Ahuwale na mea huna o ko ke ao nei. Me nā loina Huygens Fresnel

Lightʻike manaʻo i commonplace no mākou i ia, no ka mea, i ko lakou likeʻole hoike ana, ua eʻaʻole i manaʻo e pili ana i ke ano o ka keʻano o ka hanaʻana. Ke kaʻana like 'ana o ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o kanaka lolo' ike ma kaʻoi loaʻike manaʻo o ka malamalama hiki kanaiwa pakeneka, e hoike ana i ko lakou nunui kūlana i loko o mākou ola. Ke richness o ko ke ao nei a puni mākou a pena hoʻi i ka lani uliuliʻano, anuenue, me kona noʻonoʻo iho i loko o ke aniani i ke kumuhana o ka hōʻike, aole no kanaka, lyrically-manao ma mua o ka he 'epekema naau. Akā, i waena o kānakaʻepekema, a naturalists e imi ana e komo i ka pā like o na mea a puni mākou, aʻike manaʻo e paka i ko lakou laupaʻi ana a me ka qualitative helu ike na mea he nui kona makemake ana e hoʻoponopono i ka mea pohihihi o ka malamalama.

Ka mua explorers o ka malamalamaʻike manaʻo, nona na hana i ola, i ike e pili ana i ka waiwai o uma surfaces. Euclid (300 BC) a me Ptolemy (127-151 GG.) He hiki ke wehewehe i nā kānāwai o geometrical optics, akā, ka mea, ua loaa ia nui ma hope o ka e pili ana ia i loko o ka hana ana o na kumu mua (1285), telescopes (1450) , minuke (1595).

E möakäka hou mai o kaʻike manaʻo o ka malamalama, kena ae la, e neʻe mai geometrical optics a hiki i ka kumumanaʻo nalu o ka malamalama, i ka hōʻike 'ia' o ka a ua ike ia iā mākou i ka Huygens-Fresnel rula. Huygens mua ninau Newton ka kumumanaʻo, a i manaoia e noonoo i ka malamalama kaola no ka hoi,ʻaʻole like me ka muliwai o ka moku (particles) o ke kiʻekiʻe-aa, a me ka hawewe. Ka nalu pähola 'o Huygens ole waleʻokoʻa ma hoʻopaʻa i nā kānāwai o geometrical optics, akā, no hoi e leie aku no ka maluhiluhi ole nana i nāʻike manaʻo a pau o ka malamalama. Lālau aʻela ia i ka olelo i na wahi o ka meakino i loko o a ka nalu propagation inherently lilo i kumu o ke kiʻekiʻe nalu, Huygens ua hiki ke wehewehe i ka loina o ke kānāwai o ka manaʻo o ka malamalama, a me nāʻike manaʻo, mua i ho'ākāka 'ia ma ka Newton ka kumumanaʻo. Akā, ka mea i hoohua ole mai i ka wehewehe ana i na kumu mua o ka hou manaʻo o ka kumumanaʻo o ka diffraction, a ua ai nui loa i ka hoopaapaa e pili ana i ke ano oiaio o ka malamalama mau ae la ia no ka haneri makahiki kākoʻo o Newton ka manao.

I ka wehewehe ana o ka manaʻo o "diffraction o ka malamalama," ka loina hooponopono o Huygens-Fresnel haawi ma ka wehewehena o kona kaukaʻi ma ka ke kōā. Kani ma ke kua o ka pa, me ka malamalama huakai hele mākou i lohe a puni ke keʻakeʻa nei mea ole, a hāʻawi malu. Akā, Huygens-Fresnel rula keia hana, aole ia e hoole. Diffraction ka hoʻomaopop 'ana i loko o ka malamalama nalu, akā, i mea ai kekahi' no ka mea, o ka hapa nui o ka ke kōā o ka malamalama, i ka mea, ua wale ole e koho ia, a me Fresnel wale ua hiki ke hōʻike i kēia kŰia, oia ua i hiki e hoʻomaulia i ka ke kōā o ka malamalama, i mea polmikrona (hapalua o ka thousandth o ka millimeter) .

E hoolilo ana i ka nui na makana i ke ana a me ka maopopo ana o ka oiaio o ka kumumanaʻo nalu o ka malamalama ma ka umikumamaiwa kenekulia, Fresnel manaoia kekahi o kona Mamua. Kona inoa, hele ia ma ka moolelo o ka honua 'epekema a me ka hoʻokumu paʻaʻana o ka kumumanaʻo, uhukiia ma kaʻumikumamāhiku kenekulia Huygens, i kapaia "Huygens-Fresnel rula."

Inā pokole hōʻuluʻulu, na pono o ka kumumanaʻo Huygens 'nalu o ka malamalama mea e wehewehe nuiʻike manaʻo i Newton ka hoʻokolohua o maoli malamalama, aole ia e hoʻolako i ka wehewehe. Ka hoʻokō 'ana o ka malamalama ale hiki aku ai i ka kŰia o ke' ākeʻakeʻa, ka mea e malu ai cii i loko o ka palapala o nā apo o Newton ia ia iho i ka poʻe puni hoʻonaʻauao nui hiki ole hoomaopopo. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, i loko o kona pähola 'ana o ke kau o luminous fluxes pono e ukali ma ka mahuahua o ko lakou ikaika. A hoike ana o ka diffraction i loko o ka malamalama nalu ua hiki ke hoomaopopo aku i kona mau ho okolohua Fresnel ma mua loa hoopuehuiaʻi mea pohihihi e pili ana i ke ano nalu o ka malamalama.

A hou nānā i ka waiwai o ka malamalama nana i ulana, a ua nānā 'ana ma luna o Huygens-Fresnel rula i kau ia, i impetus i ke kūpono' ana o ka 'epekema manaʻo. E like me ka hopena, ua ike makou i ka muli o kēia hana mea hou i hana muaʻole me ke kukuna (60 ka 20 ke ala kūpono.), Lilo iho la ia i kahi mea paahana ikaika i loko o nā lima o nā kānakaʻepekema, 'inikua technologists. ua hiki ke hana i kā lākou mau masterpieces ka hoʻohana kānana, astronomers ke hoʻopaʻa haʻawina o ka haku mele 'ana o ka loihi mai hoku i loko o ka mamao mea paʻi, a me ka hailona no nā wahi o ke kanaka ola ana i ua waiwai me ka hou manao ma ke ano o ka mea maʻamau malamalama mea ulana lole.