Neutrino huna: ka ho'ākāka 'ana, ka waiwai, i ka hōʻike. neutrino oscillations - ia ...

Neutrino - he kula haʻahaʻaa huna i ka mea i like loa me ka huina'ine, akā, ka mea,ʻaʻohe ka pila kauoha. Ua loaʻa He uuku loa nuipa a, a i hiki e 'Aʻohe. Mai ka nuipa o ka neutrino hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka māmā. Ke koena unuhi i ka manawa o ka hiki ana, a me ka huna kaola no ka hoi 0,0006% (± 0,0012%). I ka 2011, ka mea i hoʻokumu i ke keaka mele hoʻokolohua i ka māmā holo aku i ka mämä holo o ka malamalama neutrinos, akā, kuokoa no keia hana i ole hookupaa iho la ia.

Ka elusive huna

'O kēia kekahi o ka loa, he pono ole (particles) i loko o ka ke ao holoʻokoʻa. No ka mea, hana nui iki me ka mea, ia mea incredibly paʻakikī e huai ae. Electrons a neutrinos mai e komo i loko o ka ikaika nukelea ikaika, akā, ua like no ke komo i loko o ka nawaliwali. (Particles) me na waiwai i kapaia leptons. Ma waho aʻeo ka huina'ine (positron a me ka antiparticle), haawiia keia i ka hoopiiia leptons muon (200 huina'ine nuipa a), Tau (3500 huina'ine nuipa a), a me kā lākou antiparticle. Ka mea, i kapaʻia: huina'ine, muon a me ka Tau neutrinos. Kēlā me kēia no ia he antimaterial ke keʻena, kapaʻia he antineutrino.

Muon a me ka Tau, e like ka huina'ine, i hele pū ana me (particles). Ua muon a Tau neutrinos. Ekolu ano o ka (particles) okoa mai kekahi i kekahi. No ka laʻana, ka wā muon neutrinos pāʻani aku me ka pale kaua, ka mea mau paka muons, a, aole loa Tau paha electrons. Ma ka naoh o na (particles), nae electrons a me ka huina'ine neutrinos e hana, a lukuia, o ko lakou huina koe ua hoʻololiʻia. Kēia mea hiki aku ai i ke kaʻawale leptons i ekolu hoailona ia mea, kela mea keia mea o ka i paʻa i ka hoopiiia leptons, a hele pū ana me neutrino.

E huai ae keia huna koi 'ia he nui loa, a nui loa ikepili koʻikoʻi detectors. E like me ka rula, me ka haahaa ikehu neutrinos, e hele no na mea he nui kukui makahiki a hiki i ka AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN me ka mea. Nolaila, pau honua ho okolohua me ia hilinai aku ma luna o ke ana o kekahi mea liʻiliʻi hapa e hana me ka Luna kupono nui. No ka laʻana, i loko o ka neutrino pele Sudbury, he 1,000 nā kana o ka wai kaumaha hele ma ka mīkini hopu ka mea hewa e pili ana i ka ikehu lā 1012 neutrinos no kekona. A loaʻa no ka lā wale 30.

Mōʻaukala o ka Kaka

Wolfgang Pauli mua postulated i ke ola ana o ka (particles) i ka 1930. I ia manawa, ua he pilikia, no ka mea, ua manao ia o ka ikehu a me ka angular momentum e i waiho i loko o ka Hoʻokolohua ka palaho. Akā, Pauli kuhikuhi mai ia ina aole e ole kinoea neutrinos interacting'ākilikai nā huna, i ka ikehu heʻahahui kānāwai e e malama. Italian physicist Enrico Fermi i ka makahiki 1934 hoʻomohala i ka kumumanaʻo o ka Hoʻokolohua palaho, a haawi aku la ia i ka inoa o ka huna.

I loko nō a pau nā wānana no 20 makahiki, neutrinos hiki ole ke 'akomi i experimentally manawa i kona nawaliwali AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN me ka mea. No ka mea, o ka (particles) e uila ikaika mai, aole lakou e i hana electromagnetic a koa, a, nolaila, aole lakou e mai i ionization o ka waiwai. Eia kekahi, e pane koke me ka waiwai ma nawaliwali hana kūleʻa hōʻemi iki ikaika wale. No laila, ka mea, i ka loa penetrating subatomic (particles) hiki ke hele ma ka nui helu o nā'ātoma me ka ma o na la i kekahi naoh. Wale 1 i 10 ieeeea? O kēia mau (particles) e holo ana ma ka lole ma ka mamao like i ke anawaena o ka Honua, reacts me protons a neutron.

Eia hoi, i ka makahiki 1956 i ka pae ana o 'Amelika physicists, alakaʻiʻia Frederick Reines hai mai i ka loaʻa mai o ka huina'ine antineutrino. Ma ia mea ia antineutrinos e hawewe nukelea mīkini'ātoma, reacting me ka proton, ho okumu i neutrons a me positrons. Unique (a me ka pohihihi) ikehu inoa o ka hope e-huahana ua hooiaio no ke ola o ka huna.

I wehe 'papa mai leptons muons i ka ho omaka no mahope' ike ana i ka lua o ka type neutrinos - muon. Lākou 'ike i lawe mai i ka 1962 ma ke kumu o ka hopena o ka hoʻokolohua i loko o ka huna accelerator. High-ikehu muons palaho neutrinos i hanaʻia ma ka me ko mesons, a kauoha ia i ka mīkini hopu ka mea hewa no laila, i ka mea, ua hiki e hoʻokolokolo ai i ko lakou naoh me ka waiwai. I loko nō o ka mea i ka mea, i ole-kū'ē, e like me nā 'ano o nā (particles), ka mea i loaʻa i loko o ka pohihihi keia hihia, i ka wa e pane koke me ka protons paha neutrons, muons, neutrinos muons, akā,ʻaʻole loa ia electrons. I ka 1998, 'Amelika physicists Leon Lederman, Melvin Schwartz a me Dzhek Shteynberger i i hookoia ka Nobel lua i loko o ke kālaikūlohea no ka' ike o ka muon-neutrinos.

Ma ka hapalua like-1970s, ka neutrino ke kālaikūlohea loaa kekahi ano o na mea i papa leptons - Tau. Tau-neutrino a me ka Tau-antineutrinos i pili i kēia kolu o ka papa mai lepton. I ka makahiki 2000, physicists ma ka National Accelerator keʻena hoʻokolohua. Enrico Fermi hai mai i ka mua mana hoike o ke ola o kēia 'ano o ka (particles).

ke kaupaona

A pau 'ano o nā neutrinos i nuipa a, i mea nui e emi ma mua ia o ko lakou i na hoalawehana i hoopiiia. No ka laʻana, ho okolohua hōʻike i ka nuipa a o ka huina'ine-neutrino pono e emi malalo o 0,002% o ka huina'ine nuipa a me ka huina o nā paʻi hua o nāʻano likeʻole ekolu e e emi ma mua o 0,48 eV. Ka manao no ka nui makahiki i ka nuipa a o ka huna ka 'Aʻohe, he ua ole i koi akuʻimi naʻauao hōʻike, no ke aha la ka mea e e ia ala. A laila, i ka makahiki 2002, ka Sudbury Neutrino Observatory i loaa i ka mua pololei hoike i huina'ine neutrinos kinoea ma nukelea reactions i loko o ka 'ōlelo o ka la, like loa me ka mea hele ma laila, e hoʻololi i konaʻano. Oia "oscillations" neutrino hiki ina kekahi a oi o ka (particles) i he uuku nui. Kā lākou mau haʻawina o ka AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN o cosmic na kukuna o ka Honua i ka lewa i ka hōʻike i ke alo o ka nuipa a, akā, hou ho okolohua e pono e hou pololei hoakaka ia.

kumu

Natural kumu o neutrinos - he radioactive hoʻopöʻino 'ia o nā kumu i loko o ka honua, a ua kinoea ma ke kahe nui o ka haʻahaʻa-ikehu huina'ine-antineutrino. Supernovae i kekahi advantageously neutrino kŰia, mai kēia mau (particles) e komo iloko wale hyperdense mea i hanaʻia i loko o ka hina no ka hoku; wale i ka hapa uuku wale no o ka ikehu ua huli mai i ka malamalama. Helu hōʻike i kahi o 2% o ka ikehu lā ikehu - i ka ikehu neutrinos i hanaʻia i loko o reactions o thermonuclear kuʻi nukeliu. Ua hoʻoneʻe 'ia paha e ka hapanui o ka pouli mea o ka ke ao holoʻokoʻa ua i mai o na neutrinos hua mai la i ka Big Ekahi.

ke kālaikūlohea pilikia

Mau mea e pili pū ana i ka neutrino astrophysics, a me ka nohona a me ka hikiwawe loa Hawaiʻi. Kumuhana o kēia wā e,ʻo he nui helu o ka mana a me kaʻimi naʻauaoʻole, i ka i kēia:

• He aha nō kaʻokoʻa neutrino nā paʻi hua?
• Pehea ka mea, he aha ka cosmology, ke Big Ekahi?
• ka mea, oscillate?
• E hiki anei i kekahiʻano o ka neutrino huli i loko o kekahi e like me ka mea hele ma mea a me ka lewa?
• He neutrinos fundamentally okoa mai lākou antiparticles?
• Pehea hoku'opi i ka lilo i ka supernova?
• He aha ke kūlana o neutrinos ma cosmology?

Kekahi o ka longstanding pilikia o pau hoihoi o ka ai-kapaia poe neutrino pilikia. Kēia inoa pili ia i ka mea e iloko o kekahi mau ano honua ho okolohua mālama 'ia ma luna o ka 30 makahiki i hala, mau nānāʻana aku i nā (particles) uuku ma mua e pono e paka i ka ikehu e hawewe houʻia ka lā. One hiki pāʻoihana o ke oscillation, oa. E. ka loli o ka huina'ine neutrinos e muon paha Tau ma ka huakaʻi i ka Honua. No laila, pehea la ka oi aku paʻakikī e ana haʻahaʻa-ikehu muon paha Tau neutrinos, keia ano o ka loli makemake wehewehe kumu mākou e i ike i ka huina akau o (particles) ma ka Honua.

Eha Nobel uku

Nobel makana i loko o ke kālaikūlohea 2015 i kumu kāki i Takaaki Kaji a me Arthur MacDonald no ka ka loaʻaʻana o ka neutrino nuipa a. Kēia i ka ha like ia nā kumu kāki pili me ka mana ana o kēia mau (particles). Kekahi i e hoihoi i loko o ka ninau o ke aha la mākou e mālama nei, ua nui e pili ana i kekahi mea i māhunehune pāʻani aku me ka maʻamau mea.

Ka mea e mākou ke huai ae mau ephemeral (particles), o ke kauoha i kanaka ingenuity. Mai na rula o ka quantum mechanics, probabilistic, ua ike no ia, hoʻowahāwahā i ka mea i aneane a pau o neutrinos hele ma waena o ka Honua, i kekahi o ia e pāʻani aku me ia. Ka mīkini hopu ka mea hewa Ua hiki no i lawa ka nui nui ua kakau.

I ka mua o ia mea i kūkuluʻia i loko o nā sixties, hohonu i loko o kekahi o koʻu mau ma South Dakota. Ua piha ke kumu i loko o 400 tausani. L, i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe loli. Ma awelika kekahi huna neutrino kela la i keia hana me ka'Ātoma o ka chlorine, hoʻololi 'ia i loko o argon. Incredibly, Raymond Davis, ka mea i kuleana no ka mīkini hopu ka mea hewa, invented i ka papa hana no ka ka loaʻaʻana o ka lau argon nā'ātoma, a me ka eha makahiki ma hope, i ka makahiki 2002, no keia mea kupaianaha 'enekinia, mama iho la i hookoia ka Nobel uku.

hou kilohōkū

No ka mea, neutrinos launa pū 'ai weakly, ka mea hiki ke hele nui mamao. Ka mea, e hāʻawi iā mākou i ka ike aweawea aku i loko o nā wahi i ole ia, ua makemake loa i ike. Neutrinos ia akulla 'Davis, i hanaʻia e like me ka hopena o nukelea reactions i i wahi i loko o ka naʻau o ka la, a ua hiki i ka haʻalele i kēia incredibly anuanu a me ka wela noho pono, no ka mea, e ole pāʻani aku me nā mea. Oe ke hiki huai ae neutrinos kinoea mai ka piko mai o ka exploded hoku ma ke kaawale, o ka oi ma mua o hoʻokahi haneri tausani kukui-makahiki mai Honua.

Eia hou kekahi, mau (particles) e ka mea e hiki ai ke malama i ka ke ao holoʻokoʻa i loko o kona uuku loa me ka unahiʻole, nui uuku ma mua o ka poʻe i loko o i hiki nana i loko o ka Large Hadron Collider ma Geneva, ike i ka Higgs boson. Ia mea no kēia mea, i ka Nobel Komite hoʻoholo ihola i nā kumu kāki i ke Nobel lua no ka loaʻa o ka neutrino o kekahiʻano.

pohihihi shortage

A lohe o Ray Davis nānāʻana aku i ka ikehu lā neutrinos, oia loaʻa wale i ka hapakolu o ka manao a pau. Ka hapanui o physicists manaʻo i ke kumu no keia mea i ka ike ilihune o astrophysics o ka Sun: paha mai subsoil ho overestimated i ke dala i hua mai i loko o kona neutrino. Aka hoi, no ka mea, he nui na makahiki, a hiki ma hope o ka poe ana hoʻohālike i holomua, ka nele i koe. Physicists Ua uku hoʻolohe i ka manawa kūpono i kekahi: i ka pilikia hiki e pili ana i ka pokole o kēia mau (particles). E like me ke kumumanaʻo, laila, lanakila ole ka mea i loaʻa i ke kaumaha. Akā, kekahi physicists i ua kūkākūkāʻia ia ma ka mea o ka (particles) i ka infinitesimal nui, a me keia nuipa ua i ke kumu no kā lākou i emi kana.

Ekolu-ʻalo huna

E like me ke kumumanaʻo o ka neutrino oscillations, ma ke ano maoli, he mea ekoluʻano o ia mau mea. Inā he huna i ka nui, e like ka mea kolo ana mea hiki ke hele mai kekahi 'ano i kekahi. Ekolu ano - electrons, muons a me Tau - i loko o ka AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN me ka waiwai hiki ke huli i ka like hoopiiia huna (huina'ine a me ka muon Tau leptons). "Oscillation" mea ku pono i ka quantum mechanics. neutrinoʻano mea,ʻaʻole ikaika. Ua hoʻololi no manawa. Neutrinos, a hoomaka ae la kona ola ana, e like me kekahi e-mail, ke huli i loko o ka muon, a laila, hoʻi. Penei, he huna, i hanaʻia i loko o ka 'ōlelo o ka lā, ma ke ala a hiki i ka Honua hiki ke kekahi manawa hoohuliia i muon neutrinos a me ka Hope versa. No ka Davis mīkini hopu ka mea hewa ke huai ae wale huina'ine-neutrinos, a hiki alakai i ka nukelea transmutation o chlorine ma argon, he mea hiki i ka nalowale neutrino huli i loko o nā ano. (Ua huli mai i neutrinos oscillate loko o ka Sun, aʻaʻole ma ke ala a hiki i ka Honua).

Ka Hale hoʻokolohua

Ka mea wale nōʻaoʻao, e hoao ia ua, e hana i kekahi mīkini hopu ka mea hewa i hana ai a pau ekolu ano o neutrinos. E hoʻomaka ana mai na 90s Arthur McDonald o Queen ka Kulanui ma Hilo, alakai aku la oia i ka hui, a ua lawe mai i loko o ka oʻu i loko o Sudbury, Hawaii. Mea hoʻonoho kekahi mau tona o ka wai kaumaha, i hoʻolako i ka hoaie ma ke Aupuni o Canada. mea pohihihi keia kaumaha loa ka wai, akā, me ka a he ike ano o ka wai, kahi o ka hydrogen i loaʻa kekahi proton UAIAaIN ma kona kaumaha kālaiōewe deuterium, a maupaʻa he proton, a me ka neutron. Junior aupuni stockpiled kaumaha ka wai, m. K. It Ua hoʻohana 'ia me ka coolant i loko o ka nukelea mīkini'ātoma. A pau ekolu 'ano o nā neutrinos ke luku deuterium e hana protons a me neutrons, na neutrons, a laila, i ka heluʻia. Mīkini hopu ka mea hewa helu ekolu e pili ana i na manawa o ka helu hoʻohālikelike me Davis - like ka huina i kahi momona a wānana nā Ke Ana Hoʻohālike Sun. Ua paipai i ka huina'ine-neutrinos ke oscillate i loko o kona 'ē aʻe ano.

Japanese hoʻokolohua

A puni ka mea ia manawa, Takaaki Kadzita, mai ke Kulanui o Tokyo lawelawe 'ia kekahi kupaianaha hoʻokolohua. A mīkini hopu ka mea hewa iluna ma ka kona kumu i loko o Japan i kākau neutrinos e hele mai ana,ʻaʻole, mai ke Keena Kalaiaina mai o ka la, a ma ka hoaka o ka lewa. Ma proton hookui hookahe koko ana o cosmic na kukuna a me ka lewa e hanaʻia ka ua o nā (particles), me muon neutrinos. Ma ka koʻu mea i hoohuliia mai i ka hydrogen nuclei ma muons. Mīkini hopu ka mea hewa Kadzity ike hiki (particles) e hele mai ana ma nāʻaoʻao. Kekahi, hina iho la ia mai luna, e hele mai ana, mai ka lewa, oiai kekahi poe e neʻe mai ka lalo. I ka helu ana o (particles) ua okoa, i olelo mai e pili ana i kā lākou kekahi ano - ka mea, ua i kekahi mau mea nui i loko o kona oscillatory kalapona.

ʻOiʻenehana i Science

O nā mea a pau a me ka mea lahaʻole kahaha ko oukou naau, aka, no ke aha la neutrino oscillations a me ka nuipa a,ʻo ka nui o ka noonoo? Ke kumu o ka poe noonoo ole. Ma ka maʻamau kumu hoʻohālike o ke kula haʻahaʻaa huna ke kālaikūlohea, hoʻomohala ma na makahiki hope he kanalima o ka iwakalua kenekulia, a pono wehewehe a pau i nā loina o accelerators a me nā hoʻokolohua, na neutrinos ua e e massless. Ka loaʻa o ka neutrino nuipa Hōʻike i kekahi mea e nalowale. Ke Koo Model mea i paʻa. Missing oihana mua akā, e e loaa - me ke kōkua o nā Large Hadron Collider a me ka 'ē aʻe, i ole i hanaʻike kamepiula mīkini.