ke!" Hoala mai ai, e hoomalu aku i ka aina maikai ma mua o kekahi o na luna, a me ka "Pale Kaua o Sevastopol" Deineki hoʻolele hauli kekahi, ka nānā 'ana i nā manaʻo i kona mahele. Just kilakila hiku Symphony Dmitriya Shostakovicha, a me ka wahine nō o ka 20th kenekulia Rusia mea i emi ma mua o nā 'ano o ka hana makakū uku i ka waiwai auhau i ka theme like ana o ke kaua e kū'ē i fascism.

thaw

Ma hope o ka lanakila nui na kēia mau mana mōʻaukala ololi o ka ole ma lehulehu ke ola i loko o ka USSR i ka make ana o Stalin (March 1953), a me ka XX Ahaolelo Lahui o ka CPSU, nana ia i hoalaʻe i ke kahe o kaʻilikai i ka cult o ke kanaka. I kekahi manawa no na Artists, i pono like no ka mea a pau ke kaiāulu, ka hanu o ke ku okoa ana o kaʻike hoʻokumu a me ka mea hou i ka manaʻo nui. Hanauna "Sixties" - ka kŰia loa kekahi, ka mea haʻalele i ka hoʻomanaʻoʻana o ia iho me he pōkole hanu o hou lewa, i pono ma mua o ka luʻu kai hoʻi i loko o ke piholo maila no ka makahiki ana, pena, na na lakou ola.

Ka mua ho okolohua ana o ka noʻeau avant-garde o ka "lua o ka nalu" - hana E.Belutin, Yu Sooster V. Yankylevsky, B. Zhutovsky etc. -. No ka exhibition hoolaa i ka 30th lā hoʻomanaʻo o ka Moscow lala o ka Union o Artists, i harshly hoohewaia iho la ka aina i ka hou alakaʻi H . Khrushchev. hoomaka Party hou e wehewehe ana i na kanaka i ke ano o ke akamai ia mea pono, a me ka 'o Puʻohala - pehea e kākauʻana.

Kuhikuhipuʻuone i kauoha e kaua aku i nā excesses o ia mea oiaio no i ka aneiai hihia o ka postwar wā, ka mea, ua manawa no ka nuipa a hale noho, ka "Khrushchev", a lawe akula ia i kekahi acuteness o ka hale noho pilikia, akā, me ka hoinoino maka o na kulanakauhale he nui.

Ka Art o "ke kino socialism"

Pili kēia Russian nō o ka lua o ka hapalua o ka 20th kenekulia He pili kēia i ka mōʻaukala o ka noʻeau kanaka e kue, a me ka Hoʻohaku ideology. Akā, i loko o ka lewa o ideological hooponopono kēlā me kēia'āpana o ka uhane la he nui Artists i loaʻa mau aoao, e iki hoololi ae i ka hoakaka ano o Socialist realism.

No laila, i loko o kēia hana no ka opiopio, he haku i ua hoʻokino lākou hilinaʻi a hiki i loko o nā twenties: N. Romadin, M. Saryan, A. papa a me na mea e ae. Ke kiʻi o ka lālā mua o ke akamai 'ē aʻe "OST" ma Yuri Pimenov "Wedding ma ka lāʻapōpō Street", kākau i loko o 1962, lilo i ka hōʻailona o ka manaolana a hiki i ka IeAIIeXIAaIEN kaiāulu.

Kekahi ma ko kŰia i loko o ka Soviet nō o ia manawa i ka hanaia'na o ka "loa kaila". Ma keia manawa kēia e hana G. Corjova, P. Ossovsky nā hoahānau Smolin, P. Nikonov listen AL. I kā lākou pena, kākau i loko o kekahi Huli i (wahi lulu, Home Land), ua he meʻe ka poe i ole e pono aiʻaoʻao, i'ō i maopopo a me ka pono mea. He Ua kākauʻia me ka hoʻokali kūpono 'lāliʻi a me coloristic mea nani, succinctly a eloquently.

O ka pau nui o ka hana ana o ka haku me Victor Popkov. Kanawai kani ana o kona mau pena he pohihihi no Soviet nō, he pono ole humanistic, kokoke e haipule memo, a me ka pena kaila i kona aʻa: ka Italia pakebona.

recusancy

Official domination "Socialist realism" i loaʻa ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa Artists lākou i hele ai a hiki i ka Mea Nānā, a no e akoakoa ai i ka emigration. Hema Shemyakin, I. Kabakov, Rabin, E. ike ole ia, a he nui na mea e ae. O lakou na Artists o ka 20th kenekulia Rusia, i mea o ka lawe ana o ka uhane cia, hanau o ke kakahiaka nui iwakālua kenekulia avant-garde, a hoʻi akula i kā lākou'āina ma hope o ka'opi o Communist ideology.

A i ka manawa o kona dominance Ua ikea mai maloko emigration, spawned he kaulana motif o ka he hehena lā,ʻona artist noho o ka noʻonoʻo 'Ho' Oponopono, hoomaau ia e na luna, a me ka alakaʻi o makakū uniona kālepa, akā, hoomaikai kuaiia ma kuokoa palena poe akamai. A typical lawe ana o keia ala ua Zverev - He kaʻao aka no Moscow au mai o ke kino socialism.

Polystylistics a me pluralism

Kuuia mai ka dictates o ka moku'āina o ka Soviet wā, na akamai uku o ka 20th kenekulia i loko o Rusia i komo i loko o ka global kaʻina hana like ia mea he inseparable hapa, e halihali i ka pono me ia i ka waiwai a me ke au. He nui ano o oe, maʻa i ka West no ka lōʻihi manawa, i koke ke kahu moku, a kūloko Artists. .. ka hua'ōlelo "hana", "wikiō mea hoʻonoho", etc. Ua lilo commonplace i loko o kā mākou'ōlelo, a iwaena o ka loa nui Contemporary Artists me ka lahui kaulana - Artists diametrical manao maʻaoʻao: Zurab Tsereteli, Shilov, T. Nazarenko , M. Kishev A. Burganov, a he nui na mea e ae.

Kalaʻihi, unpredictable nā mōʻaukala o ka'āina, ka mea i ono ia o ka Honua ka aina, e nana ana i loko o kou aniani - Russian nō o ka 20th kenekulia - a ia i ka lewa i loko o nā tausani o ka poinaʻole kiʻi ...