Nine haʻilula kopa. hana o ke kopa

He aha ke kopa mea ole wale i keia la! Lei, hoʻomālamalama, maikai. Aia i ka aniani moakaka, i ka i kekahi ke ike lauana a hoao fruktiki, kekahi mau kiʻi. Loa Popular ano no na keiki a pau e noho ana ma ka palapala o ka punahele Cartoon huapalapala, nani holoholona a me nā huapalapala. I mau, ke kopa Manufacturers e imi nei i ko lakou pono. Akā, aha mea keia huahana mai o ka loko? He aha ka kona Nine Inchʻano hoʻokahi, ka wā e hele mai, a pehea ka mea, ua lawe? E ho'āʻo i ka maopopo.

Nine kumu ke kopa

Mai 'epekema wahi o ka hoomaopopo, o ia huahana o ka hopena o kona'ākilikai hydrolysis o ka momona, a me ka mea kāhinu,. Ka mua manawa i na soaps a me nā mea kāhinu, i haku no na mea i loko o ole, koho koke Michel Chevreul, he Palani chemist. Kokoke a pau o kona ola ana i hoolilo ai i ka hoʻopaʻa 'ana i kiekie ae carboxylic nāʻakika. Nolaila, kona mea a na pono o kaʻimi naʻauao ho'ākāka o ka haku mele 'ana o nā bipi kūpaluʻia, a nolaila ke kopa.

Chevrel i olelo ia ina kiekie ae trihydric ka waiʻona glycerol hoopii ekolu hydroxy pūʻulu, reacted me kaʻakika, ai ka mau haʻilula R-COOH, alaila, o ka hopena, e hana triglycerides - nā mea kemika o nāʻakika. Ka mea, e e momona. Inā ka naoh ua lawe mai ma lalo o kona'ākilikai rula, laila, i ke kūpono huahana ua reacted me NaOH (KOH) e lilo soaps.

Hope, i kokuaia e ike maopopo i loko o ke keʻena hoʻokolohua Berthelot mauʻimi naʻauao hopena a. Nō kāu, he okoa ke kopa ka loaʻa o ke kēia eiiiiiaiou:

• ka wai;
• oleicʻakika ;
• naphthenicʻakika;
• stearic;
• palmitic;
• rosin;
• paʻakai hydroxide a potasiuma hydroxide.

No laila, i ka Nine Inch haʻilula o soaps conventionally palapala penei: R-COOMe, kahi R - o ka'ano'ē la i komo ai mai ka 8 a hiki i 20 kalapona nā'ātoma a kiʻekiʻe. Me - he mea hiki ke hooheheeia, mekala 'åkilikai a me kona'ākilikai honua.

Inā mākou e kamailio e pili ana i ano o aneiai huahana hoʻohana no ka holoi, ke kopa haʻilula e nana me keia: C ₁₇ H ₃₅ -COONa. It nā:

• stearicʻakika;
• caustic soda;
• rosin;
• ka wai;
• i kekahi manawa i ka pono o ka niu aila.

Ma kekahi mau aina e, i ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o kēia 'ano o ka huahana e hiki mai ana ma kekahi aoao, pela no ka mea, o pinepine i ka hopena o kekahi haku mele' ana, i ke kala like 'ole, i ka mea e like ai o ka holoi. Pela, ua lilo ike i ka haʻilula o ke kopa. Nine e haawi i ko ka mea kēia i ka ho'ākāka 'ana o kēia huahana: i ka paʻakai o ka luna carboxylic nāʻakika, he haku mele ec mekala' åkilikai a me kona'ākilikai honua ke hooheheeia.

It E e kuhikuhi mai i ka moku'āina o aggregation, mäliko, ala a me nā organoleptic kiko'î o nā huahana i loaʻokoʻa. Ua pau hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka Nine Inch haku mele 'ana a me ka manufacturing hana.

haʻilula ke Kopa

Loa Popular ia wa mua hōʻoia detergent huahana i ke kinowai ai. Ua mea kupono, pono e e oi akahai i ka ili o ka lima, a aesthetically maliuia mai a hiki i ka make up shelves. Nolaila, wai a ke kopa - kekahi o ka loa e like me ka ano o kēia mau paʻakai. mai ka paa ma mua o ka mea, oko a no ke aha la e like me ke koena unuhi i loko o ka moku'āina o aggregation?

Ua huli mai i ka mea a pau wahi o ka metala cation a ano i pili, e like me ka 'enehana? Iecaianoaaiiuo. Haʻilula ke kopa i ka wai, kŘpa a nana e like: R-Kuke. Ia mea, ma ka pono nā potasiuma Ion. Alaila, ma ka? Iecaianoaaiiie i ka hana mahiʻai potasiuma hydroxide.

Main ano o ia huahana.

• (viscosity);
• hygroscopic;
• ductility;
• mäliko;
• maikaʻi aʻe solubility.

paa ke kopa

E loaa i ka huina hoonui i loko o ka oi kuʻuna moku'āina o aggregation, ia mea pono e hoʻohana i ka hana o ka soda Lime a caustic soda. It E e kuhikuhi mai i ka mea ina ua haku o Na Ion, ke huahana huli puaʻa hiwa paʻa a me ka mea e ae. likiuma Ion, ua pinepine oi like e lilo kopa.

Penei, soaps haʻilula i kekahi i kekahi mau mea okoa palapala: R-COONa, R-COOLi. Mai ka Nine Inch oiai ua laupaʻi haku mele 'ana a me ka' ole o ka waiwai, aole ia e hoʻololi i - ke kopa hoʻopili like i ke ano, i carboxylic nāʻakika paʻakai. Helu ano, organoleptic waiwai, i ka paia waho manao - ia mea malalo o ke hoʻololi ke kanaka ia ia iho ma mua o na kanaka hana a me ka hoʻoili.

Mea Maluna

kumu elua hiki ke koho ia no ka hookaawale ana o ka waiwai i ho'ākāka 'ia i loko o ka waeʻano. Ka mua hoailona o ka Mea Maluna - he Nine Inch kumu i loko o ka hana. Ma keia ana ua kaʻawale.

• Sound soaps - momoma nāʻakika mea ole e emi malalo o 60% o ka haku mele;
• poluyadrovoe - ma kahi o 30%;
• lina - i oi aku ma mua o 47%.

I koho 'ia kumu ke haawi aku i ke kopa loa okoa wale nō o ka mawaho manao. 'Oe ke hana ia kinikini, ka aniani moakaka, me kūkulu-ma loko o nā mea hoʻonani, a eiiiiiaiou, waihoʻoluʻu a me ka matte, a no laila, ma luna o. Haʻilula ke kopa e e kaheaia kekahi mau haku mele 'R-COOMe, akā, i ka huina hoonui ia iho pinepine ka loaʻa hou rosin a me naphthenic nāʻakika, a me ka sorbitol, ka paakai, flavors, colorants, preservatives, ka hua nui konohiki a me nā hui.

Ka lua o ka hiʻona Mea Maluna - ia papa kāwiliʻai. No laila, ma laila nōʻekoluʻano likeʻole o ka huahana.

1. 'Ia - hoʻohana' ia no ka mea hoʻonani hana e holoi, kino holoi. Pono i maikai kona hua nui hiki, e e akahai a me ka ole i mea ukiuki loa a me ka dryness. No keia mea e ole ka momomaʻakika iho ilalo ma kela aoao o ka palena o ka 72% ma o ka haku mele 'ana.
2. Special - hoʻohana 'ia i loko o kaʻili hana, lole hana, lapaʻau, a no laila, ma luna o. Inā loaʻa kekahi oaoieei-mea hoʻonui.
3. Business - ua manaoia no ka holoi hale ikamu, holoi, ka hoʻomaʻemaʻeʻana, a me ko ka hale ona e pono ai.

Haʻilula soaps na ano o ka mua ole okoa, ka mea i hoi e moakaka, opaque, nā pōpō a pela ma ka. Hoʻohuihui hiʻohiʻona loli aʻe ke kaumaha ma muli o ka mākaʻikaʻi.

Manufacturing hana

? Iecaianoaaiiuo o ke kopa i loko o ke akea nui ka unahiʻole, ua lawe mai i loko o kūikawā mea wili kopa. Aia He He mālama '-? Oaony a ua hoalaala ia enehana a me ka manao hoonohonoho? Iecaianoaaiiuo o ka alahula mau helu o ke kope o ka huina hoonui me ka paa, a me ka wai a kumumanao. Main workflows i:

• neutralization naoh ma waena o soda lehu a me ka momona hydrolysis huahana (carboxylic nāʻakika);
• AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN me ka caustic soda paha paʻakai hydroxide;
• 'ākilikai hydrolysis o triglycerides.

Ma kekahi hihia, e hiki e kekahi mau soaps ma ke kino a me ka Nine Inch waiwai.

I ka moolelo o ka ke kopa hana

Ua ua ike ia i ka imu ke kopa kanaka ike oi ma mua o 6000 makahiki aku nei, oa mua AD. I ka wä kahikoʻAigupita hahana lehu me ka hou o ke kaikea, e haawi aku i ka makemake huahana. No laila mākou i noho ai i ka hana a me ka hanauna e hiki mai no kekahi mau kenekulia.

Ma Europa, ke kopa? Iecaianoaaiiie ua o haʻahaʻa pinepine 'like ole kekahi i malama ia e pili ana i ka maemae o kona kino, ka mea, ua manaoia hilahila. A wale nō, mai ke XVIII kenekulia, ke kopa-ana mea ma kona piko. Invented hou Nohie-i? Iecaianoaaiiuo enehana, ke kopa nā onaona mea kāhinu, a me emollient mea hoʻonui, ka mea, ua lilo hou like a me ka maikai ke hana.

E hoolilo ana i kou mau lima

Pehea e e ke kopa a me kā lākou mau lima? Ua mea hiki? Ke pane Ua maopopo:ʻo ia, paha. I kēia lā, ua i na kanaka ia kā lākou i ka hale pāʻoihana a me ka loaʻa loa maikai ke kala.

Inā 'oe i ka makakū manaʻo,ʻike hoʻokumu, a me ka originality o ka manao, dexterous lima, makemake a me ka wa e hana, alaila, komo i loko o ka hana ana o ke kopa nui,ʻaʻole paʻakikī.

ke kopa hana 'ike loea hou i loko o ka hale

Aia i ekolu walaʻauʻana aoao, e hoomakaukau i ka huina hoonui, me ka haalele i ka hale.

1. Makaukau e kūʻai i kūikawā kumu no ka? Iecaianoaaiiie. Kēia mea he kūpono, inexpensive a me ka poe ola, ma ka hoʻokō koho, pehea e e ke kopa a me ko lakou mau lima. Kēia? Iaeoii, e hoopai wale i kou manaʻo, a me ka mea e pono ai mea hoʻonui flavorings a me colorings. Ua ea a me ka oluolu, e lawelawe, ka mea hiki ke haawiia mai kekahi shape. Oe ke no hoi ke loaa i ka maopopo huahana inā makemake.
2. Kūʻai 'pau ke kopa me ka mea ala, make a me flavors. No ka laʻana, bebe. Alaila, wili ae, heheʻe i loko o ka wai auau, a laila, hana like ma ka hihia mua.
3. Sayings mai kūikawā. Ka noho pilikia loa i ka olelo o ka maluhia a me ka manawa-e hoopau ana kaʻina. Ua hiki e lawe mai ma kekahi kekahi o ka hanalima ki ina hana like. Eia naʻe, e makaala i ka mea i pono, e hana loa akahele me alkalis. A me ka ole i ka hale, a ma ka kuikawā lumi.