? aneii ki ina hana like

Ke kumu o ka pomaikai o kekahi? Aneii - aaiaoe ka nohona o ka mea a me ka wae epekema. Ke ano o ia mau maka mea e leie aku e loaa hou hybrids a me nāʻano likeʻole, a me keʻano o nā 'ano a me ka waiwai. Muli o ke koho i kau aku i nā kānakaʻepekema loa kaulana o ke ao nei:

- Mendel (waiho i nā kumu o nā aaiaoe?, Ike i ka rula o ka discreteness);

- Darwin (hookumu pähola 'ana o ke kumu, malaila i ka hailona ana o ia mea ma luna o ka i kela kapa);

- T. Fairchild (i ka 1717 loaa i ka muaʻimi hoʻopunipuni hybrids cloves);

- I. Gerasimov (wehe hoʻololi i ka helu ana o Kora naʻEsau, a hereditary loli pili me ka mutation);

- M. F. Ivanov (hoʻolauna aaiaoe loina i loko o ka ? Aneii o na holoholona) ;

- N. K. Koltsov (hana i kekahi kumu no hakakino aaiaoe?).

- NI Vavilov (ike i ke kānāwai o homologous moʻo);

- I. V. Michurin (i lawe mai ai na mea he nui i ka hua hybrids).

Ka walaʻauʻana ano o ka? Aneii mea kanu a me nā holoholona i ua hoʻomohala ma ke kumu o nā mea a pau mua discoveries, a hou loa mai. Breeders i loko o kā lākou hana ka hoʻohana kekahi mau ano o ka wae: inbreeding,ʻimi hoʻopunipuni mutagenesis, polyploidy, hybridization. ʻO kēia nō ka loa pinepine hoʻohana ki ina hana like o ka? Aneii hou mea kanu a me nā holoholona laha '.

O ka papa kuhikuhi ano o ke kanu? Aneii: hybridization a me ka wae. Kea-pollinated kanu selektsioniruyut ma ka nuipa a koho ana o ka poe kanaka i i makemakeia waiwai. No ka laina loa maemae, i mea, i ka aaiaoe homogeneity o nāʻano likeʻole, e hoʻohana kanaka koho, ma i ka hoʻoponopono-pollination ua loaʻa ma ka loaa ana i ka MOKUNA XXXIII o ka hookahi kanaka, a ua pau i ka oi hiʻona. Ke keakea ana o keia iaoia mea i ma ka ia manawa pinepine malama adverse hoikeana o recessive nā'ōewe. Ke kumu nui no keia mea, e hoʻoneʻe i ka nui helu o nā'ōewe i loko o ka homozygous moku'āina. Over manawa, i ka hoʻomāhuahua o recessive mutant nā'ōewe, maalo ae la oia ma ka homozygous moku'āina, hiki i adverse hereditary loli. Ma maoli rula, i ka pakiko-pollinated kanu i ua hoolilo recessive nā'ōewe i loko o ka moku'āina o homozygotes, a me ka laau make koke.

Inā kekahi ano o ka hoʻoponopono-pollination ua pinepine hoemiia e haawi i ko. E hoʻoikaika kona hana kea-pollination o kekahi mau mea kanu pakiko-pollinating a me ka laina e kiʻekiʻe-haawi ana hybrids. i kapa ia koho epekema interlinear hybridization. Ka mea, i ka mea kiʻekiʻe loa hua o ka mua o ka hanauna hybrids. Ma keia hihia, he mea he punawai-ike kanawai o ka heterosis, e like me a ma ka mana hybrids loaa mai ma ka holo 'maemae' laina. Ka mea, e hoʻopale i adverse 'ole, no ka mea, ka mea, eliminated i ka palapala hopena o recessive nā'ōewe, a me ka hoao ana ka ikaika Hoʻohaku nā'ōewe makua kanu hoʻokāʻoi aʻe ana i ka hopena.

Pinepine, i ke koho ana o kekahi mau mea kanu i hoʻohana mana polyploidy. Pela i loaa kanu i he nui nui, e haawi aku i ka wa e ohi ai maikai, a ala hikiwawe loa. ʻimi hoʻopunipuni polyploids loaa ma lalo o ka aoao o Nine Inch waiwai e deplete ke ana kālī. E like me ka hopena, pāpālua chromosomes noho i loko o ka hoʻokahi kāna mau 'ōlelo.

Newʻano likeʻole o ka auaiaea a me ka hoʻohana 'ana iʻimi hoʻopunipuni mutagenesis. Ka meaola, i like me ka hopena o mutations i hou waiwai, i ka nāwaliwali vitality, no laila, ina ma kona ano maoli koho ua eliminated. No ka mea koho, a evolution o houʻano likeʻole a me nā breeds koi i ka pohihihi keia kanaka i loaʻa i ka'ākilikai a ano mutations.

holoholona? aneii kāu kiʻina hana mai i oko mai o ka walaʻauʻana ano o ke kanu? aneii. Hana me ia - kā lākou moe nā'ōlelo a me ka uuku keiki kakou nana. Koho ana o nā mākua a me nā 'ano o ka crossbreeding lawe mai me kekahi mau Pahuhopu waiho ma ka breeder. All holoholona i mahalo ole wale ma kā lākou mawahoʻano, akā, no hoi ma o ka pono a me ka kumu o ka mamo. Nolaila, ia mea nui, e ike i ko lakou moʻokūʻauhau. Ka loa mau hoʻohana koho? Aneii iaoia 2:

- inbreeding (pili loa aku) - i kela kapa na makua, na kaikuahine, nā hoahānau. Kēia i kela kapa hiki ole e paa loa. Ua Ua hoʻohana 'ia, e like me ka rula, e hoʻoikaika i ka waiwai o ka pōhaku;

- outbreeding (ka pili ') - hybridization o kekahi a me ka poeikohoia o ka apana breeds a me ka ikaika koho o ke keiki me ka maikaʻi waiwai.

Hybridization holoholona Ua nui emi efficient ma mua o hybridization mea kanu. Oia interspecific hybrids i pinepine sterile.