Tungsten - He aha ka keia? Ke degere o ka'okesaside o ka tungsten. Mau mea o ka noi o ka tungsten

Tungsten - Nine Inch hehee ai nona'ātoma helu mea like i ka 74. He kaumaha metala mai, kahi kiʻekiʻe ikaika kila-oho i keʻokeʻo, aʻo ia ka oluolu ma na hihia paʻa mau. Ke Kēhaupaʻa wahi ia mea kiʻekiʻe ma luna o ia o kekahi'ē aʻe metala, a no laila ka mea, ua hoʻohana 'ia e like me filaments ma ka filament kukui a me ka paio hahana maoli nō nā kumumea i loko o ka pila umu (e laʻa me, zirconium-tungsten oka a). Kemika hehee ai apono 'kona hoʻohana like me ka hōʻeleu. Lōʻihi paakiki hana ia e pono no ka hoʻohana i "HSS", e leie aku e okioki pono me ka mämä holo ma luna ma mua o kalapona kila, a me superalloys. Tungsten carbide hehee ai i ka o carbon hui o kekahi o ka hardest 'ona ike, a hoʻohana' ia no ka? Iecaianoaaiiuo o ka mīkini wili pōhaku, a haliu ae la i na mea paahana. Tungstates o kalipuna a me ka makanekiuma e hoʻomano hoʻohana i kukui hāweo kukui, a me ka tungsten oxides - i loko o ka inika a me ka pālolo glazes.

Mōʻaukala o ka Kaka

Ka mea mahuʻi o ke ola o keia hehee ai i mua? Aaei ia ma 1779 ma Peter Wolf, ia ia i kaupaona i nā mea pōhaku wolframite a me ka manao i mea e komo i ka hou waiwai. I ka 1781 Carl Wilhelm Scheele ascertained i ka houʻakika hiki ke loaa mai ka tungstenita. Thorburn Scheele a Bergman aaeaaaaony e noonoo noho hou metala ma ka ho'ēmiʻana o kaʻakika, i kapaia tungstenovoy. I ka 1783, na hoahanau elua, Jose a me Fausto Elguyar loaʻa i loko o tungstenʻakika, a ua'ālike e tungstenovoy. I ka hookahi makahiki na hoahanau pomaikai ae la lakou i ka kaʻawale tungsten mai ia, hoʻohana 'charcoal.

Iloko o ka Apana World War, keia Nine Inch hehee ai pâʻani 'o ia i ke kūlana nunui. mea hiki ke hooheheeia ia'ku i ka kiʻekiʻe ana wela, a me ka lōʻihi toughness tungsten oka a pau i nui maka mea no ka oihana koa hana. Kaua aoao i puʻe i Portugal like me ka papa kuhikuhi kumu o ka wolframite maʻEulopa.

I ma ke ano maoli

Ke hehee ai ia lŘlŘ ma ke ano maoli wolframite (FeWO ₄ / MnWO _4), scheelite (CaWO _4), a me Ferber Gyubnera. Nui hoʻokomo kālā o kēia nā minelala hao i loaʻa i loko o ka United States ma California, a Hawaii, Bolivia, China, South Korea, Rusia a me Portugal. China oihana ma kahi o 75% o global? Iecaianoaaiiuo o tungsten. Metal ua loaa ia ma ka hoemi i'okesaside me ka hydrogen paha kalapona.

World me ke koe i oaeuiinoe ma 7 miliona tons ua manaoia e 30% o ka ia -. Wolframite hoʻokomo kālā a me 70% - scheelite. I keia manawa, i ko lakou ulu mea,ʻaʻole hoʻokele waiwai mea eʻoi aʻe. Atʻikena hokii pae mau ke koe nō, e mau 140 wale nō makahiki. Kekahi waiwai kumu o ka tungsten ka hamoʻia mea hiki ke hooheheeia.

Key Hiʻona

Tungsten - hehee ai, a ua hoʻolaha me ka hoʻololi mea hiki ke hooheheeia. Kona hōʻailona W ua loko mai o ka Roma hua'ōlelo wolframium. Ma ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika papaʻaina, ia mea i loko o ka VI pae ma waena o tantalum a me ka rhenium.

Pure tungsten - he paa mea, no lākou ka waihoʻoluʻu loli aʻe mai kila-oho i keʻokeʻo piuta. Me ka hoʻopā o ka metala i brittle, a hiki ole ke hana me ia, akā, ina e hana ole, ka mea hiki keʻokiʻia me ka hacksaw. Eia hou, ka mea hiki ke forged,ʻolokaʻa aʻela, a huki mai.

Tungsten - Nine Inch hehee ai, o ka mahele heheʻe i ka wahi o ka i mea i ka lani kiekie loa i waena o nā mea a pau metala (3422 ° C). Nō hoʻi ia i ka mea haahaa mahu puʻe. Tensile ikaika ma T> 1650 ° C ia mea i ka nui loa. Ke hehee ai ka loa hoʻopale i ka popopo a me ka mea wale iki susceptible mea pōhaku nāʻakika. Ma ka hui 'ana me ka lewa ma ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia ili honua he aiiay'okesaside, ahu iho ua hanaʻia, akā, paʻa oxidized tungsten ma kiʻekiʻe ana wela. I ka wā i hoʻohuiʻia ma ka liʻiliʻi dala i ke kila kona paakiki maoli ia.

isotopes

I maoli tungsten ninoieo o elima radioisotopes, akā, e loaa ia ia ka lōʻihi hapa-ola, i ka mea hiki ke manaoia hale lio. haule a pau o ia mau mea ma luna o ka hafnium-72 me ka ea puka o ka, alpha (particles) (helium nuclei like-4). Alpha palaho ua malama i wale ¹⁸⁰ W, ka easiest a loa pohihihi o kēia mau isotopes. Ma awelika, 1 g. O maoli tungsten no ka makahiki ana mau Alpha hoʻopöʻino 'ia o ¹⁸⁰ W.

Eia kekahi, 27 ho'ākāka 'ia ma tungstenʻimi hoʻopunipuni radioactive isotopes. I ka loa i ka pilina paʻa o ia mea ¹⁸¹ W me ka hapalua ola o 121,2 lā, ¹⁸⁵ W (75,1 lā), ¹⁸⁸ W (69,4 lā) a me ¹⁷⁸ W (21,6 lā). All'ē aʻeʻimi hoʻopunipuni isotopes o ka hapa-ola mea i oi ma mua o ka lā, a me ka hapanui o ia mau mea - ma ka liʻiliʻi loa 8 minuke. Tungsten no hoi, ua eha "metastable" moku'āina, ka loa eii? - ^179m W (6,4 min).

i pili ai

Ke Nine Inch i huiʻia o ka tungsten 'okesaside helu loli mai ka 2 a hiki i 6, o ka a ka loa, he pono ole ka eono. Ke hehee ai i loko o hui 'ana me o oxygen nō kāu hele mai, ho okumu i yellow trioxide (Auwe _3), i ka wailana ma koʻana koko kona'ākilikai pāʻoihana ma ke ano o ka Ion, tungstate (Auwe ₄ ^2-).

palapala noi

No ka mea, tungsten i He kiʻekiʻe loa ka heheʻe mahana a me ka ductile (hiki ke unuhi i loko o uea), ka mea, ua hoʻomano hoʻohana like me ka filament pu u kukui, a holo paipu e like me ia ma ka paio hahana maoli nō kumu o ka pila umu. Eia hou, i ka mea hiki ke ku imua o loa aku ana. Kekahi o kona ikeia noi - piʻo kuʻihao me ka tungsten'ūholo uila ma lalo o aiiay kinoea.

Loa paakiki tungsten - maikaʻi ke keʻena kaumaha mea kaua oka a pau. I ka pa apŘ kiʻekiʻe ua hoʻohana 'ia i loko o ka he pilikia, counterweights a me ballast keels no yachts, e like me ihe (80-97%). High mämä holo kila, a e kua i ka mea i oi aku ka wikiwiki o kalapona, he mai i ka 18% o ka waiwai. Ka mīkini peahi uila kōmi ', e mae-hoʻopale māhele a me ka paleʻana i hoʻohana "superalloys" i loaʻa tungsten. Kēia wela-hoʻopale kapa oka a pau e hana ma ke kiekie ana wela.

Thermal? Anoe o ka Nine Inch hehee ai e like borosilicate aniani, no laila ka mea, ua hoʻohana 'ia no ka hana o ke aniani-i-metala sila. Pele ahupapa me i loaʻa ka tungsten - he ae pani nui no ka kēpau ma ka pōkā, a ua pana mai. Ma oka a pau o ka nikala, hao paha cobalt, ka mea, ua i leho percussion. Like me ka pōkā e ku i ka pale ma kona kinetic ikehu. Ma noniakahi wahi i puhi ai o ka tungsten hui e hana i transistors. Kekahi mau 'ano o nā kaula no ka mea kani i ka tungsten uea.

Ka hoʻohana a hui

Ke loaʻa kekahi paʻakikī o ka tungsten carbide (W ₂ C, WC)ʻo ia i ka loa e like me ka mea no ka mīkini wili pōhaku, a haliu ae la i na mea paahana. Ua Ua hoʻohana 'ia i loko o metallurgy, hoʻouku,ʻaila kā a me ka? Ieoaeunoai na hana. Tungsten carbide i hoʻohana 'ia e ka e pili ana Jewelry no ka mea, mea hypoallergenic, a aole e kamaʻilioʻana, e lilo lākou alohilohi.

Mai kona oxides e ka icing. Tungsten "keleawe" (pēlā-kapaʻia no ka mea, o ka mea ano oxides) e hoʻohana i ka pena. tungstates o ke kalipuna, a makanekiuma hoʻohana i kukui hāweo kukui. Tungstate aniani scintillation mīkini hopu ka mea hewa ua hoʻohana 'ia i loko o nukelea lāʻau a me ke kālaikūlohea. Ka paʻakai i hoʻohana ma o ka Nine Inch hana a me kaʻili oihana puolo. Tungsten disulfide mea he kiʻekiʻe wela lubricant, ke ku e 500 ° C. Kekahi o na hui i loaʻa ka tungsten, e hoʻohana i catalysts ma ka kemika.

waiwai

Ka walaʻauʻana physical waiwai o W like penei:

• Ke'ātoma helu o ka 74.
• 'ātoma kaupaona: 183,85.
• Heheʻe wahi: 3410 ° C.
• Paila wahi: 5660 ° C.
• Weight: 19,3 g. / Knm ³ ma 20 ° C.
• 'okesaside moku'āina o +2, +3, +4, +5, +6.
• Electronic hoʻonohonohoʻia: [xe] 4 D [illegible] ^{May 14 June 4} mau ^2.