Trotsky Lev Davidovich: Kawaihae, nā kaha puana'ī

August 21 Kahiamoe 75 makahiki mai ka lā i ka wa a Leon Trotsky i e kaua kīmopō. Ke Kawaihae o kēia kaulana hoʻokahuli aupuni mea pono i ike. Akā, ka mea e loli ai ke kēia 'ole ke': ia i lilo iʻenemi,ʻaʻole wale no ka poe i deservedly manaoia e e loan-revolutionaries - i ka poʻeʻenemi o ka Okatoba ʻOiʻenehana o 1917 makahiki, akā, no hoi no ka poe mea me ia, ia prepares a me nā mea lapaʻau. Eia naʻe,ʻo ia ia i lilo aku i Anati-Communist, a me ka ole paha i ka hou hoʻokahuli aupuni ideals (ma ka liʻiliʻi loa initially). He aha ka ke kumu no ia i oi wanaao ae me kona mau hui mokomoko, a ho'ōla alakai ai i kona make ana? E ka ho'āʻo pū he pane i keia ninau, e loaʻa. E hoʻomaka, ke haawi aku i ka maʻamau vitae.

Leon Trotsky: A pōkole Kawaihae

Iki kakau ia mea he paʻakikī, akā nō ho'āʻo. Born Lev Bronstein (Trotsky) November 7 (he luku coincidence o nā lā, ua pono, pehea hiki mākou i manaoio ma ka astrology?) I ka 1879 i loko o ka ohana o ka waiwai landowner Iudaio (a, e, i ka lessee) i loko o Ukraine, ma ka liʻiliʻi kauhale, i ka manawa i loko o ka Kirovograd māhele 'āina .

Study hoomaka ma Odessa, i ka makahiki o 9 makahiki (e hoailona oukou no ka i ole e hele mai hoʻi iā ia i ka lōʻihi manawa e mākou meʻe haʻalele i ka hale me ke keiki, a, aole loa), hoomau iho la oia ia i loko o 1895-1897. ma Nikolaev, mua i loko o ka maoli kula, alaila, ma ka Novorossiysk University, akā, koke ia i papani ai hoi i aʻo, a ua komo 'o loko o hoʻokahuli aupuni hana.

Ano, he umikumamawalu makahiki - ka mua lola honua kaiapili o ka umikumamaiwa o - ka mua hopu. Elua makahiki i loko o kekahi halepaahao ma ka remand, ka mare mua a me ka ia, me ia i manao Aleksandroy Sokolovskoy 'ana i loko o Butyrskaya (koho humanism Lūkini Aupuni!), A laila, i ka loulou ma ka Irkutsk mokuna me kana wahine, a me ka hoahānau-ma (humanism mea no loko o hana). Here Trotskiy Lev 'aʻole e lilo manawa ma ka lapuwale -ʻo ia a me A. Sokolov hanau mai na kaikamahine elua, oia ua komo i loko o journalism, pai ia ma Irkutsk nupepa, kekahi mau' atikala funneling wale aku no.

He aha penei mea he dizzying hele ana, a pakele aku me ka palapala forged i ka inoa o Trotsky (e like me ka hoike ana o Lva Davidovicha, ua i ka inoa o kekahi o na luna i loko o ka Odessa halepaahao, a me kona inoa ikea kanaka mahuka ai melodious i kona manao ia ia no ka hana ana i ka wahaheʻe palapala holo'āina'ē) i ka London.

Aia mākou meʻe mālama mai i ka loa hoʻomaka o ka lua o ka Party Ahaolelo Lahui (1902), i a ua ka mahae kaulana ma waena o ka Bolsheviks a me ka Mensheviks. Here ia i lilo ike me Lenin, i hoonani aku Trotsky ka palapala, ai 'tālena, a ho'āʻo e komo ia i loko o ka Hoʻoponopono papa o ka Nupepa "Iskra".

Ma mua o ka mea mua Lūkini kipi , Trotsky Lev i lolelua ka pili aupuni kulana, oscillating ma waena o ka Bolsheviks a me ka Mensheviks. Kēia manawa o ka lua o kona mare ana me Nataley Sedovoy, ia i manao, i hemo, mai ka wahine mua. Kēia mare ua nui loa, a me N. Sedova me ia, ua hiki i kona make ana.

1905 - ma ka unusually kokololio pili ala o ko mākou meʻe. Hiki ana ma ka pohā ma hope o Hekikai Sunday Petersburg, Lev Davidovich hoʻolālā i ka St. Petersburg Soviet, a lilo iho la ia i ka mua Hope kona Luna hoomalu, GS Nosar (Alia aniani - he loio, he Ukrainian, he kanaka maoli o Poltava, ka mea i pana aku la ia i ka 1918 ma ka pilikino olelo ao o Trotsky), a ma hope o kona hopu ia ana, a me ka luna hoomalu. A laila, ma ka pau ana o ka makahiki - ke hopu, ma 1906 - o ka Aha, a haawiia i loko o ka Polar māhele (o ka wahi o ka papa Salekhard) ka wa pau ole.

Akā, Trotskiy Lev makemake ole e iho ina ae, e kanu iho ola i loko o ka tundra. Ma ke ala a hiki i ka loulou oiaʻo ia i ka kāʻeʻaʻeʻa e pakele ai, a wale ala ma ka hapalua o Rusia wale aku no.

Kēia Ua ukali ma ka wā lōʻihi o ke pio a hiki i 1917. I loko o keia manawa, Lev Davidovich kaʻina kānāwai a me Ka Wailele O ka hailona o pili papahana, publishes mau nupepa, me ka dukima aoao o ka ho'āʻo e loaa i kekahi foothold i loko o ka hoʻokahuli aupuni neʻeʻana me kekahi o kona organizers. Ia, aole ia i laweʻaoʻao,ʻaʻole hoʻi Lenin, aole hoi me ka Mensheviks a pau i ka manawa loli aʻe ma waena o ia mau mea, maneuvering, imi e hoolaulea i ka feuding eheu o ka lawelawe aupuni a ka lehulehu. He ua desperately imi e lawe i alakaʻi kulana i loko o ka Lūkini hoʻokahuli aupuni neʻeʻana. Akā,ʻo ia i loaa ia oe, a me ka 1917 ia mea ma luna o ka margins o ke ola pili aupuni, e hiki aku ai i ka manaʻo o Trotsky e haʻaleleʻEulopa, a e ho'āʻo i kona pōmaikaʻi ma Amerika.

Eia ka mea, loaa ae nei i ka loa i hoihoi i hoike i ka likeʻole koʻikoʻi a hanohano, a me kālā, i ae la ia ia e hele mai i Rusia ma hope o ka FebruaryʻOiʻenehana, ma May 1917,ʻae nō hoʻi,ʻaʻole me ka nele maiʻekeʻeke. Mua noho luna hoʻomalu o ka Petrograd Soviet hoʻopaʻa iā ia i kekahi wahi i loko o ka hou reincarnation o ke kula, a me nā kālā uea e pahu aku ai i nā luna o ka hou 'Aha, a ma lalo o ke alakaʻiʻana o Trotsky e komo i loko o ka paio no ka mana a me ke Aupuni Kūikawā.

He e ho'ōla (i loko o Kepakemapa 1917), hui ka Bolsheviks, a ua i ka lua o ka kanaka i loko o ka Leninist aoao. Lenin, Leon Trotsky, Stalin, Zinoviev, Kamenev, Sokolnikov a me Bubnov - i na lala mua ehiku o ka Politburo, i i hoʻokumu i ka 1917, e kahu ai i ka BolshevikʻOiʻenehana. I ka Ia manawa ka mea, ua 20 September 1917, a ua i ka Luna hoomalu o ka Petrograd Soviet. ʻaneʻane o ka mea hiki hana ma ka hui ana o nā mea a pau i ka OkatobaʻOiʻenehana a me kona palekana i loko o ka mua pule o ka Soviet mana - i ka hana o Lva Trotskogo.

I 1917-1918. ia i malama aku i ka HoʻokahuliʻOiʻenehana, mua me Commissar People ka no ko na Aina e, a laila, e like me ka mea hoʻoheheʻe kālā a me ka luna o ka Red Army i loko o ka oihana o ko People ka Commissar no Koa a me mokukaua Affairs. Trotskiy Lev ua he kī huahelu i loko o ka lanakila o ka Bolsheviks i loko o ka Lūkini Kanawai War (1918-1923 GG.). He ua he lâlâ 'o ia o ka ia no hoi (1919-1926 GG.) Of ka Kalaiaina Buro o ka Bolshevik Party.

Ma hope iho o ka make ana o ka hema kue, a alakai ai i kaiʻewaʻewa paio ku e mai i ke ala hou ana o Iosifa Stalina, a me kona kūkulu 'ia i loko o ka 1920s nona ma ka ulu kūlana o ka bureaucracy i loko o ka Soviet Union kekahi, i wehe' Trotsky mai ka mana (October 1927), kipaku mai ka Communist Party (November 1927 ) a ua kipakuia mai ka Soviet Union (February 1929).

E like me ke poo o ka Apana International, Trotsky, ma ka hoʻokuewa wale 'ia aku nei i ka oukou pale ana i ka Stalinist bureaucracy i loko o ka Soviet Union. Ma Stalin mau kauoha, ka mea i make i loko o Mexico ma August 1940, Ramon Mercader, he Soviet Agena o Paniolo kumu.

Trotsky ka manaʻo lilo i kumu o Trotskyism, he kumu nui olelo o Marxist manao, i kū'ē i ka kumumanaʻo o Stalinism. He ua kekahi o na mau Soviet kālai'āina na kii i mea ole rehabilitated ma lalo o ke aupuni Nikity Hruscheva i loko o nā 1960s, ai 'ole ma o ka "Gorbachev ka" perestroika. Ma ka hopena o 1980s, kona mau puke i ua hookuu ia no ka puke ma ka Soviet Union.

Wale i kia-Soviet Rusia oia i rehabilitated a Leon Trotsky. Kona Kawaihae i ka noiʻi 'ana a me ka palapala ma ka helu o ka maikaʻi-ikeia moʻolelo, a me, no kekahi laʻana, Dmitry Volkogonov. ʻAʻole mākou e haʻi lākou ia ma ka au mamuli, a kālailai wale kekahi i koho palapala.

Nā kêia kanaka o ke kahua o keʻano i loko o kona wā kamaliʻi (1879-1895 biennium).

I mea e maopopo i nā kêia kanaka o ke kahua o ke kanaka o ko mākou meʻe, e pono e lawe i ka pilina nana i kahi Leon Trotsky i hanau. Ka mea, ua ka Ukrainian outback, prairie mahiʻai 'āpana, i mea ka ia a me ka malie. A me ka mea i hana ia Bronstein Iudaio ohana: makua, David L., ka mea hails mai Poltava, makuahine, Anna, mai Odessa, kā lākou mau keiki (1850-1910 biennium) (1847-1922 GG.).? Ua like me ka mea'ē aʻe bourgeois ohana i loko o ia mau wahi - hoʻolimalima i kapikala brutal ka hanaʻino o Ukrainian kauwa. Ma ka manawa o ka hanau ana o ko mākou meʻe o kona illiterate (e kaha ia oe iho i kēia mea!) Makua ola, ma ka mea, ua hoʻopuniʻia e nā malihini ma luna o kona ohana, a me ka mentality o ka poe waiwai mua i ka waiwai o kekahi mau haneri eka o ka aina, a me ka mahu wili kanaka. Ua kūlou hoʻi kēia ōlaʻi o nā limahana.

I a pau o keia ka nani a ka mea heluhelu i kekahi mea o ke ola ana o na kanu, na Boers ma South Africa, kahi wale kahi o kaʻeleʻele Kaffirs lāua mau Ukrainians? Eia ma keia lewa, a hana i ka ano o ka mea uukuʻauhau Bronshteyna. No makamaka, na¯ a paakiki keiki 'lealea a me ka naʻaupō, hoʻokahi manakā bourgeois i ka hale a me ka nana aku i luna o ka Ukrainian limahana. Ua mea, mai ke aa o kona wā kamaliʻi ulu ano o ka superiority ma luna o kekahi poe, i mea i ke kumu o kāna moʻolelo o Trotsky.

A e lilo ia ia, he hewa kupono i hope no kona makua kāne, akā, mea pōmaikaʻi, me kona makuwahine i he uuku ka hoʻonaʻauao aku i wahine (mai Odessa ma hope o nā mea a pau), manaʻo, i ka manawa i ua hiki o ka oi ma mua o kekahi 'ano straightforward ka hanaʻino o ka kua'āina hana i kana keiki, a Hoopaa loa ia oia i hoouna e hoʻopaʻa haʻawina ma Odessa (noho ma ka hale o ka poe hoahanau,). Aia ma lalo oe ke ike pehea ke keiki ua Leon Trotsky (Hawaii photo hōʻike).

ka meʻe hoʻomaka e hōʻike kanaka (1888-1895 biennium).

I Odessa, Ua heluʻia mākou meʻe i loko o ke kula oaoieei-ma luna o ka mea palena piha i ua anao? Aou no ka Iudaio keiki. laila Odessa ua he bustling cosmopolitan awa kulanakauhale, loa okoa mai ka typical Lūkini, a Ukrainian kulanakauhale o ka manawa. Ke pūkaʻina Film Sergeya Kolosova "Wāwahi" (mākou Meu e kiai ia ia kekahi hoihoi i loko o ka mōʻaukala o ka RussianʻOiʻenehana), aia no he loa kahi Lenin i ka 1902 ma London me holo aku, mai kona mau mua hoʻokuewa wale 'ia Trotsky a me ka hoihoi i loko o ka manaʻo i ka mea, ua i ke kapikala o ka UK. He wahi mea hou nā manaʻo ma mua o ka mea, i na Odessa ma hope o hele ia mai ke kua'āina backwater, ia mea wale ole i ka 'ike.

Leo aoiaʻi oe i ka uku, a pau na makahiki ma ka lalani ma ka lilo o ka mua haumāna ma ka papa. Ma ka memoirs o nā wā,ʻo ia mea akaka loa pīhoihoi kanaka, hooikaika no superiority puni distinguishes ia mai hoa haumāna. By adulthood Leo huli i loko o ka hale kalapu no ua kanaka opiopio la, ka mea i loko o ke alo o ka waiwai mākua i nā puka a pau i loko o kou ola ana e e hamama. Like Leon Trotsky ola ana ma (he Hawaii photo o ia i loko o ke au o ke ao ua hoomakaukau lalo)?

mua ke aloha

Trotsky Ua hoʻolalaʻo e hoʻopaʻa haʻawina ma ke Kulanui o Novorossiysk. No keia hopena, oia i hoolilo ia Nikolayev, kahi āna i pau i ka hope papa o ke kula kiʻekiʻe. He ua 17 kona mau makahiki, a ua ole no hoi manaʻo e pili ana i kekahi hoʻokahuli aupuni haʻawina. Akā, Eia naʻe, i ke keʻena mea nāna nā keiki kāne, he mau socialists, ka mea, ua huki kiʻekiʻe kula kiʻekiʻeai 'i loko o kona kaiapili, a discusses ka kela hoʻokahuli aupuni moʻokalaleo - mai ka populist a hiki i ka Marxist. Mawaena o na hoa o ka p ÷ ai ka mea ua a me A. Sokolovskaya, nei puka 'o ia mai ka midwifery papa ma Odessa. Like Trotsky no eono makahiki, oia ua i indelible manaʻo ma luna ona. Ka Nohona Pili e hōʻike aku i ka ike i ka mea o kona kuko ino, Leo loa komo i loko o këia hoʻokahuli aupuni theories. Ua Ua pâʻani 'o ia i ka liana a ma luna ona: e hoʻomaka ana i ka manawa,ʻo ia ua aole pohaku uinihepa, o keia oihana.

Hoʻokahuli aupuni haʻawina a me ka paa (1896-1900 biennium).

Apparently, anapu koke ihola ka opiopio pīhoihoi kanaka - no ka mea, 'o ka mea hookahi, i ka loa mea a au hiki i hoʻolaʻaʻia lā i kou ola e ke lawe mai i ke kuko i ka hanohano. Together me Sokolovskaya, Trotsky ua komo 'o loko o hoʻokahuli aupuni hana, pai leaflets,ʻo ka Social kemokalaka manaʻo pīhoihoi i waena o nā hana Nikolaev shipyards, i hoʻonohonoho' ia ka "South Lūkini He hana i 'Union.

Ma Ianuali 1898, oi aku 200 hui lālā, a me Trotsky, i hopu. He malaila i ka kekahi mau makahiki ma ka halepaahao kali hoʻokolokolo '- mua i loko o Nikolaev, laila, i loko o Kherson, Odessa, a laila, ma Moscow. Ke Butyrka halepaahao , hele mai la ia i hui 'ia me nā revolutionaries. Aia ia i lohe mua e pili ana i Lenin, a heluhelu i kona puke "Ka Development o ka Capitalism i loko o Rusia", ke kiʻekiʻe o lilo i ka maoli Marxist. Mau mahina ma hope o kona paa (1-3 March 1898), i ka mua o ka lānai hou i hana Ahaolelo Lahui o ka Russian Social-kemokalaka Mai hooikaika Party (RSDLP). No ka Trotsky hoakakaia ia iho me he lālā.

mua ka mare

Aleksandra Sokolovskaya (1872-1938 GG.) No ka manawa ma mua i hoouna i loko o ke pioʻana i e kali ana i loko o ka ua Butyrskaya halepaahao ma Moscow, kahi ona e waiho ana ma ia manawa, a Trotsky. He palapala iho la ia i ka pilialoha palapala, e noi ana e ae e mare ia ia. Tellingly, kona mau makua, a me ka hale paʻahao hooponopono kākoʻo i ka ardent aloha, akā, i ka hui i ikaika kū'ē Bronstein - apparently manaʻo i ka mea makemake i ke hoala mai kā lākou mau keiki i unreliable (i loko o ka maʻamau o hoohalike) na makua. Kue i kona makua kāne a me ka makuwahine, Trotsky nō mare Sokolov. Ke mare ka lawelaweʻia paʻa Iudaio kahuna.

Ka mua Siberian hoʻokuewa wale 'ia (1900-1902 biennium).

I ka 1900 oia i ka'ōlelo hoʻopaʻi i ka eha makahiki o ke pioʻana i loko o ka Irkutsk māhele o Siberia. Aie i ka mare ana, Trotsky a me kana wahine e ae e noho ma kekahi wahi. Alaila, i a hoʻokuewa wale 'o ka paʻa i ka kauhale o Ust-Kut. Here ka mea, he mau kaikamāhine: (. 1901-1933 GG) Zinaida a me Nina (. 1902-1928 GG).

Eia naʻe, e malama iʻeleu ano, e like me ka Lev Davidovich, aʻe,ʻo ia Sokolov pilikia. Lanakila 'o ia i kekahi notoriety ku kākau i loko o ka olua' atikala a me ka hoomainoino ia lakou i ka make wai no ka hana, Trotsky haawi mai i kana wahine i mea ia i hiki ole ke noho aku, mai ka-oaio? Ia o ke ola kālai'āina. Sokolovskaya ke akahai e like. I ke kauwela o 1902 Leo holo mai Siberia - mua i hūnāʻia ma lalo o ka mauʻu kaʻa i Irkutsk, alaila, me ka forged palapala holo'āina'ē i loko o ka inoa Lva Trotskogo e hoino aku i na palena o ka Russian aupuni a pau. Alexander hope pakele mai Siberia a me kāna mau kaikamāhine.

Leon Trotsky a Lenin

Ma hope o pakele mai Siberia, oia hoʻoneʻe i London, e hui Plekhanov, Vladimir Lenin, Martov a me ka 'ē aʻe me ka luna hoʻoponopono o Lenin ka Nupepa "Iskra". Ma lalo o ka pseudonym o "Pen" Trotsky koke lilo kekahi o kona alakai kākau.

I ka pau ana o ka 1902, Trotsky halawai mai la me Nataley Ivanovnoy Sedovoy, nana koke ia kona hoa, a mai ka 1903 a hiki i kona make ana - kana wahine. Ka mea, he 2 keiki: (. 1906-1938 GG) Lva Sedova a me Sergei Sedov (March 21, 1908 - October 29, 1937), nā keiki kāne make ma mua o ko lākou mau mākua.

I ka Ia manawa, ma hope o ka manawa o ka malu makai repression a me na hilahila i hahai i ka mua Ahaolelo Lahui o ka RSDLP i ka 1898, o ka "hunaahi" ua hiki ke mālama i ka 2nd Ahaolelo Lahui ma London ma August 1903. Trotsky a me nā Iskra-ists i loko o ia wahi.

Ahaolelo Lahuiʻelele i maheleia i mau pūʻulu. Lenin, a me kona Bolsheviks kahea aku i ka meaʻuʻuku, akā, nui o kāna mau hoʻolālā aoao, a me Martov a me kona mau kākoʻo-ka Mensheviks imi, e hana i ka nui a me ka emi no ka hoʻopaʻi 'hui. Mau hoʻokokoke mai noonoo oko o ko lākou mau mea i manao ai. Inā Lenin makemake e hana i kekahi 'aoʻao o ka' oihana revolutionaries no ka lola honua paio e ku ei ka autocracy, laila Martov makemake i ka aoao o ka mea Europa 'ano me ka maka i ka hale kanawai ano o ka paio e ku ei ka tsarist aupuni.

I ka Ia manawa Lenin ka hoʻopuniʻana hoa i hōʻike mai iā ia i kekahi mea hou. Ua kākoʻoʻia Martov, a me ka Mensheviks iā Plekhanov Trotsky a ka hapanui me ka luna hoʻoponopono "hunaahi" - Lenin, a me ka Bolsheviks. No ka Lenin, Trotsky ka betrayal ua ikaika a me ka unexpected e hoʻokani no ka mea, ua kapa aku la i ka hope o Iuda, a apparently aole wale aku la oia.

Iloko o ka 1903-1904 biennium. Ua hoʻoneʻe nui kona mau lala o nāʻaoʻao a hiki i ka kekahiʻaoʻao. Penei, Plekhanov koke hookaawaleiaʻe la me ka Bolsheviks. Trotsky i haʻalele i ka Mensheviks i loko o Sepatemaba 1904, a i kapa iho he "pili-factional pōʻai democrat" a hiki i 1917, imi e hoolaulea i ka likeʻole hui i loko o ka aoao, a me ka hopena i komo i loko o na clashes me Lenin a me nā lālā 'ē aʻe koʻikoʻi nō o ka RSDLP.

Pehea kino i Lenin Lev Trotsky i hana? Kaha puana'ī mai o kona palapala me ka Menshevik Chkheidzeʻano maopopo i emi iho i ko lakou pili. Pela, ma March 1913, i palapala mai ai: "Lenin ... he 'oihana exploiter o kela backwardness i loko o ka Lūkini poe hana' ana ... Ka hale holoʻokoʻa Leninism ua a ianoiyuaa a kūkuluʻia ma luna o ka wahaheʻe a me ka falsification a me ka bea nahesa niho hoʻomaka i kona iho ka palaho ..."

Hope, iloko o ka paio no ka mana, ka mea, e hoomanao i kona mau hesitations e pili ana i ke mau papa o ka aoao, i haawiia e Lenin. Aia ma lalo oe ke ike i ua Trotskiy Lev Davidovich (Hawaii photo e Lenin).

ʻOiʻenehana (1905)

No laila, a pau ia, ua ike e pili ana i ke kanaka o ko mākou meʻe ua nō,ʻaʻole loa malimali i ka mea wehewehe. Kona kanalua ka palapala, a me ka journalistic tālena e hoʻomoe ana ola makemake, posturing, p', (no A. Sokolowski waiho ma Siberia me elua kaikamahine). Naʻe, i ka mua Lūkini kipi, Trotsky koke hoike mai ai ia ia iho i loko o ka hou ala - me he koa loa ke kanaka, he poʻokela o Teretulo, hiki ke ignite na nā paʻi hua like lākou,''he hoʻokuhikuhi. Hiki ana ma May 1905 i loko o ka lapalapa ana hoʻokahuli aupuni St. Petersburg, oia koke ke kome i loko o ka mānoanoa o ka mea, i kaʻeleu lala o ka Petrograd Soviet, i kākau kēia ōlaʻi i ka 'atikala, leaflets, ke kū i mua o ka hoʻokahuli aupuni ikehu hoʻouila ke kanaka me ka ahi olelo. Ma hope o kekahi i kona ua i ka hope Luna hoomalu o ka 'Aha, o' Imi hoʻomau ana i loko o ka wa hoomakaukau ia no ka Okatoba mau kālai'āina hahau. Ma hope iho o ka helehelena o ka tsar ka Manifesto o Okatoba 17, ka mea i haawi mai na kanaka o ka lakou mau pono kalaiaina, ikaika ku e ia, e kahea ana no ka mau nō lā hoʻi o ke kipi.

I ka hopuia na gendarmes Hrustaleva-Nosara Landau kū ma luna o kona wahi, hoʻomākaukau poe i ka kaua hana ana ', i ka hopena mana o ka wā e hiki mai ana o ka puali uprising ku ei ka autocracy. Akā, ma ka hoʻomaka o December 1905 ke aupuni nō e lūlū aku i ka Aha, a me ka hopu ia ana o kona mau lunakanawai. Loa kupaianaha moʻolelo i wahi i ka hopu ia ana policemen nahae ka wā i loko o ka Petrograd Soviet courtroom, a me ka Peresidena Trotsky oāwa ikaika o kona makemake a me ka aneane Paka aku ia i kekahi manawa ma waho o ka puka, i hiki i ka hoolohe, e hoomakaukau ai: e luku i kekahi pilikia i kā lākou mau palapala, e kiʻi pohaku uinihepa, a me na mea kaua. Akā, i ka hopu ana i lawe wahi, a me Trotsky o ka lua o ka manawa i loko o ka Lūkini o ka halepaahao, i kēia manawa i loko o St. Petersburg "nā keʻa".

Apana e pakele ai, mai Siberia

Kawaihae Lva Davidovicha Trotskogo replete me vivid hanana. Akā mākou hana mea ole i kona piha hōʻike. E kali kakou ia kakou iho i kekahi mau wahi lilelile Episode, a ua loa maopopo hoike mai i ke ano o ko mākou meʻe. O nā mōʻaukala, pili me ka lua o ka maopopo kahi Trotsky ma Siberia.

Kēia manawa, ma hope o ka makahiki o ka paa (koe ma muli o kona kulana kohu kūpono rula, me ka hookipaia a hiki i kekahi moʻokalaleo a me ke kaomi) Lev Davidovich i ka'ōlelo hoʻopaʻi i ka mau loa ke pio ma ka Arctic, ma Obdorsk apana (e Salekhard). Mamua o haalele, oia hāʻawi ma i ka makemake o ke aloha palapala me na olelo: "mākou e waiho ana me ka hohonu ka manaoio i loko o ka hikiwawe lanakila ana o na kanaka ma luna o kona poʻe kahiko poe enemi. E mau ke ola o ka proletariat! E ola ke lahui socialism! "

Ua hele me ka i ana ia ia, aole i hoomakaukauia no ka makahiki, e noho i loko o ka Arctic tundra, ma kekahi squalid hale, a manaʻo ai ke ola kipi. Eia hou, i ke ano o ka kipi ke kamailio, ina oe e e komo i loko o ia ia iho?

No laila, ka mea wale ala mai no ia, ua koke i pakele. A hiki i ka convoy o ka paahao hiki aku i Birch (maikaʻi-ike ma Rusia i kekahi wahi o ke pio, kahi ana i hoolilo i ke koena o kona olaʻana, ma mua Serene Kiekie Prince Alexander Menshikov), a i ke ala e hiki ai i ke kūkulu'ākau, Trotsky o Laielohelohe ia hoouka ana huʻi sciatica. He iʻoiaʻiʻo i ka mea i waiho ai me ka paʻa o ka gendarmes ma Berezovo i ke ola. I hoʻopunipuni mai ai lākou makaʻala, ia holo mai o ke kulanakauhale, a hele i ka hapa ana Khanty. Ua kekahi mea hiki ole ala hires a me reindeer ma ka hau-uhi tundra (i ka hana i wahi ma January 1907), aneane he tausani kilomika hele i ka Ural Mountains, pu ma ke alakaʻi mele-Hunt. A noho i ka Europa hapa o Rusia, Trotsky hoopuni nā keʻa ia (mai, mai hoopoina i ka 1907 o ka makahiki, e like me ka mea mea, ke aupuni nākiʻi a puni kā lākou mau'ā'ī, "Stolypin neckties") a me ka mea i loko o Finland, kahi āna i neʻe ai iʻEulopa.

Ua Ua maluhia ana ia no ia ia, no laila, e'ōlelo aku, hoike ia, eia nae na ka pilikia a hiki i ka mea āna i hoʻoikaika ', ua incredibly kiʻekiʻe. Ua hiki wawe ka stab i ka pahi a stun, a hoolei i ka hau e pa ahau, kuko no ke koena o ka kālā i ua noho pu ai me ia. A me ka mea makemake ia i ka pepehi kanaka Lva Trotskogo i ole i ka 1940, akā,ʻekolu makahiki mamua. Ua makemakeʻAʻole i hiki ina ole Fabulous ala i loko o nā makahiki o ke kipi, aole hoi a pau i hahai ia. Naʻe, ka mōʻaukala, a me ka hopena o Lev Davidovich ua hoʻoholo ihola ole - mea pōmaikaʻi no ia, akā, auwe-e loaa ana Rusia, a me kona aupuni, aole emi.

Ka hope hana ana i ka hana keaka o ke ola

Ma 'Aukake 1940, ua hohola iho la i ke ao nei ka lono i Leon Trotsky e kaua kīmopō ma Mexico, ma na makahiki hope o kona ola ua ola ia. Ina ka mea, ua ka hanana o ka honua me ka unahiʻole? He kanalua. No ka aneane o ka makahiki, e like me ka mea i pepehiʻia e Poland a me nā mahina i hala aku mai ka haule ana mai o Farani. Ahi wela i ke ahi o ke kaua, Kina a me Indochina. Feverishly hoomakaukau ana no ke kaua USSR.

No laila, 'Aʻohe wai iaʻu, mai ka mau kākoʻo i waena o na lala o ka Eha International hoʻokumuʻia e Trotsky a me ka lehulehu poe enemi, mai Soviet Aupuni a pau a me ka hapanui o ko ke ao nei i ka nā loea kālai'āina, i ka make mau kanaka ua'ōleloʻia. Ka nupepa "Pravda" i suicidal maʻiʻo obituary penned e Stalin ia ia iho, a piha me ka inaina no ka poe enemi i pepehi.

It E e hoike ia ia Trotsky ho'āʻo e pepehi pinepine ae la oia. I waena o ka mea pepehi kanaka Loaʻaʻia ia i ka nui Mekiko artist Siqueiros, ka mea i komo i loko o ke kaua ma luna o Trotsky ka Kauhale ma Mexico me ka pūʻulu o Orthodox communists a kino, kuu ka nele moe Lva Davidovicha mīkini ka pū ke ahi, me ka ike ole i ka mea, ua peʻe ma lalo ia. A laila, i ka pōkā hala.

Akā, i pepehi Lva Trotskogo? Ka loa kupaianaha nō mea i keia mea i ole ai ka pepehi kanaka mea - he anu a me ka gunshot, a me ka mea mau hau-koʻi, he uuku kaʻohiʻana i, hoʻohana 'ia ma ka climbers ka wā e piʻi nei. A I malama ia i loko o ka lima o ka NKVD agena Ramon Merkador, he kanaka'ōpiopio kona makuwahine i kaʻeleu aku i komo i loko o ka Spanish Kanawai War. I ka Orthodox Communist, ua hewa ia i ke pio ana o na Sepania repubalika Trotsky mau kākoʻo, ka mea, eia nae komo i loko o ke kaua kūloko ma kaʻaoʻao o ka republican koa, akā, hōʻole lākou, e hana ma ka laina me ke kulekele, e kau ma Moscow. Kēia hoahewa Ua haawiia no ia i kana keiki, ka mea i lilo i ka mea oiaio o ka pepehi kanaka.