A. D. Saharov: A Kawaihae, ka noiʻi a me ka 'uao

i ike nui Sovietʻepekema a puni ka honua. Kekahi o ia mau mea - Alana Dmitrievich Saharov, physicist a me ka lehulehu huahelu. He palapala iho la kekahi o na hana mua ma luna o ka manaʻo o ka thermonuclear naoh, no laila, ua manaoio aku no lakou ia ia i ke kōpaʻa - "makua" o ka hydrogen pōkā pahū i loko o ko kakou aina. Saharov Anatoliy Dmitrievich mea he academician o ka Academy o Sciences o ka USSR, Kumu, Kauka o ka Helu a me ka makemakika Sciences. I ka 1975, ua loaa i ka Nobel maluhia uku.

I ka wā e hiki mai nä känaka 'epekema i hānau i loko o Moscow ma May 21, 1921 kona makua kāne i Saharov Dmitriy Ivanovich, ka physicist. Ke mua elima makahiki o Andrei Dmitrievich aʻo ma ka hale. Kēia i hahai ma 5 makahiki o ke kuka nei lakou i ke kula, ma ka Sakharov ma lalo o ke alakaʻi o kona makua kāne i seriously komo i loko o ke kālaikūlohea, oia alakaʻi lehulehu hoʻokolohua.

Education ma ke kulanui, e hana ana i loko o ka munitions hola

Andrei Dmitrievich i ka 1938, a kipa aku la i ka Moscow State University Keʻena o ke kālaikūlohea. Ma hope o ka Apana World War, pu me ke Kulanui o Sakharov hele aku la i ka ke piʻoloke o Turkmenistan (Ashgabat). Andrei lilo hoihoi i loko o ka pähola 'ana o relativity a me ka quantum mechanics. I ka 1942, ua puka 'o ia mai Moscow State University me ka hanohano. Ua noonoo ke kulanui haumana Sakharov ka mea maikaʻi ma waena o nā mea a pau ka poe i? anoee loa i keia kumu.

Ma ka pau ana o ka Moscow State University Andrew D. au i makemake e noho ma ka puka kula ana ia i aʻo aku ai iā ia e Kumu A. A. Vlasov. A. D. Saharov, e lilo ana he akamai i loko o ke kula o ka metallurgy iho, i hoouna aku ai i ka oihana koa hola o Kovrov (Vladimir māhele), a laila, i loko o Ulyanovsk. Loa paʻakikī noho ana no keia o ke ola a me ka hana, akā, ia mea i loko o kēia mau makahiki, Andrei i kona hana mea hou i hana muaʻole mua. He i manaoia he mea ia e leie aku i ka mana i ka pio ole o ke kapa kila-hou Kora naʻEsau.

Marriage i Vihirevoy KA

An nui hanana ma ka pilikino ola o Sakharov i loko o 1943 - i nä känaka 'epekema mare Vihirevoy Klavdii Alekseevne (makahiki o ke ola - 1919-1969). Ua ua mua ia mai Ulyanovsk, hana i loko o ka hookahi hola me ka Sakharov. he keikikane a me na kaikamahine elua - ekolu keiki i ka hui i. No ka mea, o ke kaua, a ma hope no ka mea, o ka hanau ana o ke keiki a ka wahine a Sakharov ka i puka 'o ia mai ke kulanui. No keia mea, a laila, ma hope o kēia hoʻonaue Sakharov ma Moscow, ka mea i hiki ole ai ia ia a hiki i ka huli i ka pono 'oihana.

Postgraduate haʻawina PhD ia hoʻi

Sakharov hoi i Moscow ma hope o ke kaua, ma ka makahiki 1945, ae hoomau ana i kona haʻawina. He lākou i heluʻia ma ka puka kula a hiki i E. I. Tammu, o ka luawai-ikeʻimi naʻauao physicist, ao mai la ma ka Institute o ke kālaikūlohea. P. N. Lebedeva. A. D. Saharov i makemake e hana i kumu pilikia o ka 'epekema. I ka 1947, i kona PhD ia hoʻi i hōʻike mai iā ia. Ke theme like ana o na hana i lilo ole-radiative nukelea nā mahele. Ma ka mea, i ke nä känaka 'epekema i manaoia he hou rula i e halihaliia oia iwaho ma ke koho ana o ka ke kūʻai aku parity. He pū hooku iho la ia i ke ala, e hoike no ka AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN o ka huina'ine a me ka positron hui i hanau.

Hana ma luna o ka "makemake" o ka hydrogen pōkā pahū hoao ana

I ka 1948, A. D. Saharov i komo i loko o ka a hoc pae, i alakaiia e I. E. Tamm. Kona manaʻo,ʻo ia e nānā i ka papahana o ka hydrogen pōkā pahū, i ma kekahi pae o Ya. B. Zeldovicha. Andrei koke hooku iho la ia i kona kikoo pōkā pahū, ma ka i papa o maoli uranium a me ka deuterium waiho a puni ka maʻamau'ātoma nuclei. I ka wā o ka nucleus explodes ionized uranium me ka nui loa maoli ka pa apŘ o ke deuterium. Ua kekahi maoli he ka ana ma i ke kuʻi nukeliu naoh, a ma lalo o ka aoao o ka hoʻokēʻaiʻana neutrons hoʻomaka e puunaue. Kēia manaʻo ua complemented V. L. Ginzburg, ka poe i kohoia i ka hoʻohana 'pōkā pahū likiuma-6 deuteride. Mai ia ma lalo o ke kanawai o ke kali neutrons, tritium ua hanaʻia, i ka loaʻeleu thermonuclear wahie.

Ma ke kupulau o ka makahiki 1950 me kēia mau manaʻo o Tamm ka pae ka mea i kuhikuhi aneane i piha ikaika ma luna o ka "mea" - he malu nukelea hana oaio i loko o ke kūlanakauhale o Sarov. Eia,, ua mahuahua me ka nui loa o ka helu o nā kānakaʻepekema hana ana ma luna o ka papahana like me ka hopena o ka influx o opiopio noiʻi. Ka hui i ka hana kūpono i ka hoao mua o ka hydrogen pōkā pahū i loko o ka USSR, i i ana paʻa ma August 12, 1953 kēia pōkā pahū ua ike like me ka "Sakharov haakei".

Kela manawa, e hiki mai ana ka makahiki, January 4, makahiki 1954, Alana Dmitrievich Saharov lilo i Hero o Socialist na Hana Lima, a ua loaa i kekahi mekala "Hammer a me ka pahikakiwi." A makahiki mua, i ka 1953, he nä känaka 'epekema lilo i academician o ka Academy o Sciences o ka USSR.

Ke hou hōʻike a me kona hopena

Ka hui, a i alai ai e A. D. Saharov, hope i hana ma ke kuʻi nukeliu wahie mīkini'opihia hoʻohana pāhawewe mai ana ka Naita o ka'ātoma uku ole. Ma November 1955, ka mea i lawe mai i ka holomua hoao ana o ka hou hydrogen pōkā pahū. Naʻe, ka mea i hoomaluia ma ka make ana o ke koa a me ke kaikamahine, a ua poino he nui kanaka, e noho ana ma ka nui mamao mai o ka paena. Kēia, e like me ka nui eviction o noho ana, mai ka puni mau alakai Sakharov e manaʻo seriously e pili ana i ka lono kaumaha hopena i hiki ka hopena ma nukelea Naita me ia. He kahaha mea e hiki mai ana inā keia mana weliweli koke hele mai mai o ana.

Sakharov ka manaʻo waiho iho i ke kahua no ka nui-unahiʻole, i noiʻi

Ka poʻe me ka hana ma luna o ka hydrogen pōkā pahū Sakharov pu me Tamm i ka makahiki 1950ʻo ia i manaoia i ka manaʻo o ke pehea e hoʻokō i kekahi manaʻoʻume mākenēki wai koko hoʻopaʻa. ʻepekema, Ua i kekahi kumu hooponopono o ka pukana. Nō hoʻi ka mea nona manaʻo a me ka helu, e hana ikaikaʻume mākenēki mahinaʻai, ma ka ho'ēmiʻana o kaʻume mākenēki koko e mālama nei paukūʻolokaʻa iwi. Ke nä känaka 'epekema aʻo kēia mau nīnūnē i ka makahiki 1952. I ka 1961, Andrei Sakharov kona makemake nui i ka hoʻohana 'ana o ke kukuna mīkini'opihia ma ka mea i loaa i ka lāʻau thermonuclear naoh. Sakharov ka manaʻo waiho iho i ke kahua no ka nui-unahiʻole, i mālama 'ia ana i loko o ka mahinaʻai o ke kuʻi nukeliu ikehu.

Elua Sakharov ka 'atikala e pili ana i ka palapala ole o ka radioactivity

I ka 1958 Sakharov hooku iho la ia mau 'atikala ma ka palapala ole o ka radioactivity mai ana bombings, a me kona aoao ma luna o nā kūpuna mai. E like me ka hopena, e like me ka ike pono ia laua e na nä känaka 'epekema, ho'ēmi i kā ka awelika lōʻihi o ke olaʻana o ka heluna kanaka. E like me ka Saharova oaeuiinoe wā e hiki mai megaton kēlā me kēia moku hoʻi iaʻu ka 10 a hiki i na tausani o ka hihia o ka maʻi 'aʻai.

Andrei Dmitrievich i ka 1958 i ole no kuʻu kaumaha ho'āʻo e ho ololi i ka olelo hooholo, e hohola aku i ka USSR kūkala lākou moratorium ma nukelea Naita me ia. I ka 1961, i keʻakeʻaʻia ke hōʻike loa ikaika o ka hydrogen pōkā pahū (50-megaton) he moratorium. Ua iʻano pili aupuni ma mua o koa manaʻo nui. Alana Dmitrievich Saharov March 7, 1962 ua ka kolu kâlâ keʻokeʻo "Hammer a me ka pahikakiwi."

foxmike hana

I ka 1962, Sakharov hele mai i loko oʻoi kue me na Aupuni lehulehu a me kā lākou mau counterparts ma luna o ka ulu ana o na mea kaua, a me ka i Ban kona ho'āʻo ma hemahema. Mea e kue ana i ka maikaʻi hopena - ma ka makahiki 1963 ma Moscow ke 'eʻe' o ke kuikahi Ka Hoʻopāpā ka ikea ana o nukelea mau mea kaua i loko o nā mea a pau i nā hana kūpono.

It E e kaulana i i ole kaupalena wale n? I ka pono o Andrei Dmitrievich ia i loko o kēlā mau makahiki i nukelea ke kālaikūlohea. Ke nä känaka 'epekema alakaʻi kaʻeleu nohona ola. I ka 1958, Sakharov i olelo mai e ku e ia Khrushchev mau mea kuka, ka mea i hoʻolalaʻo e emi i ka makahiki o ka haumāna hoʻonaʻauao. A mau makahiki ma hope, pu me kā lākou nā hoapili Andrei, e pakele no ka aoao o Lysenko Soviet aaiaoe?.

Sakharov i ka 1964, i olelo mai ai ma ka Academy o Sciences me ka'ōlelo i loko o ka mea ana i olelo mai e ku e ia i ke koho ana o academician biologist NI Nuzhdina, a ho'ōla i ole e ia. Andrei manaʻo i ka biologist, me T. D. Lysenko, kuleana no kaumaha, hilahila 'aoʻao i loko o ka ulu ana o ka Lūkini' epekema.

Nä känaka 'epekema ma ka 1966, kakau i ka palapala no ka 23 ko Ahaolelo Lahui o ka CPSU. Kēia leka ( "25 kaulana a") kaulana kanaka kū'ē i ka hoʻopulapula o Stalin. Ua kaulana i "ka nui hewa" no na kanaka makemake e kekahi ho'āʻoʻana, e hoʻomaha intolerance o ka kuee a haalele mai - kūkulu 'ia a Stalin pau keia la. I ka hookahi makahiki, halawai mai Sakharov me R. A. Medvedevym, nāna i kākau i ka puke e pili ana i Stalin. Ua me ka nui loa i alakaʻi ai i ka manao o Andrei Dmitrievich. Ma Pepeluali 1967 i nä känaka 'epekema, hoouna mai kona mua palapala ia Brezhnev, ma i kokua na kuee eha. Uaua pane o na Aupuni i nele Sakharov kekahi o na mau pou i ka mea e paʻa ai i ka "mea".

Paukū manifesto, wehe mai ka hana ma ka "mea"

Ma ka haole Media paʻi ka 'atikala ma Andrei Dmitrievich, ma ka mea āna i lewa ma luna o ka holomua o ka' imi naʻauao ku okoa ana a me ka maluhia coexistence i loko o June 1968. Ke nä känaka 'epekema i olelo mai ai e pili ana i na pilikia o? Aneie pakiko-kaʻapu kōheoheo, ka thermonuclear ka make, dehumanization o ka manaʻo kanaka. Sakharov mai la oia i ka mea, ua pono no ka hoʻohui o ka capitalist a me ka Socialist nenoai. He pū palapala aku e pili ana i ka hewa ua hana i ka Stalin, i loko o ka USSR ka mea, aohe aupuni a ka lehulehu.

Ma kēia 'atikala, nä känaka' epekema-manifesto i kapaʻia no ka abolition o na hoao ana a me ka pili aupuni censorship ma luna o ka haawi ia dissidents ma psychiatric Ho 'Oponopono. Ua hahai koke e Andrei Dmitrievich nā luna 'muli o Ua kau mai ka hana ma ka malu wahi uku paha. He nalowale a pau me kona mau kia, kekahi aoao ai kekahi i hai aku i ka kaua mea huna. Halawai me ka A. D. Saharova A. I. Solzhenitsynym i paʻa August 26, 1968 It i, ua hoikeia mai ia lakou i kekahi mau manao ma ka lawelawe hou ', ma i ka aina nele.

I ka make ana o kana wahine, o ka hana o FIAN

Kēia i ukali ia e ka lono kaumaha kekahi hanana i loko o kona kino ola Sakharov - ma March 1969 kana wahine make, e waiho ana i ke nä känaka 'epekema i loko o ka moku'āina o ka manao, a i hope auou caiaiai sprawled no na makahiki uhane ka'ōlohelohe. I. E. Tamm, ka mea ma ka manawa poai puni i kaʻimi naʻauao Keʻena o FIAN, kakau laua i palapala no Keldysh, Peresidena o ka USSR. E like me ka hopena o keia a me ka ia paha nā ho'āpono ma luna o Andrei Dmitrievich June 30, 1969 i hoʻokomo i ka 'Oihana no ka Institute. Here o kona hoomaka ana i kana scientific hana, e lilo ana i ka papa kiʻekiʻe kanaka noiʻi. Kēia kūlana i ka lalo o nā mea a pau, nā mea hiki e Soviet academician.

hoʻomau 'uao

Ma waena o ka makahiki 1967 a me ka makahiki 1980, i ke nä känaka 'epekema ua palapala oi ma mua o 15ʻepekema pepa. Alaila, i aku la ia e alakai aku i kaʻeleu ka nohona o ke ola, oi a me ka nui hana ole e hoʻokō i nā kulekele o kūhelu koʻikoʻi a hanohano. Andrei hoʻokumu pū hoopii no ke kala ana i ka pono kīvila defenders Zh. A. Medvedeva a me P. Grigorenko mai psychiatric Ho 'Oponopono. Together me ka R. A. Medvedevym a me physicist V. Turchin nä känaka 'epekema paʻi i kekahi "Memo Kākau o ke aupuni a ka lehulehu a me ka' imi naʻauao ku okoa ana."

Sakharov hele mai i Kaluga, e komo 'ana i loko o ka picketing o ke kahua ma ka hoʻokolokolo' ana o nā dissidents Ua lawe B. Weill a me R. Pimenov. Ma November 1970, Andrei, a me ka physicists Tverdokhlebov A. a me B. Chalidze hoʻokumu i ka PONO KĪVILA Komite, kona hana ua ia? I nā kumu waiho iho la ma o ka HŌʻIKE I o PONO KĪVILA. Together me Academician Leontovichem M. A. i ka makahiki 1971, Sakharov olelo mai e ku e ia i ka hoʻohana 'ana o ka psychiatry no ka pili kalai aupuni, e like me ka pono me ia no ka pono o ka hoi ana mai o ka Crimean Tatars, no ke ku okoa ana o ka hoomana, no ka mea Kelemānia a me ka Iudaio emigration.

Marriage ia Bonner E. G., Sakharov ka moho e ku e ia

Marriage ia Bonner Elene Grigorevne (makahiki o ke ola - 1923-2011) i wahi i loko o ka makahiki 1972. Nä känaka 'epekema halawai mai la me keia wahine ma ka makahiki 1970 ma Kaluga, ia ia i hele ma ka hookolokolo ana. Lilo i ka hoa, a kupaʻa hoa o kana kane, Elena G.ʻeleu hana Sakharov, e pale aku i nā kuleana o nā kanaka. Mai kēia manawa ma luna o ka polokalamu palapala Sakharov noʻonoʻo i kamaaina no ka hoopaapaa ana. Eia naʻe, ma ka makahiki 1977,ʻimi naʻauao physicist nae kakauinoa i ka ami palapala, kakau i ka Aha Soviet Presidium, a olelo mai no ka pono, e hoopau i ka make uku, he e pili ana.

I ka 1973, Sakharov i ka hālāwai ninaninau i US Stenholmu, hai aku la ia Radio Kuekene. Ma ka mea,ʻo ia kamailio e pili ana i ke ano o ka laila Soviet nenoaiu. Deputy Ka Loio Hoʻopiʻi General Andrei Dmitrievich hāʻawi mai i ke ao, akā, hoʻowahāwahā keia, ke nä känaka 'epekema e paa ana i ke kaomi hālāwai kūkā no ka umikumamakahi Western nā kānaka moʻolelo. He hoohewa i ka make māinoino o ka hoomaau ana. Muli o ia mau hana i ka palapala o 40 kula, paʻiʻia ma ka nūpepa "Pravda". Ka mea, ua i ka hoʻomaka o ka malicious kai eʻe ma luna o ka nohona hana o Andrei Dmitrievich. Ma kona mauʻaoʻao, ua pono kīvila activists, a me ka Western haumana a me nā loea kālai'āina. A. I. Solzhenitsyn? Aaeaaaaony nä känaka 'epekema ia nā kumu kāki no ka Nobel maluhia uku.

Ka mua pololi hahau, ka puke Sakharov

Ma September 1973, oiai e hoomau ana i ke kaua no ka pono o ka a pau, e emigrate, Sakharov hoouna mai i ka palapala no ka US Ahaolelo, i kākoʻo Jackson. ʻO kēia ka makahiki, Richard Nixon, US Peresidena, ua hiki ma Moscow. I loko nō o kona holo Sakharov pau keia la i kona mua pololi hahau. He i haawi mai i ke kīwī ninaninau i ka mea e,ʻo lehulehu noonoo i ka plight o pili aupuni pio.

E. G. Bonner ma ke kumu o ka Palani aloha kekahi i kekahi Achievement loaa Sakharov, hoʻokumu i ka Foundation no ka poe mamo a pili pio. Andrei Dmitrievich i ka 1975 halawai me Mr. Bell, ka mea kaulana Kelemānia kākau moʻolelo. A me ia,ʻo ia i ka hoʻopiʻi kū'ē 'ana nona ma ka hoomalu ana o ke pili aupuni pio. ¶ A i ka 1975, he nä känaka 'epekema ma ka West puka i kekahi puke me ke kuleana "ke aupuni a me ke ao nei." It Sakharov hoʻomohala manaʻo o ka democratization, disarmament, ka hoʻohui o ka hoʻokele waiwai a me ka mau nā mea hoʻololi, KUMUMANAʻO NUI equilibrium.

Ka Nobel Maluhia makana (1975)

Ka Nobel Maluhia makana i kumu kāki i academician pono i loko o October 1975.ʻO ia nā kumu kāki i loaa i kana wahine, ka mea i hana wale aku no. Ua hoike ia Sakharov hoomakaukau ia no ka hana pili. Ma ka mea, i ke nä känaka 'epekema i kapaʻia no ka "maoli disarmament" a me ka "oiaio détente", he e pili ana pili aupuni i loko o ke ao nei, e like me ia i ka laha aku o nā pio o ka lunamanaʻo. I kekahi lā, ka wahine a Sakharov i ka hana me kona mau Nobel haʻi'ōlelo "E noho mälie, holomua, PONO KĪVILA". Ua academician ua kūkākūkāʻia i nā mea a pau ekolu o kēia mau pahu hopu i pili loa aku i kekahi i kekahi.

ahewa ana loulou

I loko nō o ka mea i Sakharov 'Imi kū'ē i ka Soviet? Eia, i ole ia ka kūhelu' ia iā ia a hiki i ka makahiki 1980, Ua Ua waiho aku me ke nä känaka 'epekema hoahewa i ka Soviet kaua o Afghanistan. January 8, 1980 Ua wehe no ka mea, ua loaa mua aupuni hoʻolilo 'ia' Sakharov a pau. Loulou ka mea, hoomaka ae la ma January 22 ka wā āna i hoʻouna aku ai iā Gorky (e Nizhny Novgorod), kahi ona e waiho ana ma lalo o ka hale hopu. Aia ma lalo ua poe i loko o ka Hawaii photo hale ma Gorky, ma a Academician i noho ai.

Sakharov ka pololi hahau no ka pono a hiki i E. G. Bonner, e haʻalele

I ke kauwela o ka makahiki 1984 Andrei Dmitrievich e paa ana i ka pololi hahau no ka pono o kana wahine, ma ka hele ana a hiki i kaʻAmelika Hui Pūʻia no ka lapaau, a halawai me ka poe hoahanau. Ua Ua ukali pūʻia e ke ola puʻe wale akula kēlā, e ai ana a me ka hospitalization, akā, i ole lawe mai i nā hualoaʻa.

In April-September 1985, i ka hope pololi hahau academician, hahai aku la i na Pahuhopu kahiko. Wale i loko o July 1985 E. G. Bonner i haawiia ka ae, e haʻalele. Ua hiki mai ma hope o ka Sakharov hoouna mai i ka palapala ia Gorbachev me ka olelo hoopomaikai, e hooki aku i ko lakou lehulehu helehelena a hoopau noʻonoʻo ma 'epekema hana, ina ka huakaʻi e e ae.

Hope ka makahiki o ke ola

Ma March 1989, Sakharov lilo i ka lāhui kanaka hoʻi, Hope o ka Aha Soviet o ka USSR. ʻepekema manao i ka puu e pili ana i ka pili aupuni 'ole mihi i loko o ka Soviet Union. Ma November 1989, Sakharov hooku iho la ia i ka hei ana Kumukanawai, a i ka nānā 'ana ma luna o ka' ohana ka palekana o ke kanaka a me nā lāhui kanaka 'pono e statehood.

Ua pau ka mo'olelo pilikino a Andrei Sakharov i ka lā 14 o Dekemaba, 1989, i kona make'ana ma hope o kekahi lā'oihana i ka'aha'ōlelo o ka'aha'ōlelo o nā Lunamaka'āinana. I ka'ike'ana o ka autopsy, ua ho'opau loa'ia ka pu'uwai o ke kulakula. Ma Moscow, i ka hale kupapa'u Vostryakovskoye,'o ka "makua" o ka pū'ia o ke hydrogen e waiho ana, a me ka mea hakakā o nā pono kanaka.

H. Sakharov Foundation

'O ka ho'omana'o o ka mea'epekema maika'i a me ka mea i'ike nui'ia e ka po'e i loko o ka na'au o nā mea he lehulehu. I ka makahiki 1989, ua ho'okumu'ia ka Andrei Sakharov Foundation ma ko mākou'āina, a'o kona pahuhopu ka mālama'ana i ka ho'omana'o iā Andrei Dmitrievich, ho'onui i kona mau mana'o, a pale i nā kuleana o kānaka. I ka makahiki 1990,'ike'ia ka Foundation i United States. 'O Elena Bonner, ka wahine a ke kālai'ike, no ka wā lō'ihi,'o ia ka luna ho'omalu o kēia mau hui. Ua make'o ia i ka lā 18 o Iune, 2011, mai kahi hō'eha pu'uwai.

I loko o ka ki'i ma luna - he wahi ho'omana'o i Sakharov, i ho'okumu'ia ma St. Petersburg. 'O ka wahi ākea kahi e waiho'ia ana,'o ia ka inoa ma hope ona. 'A'ole ho'opoina'ia nā lālepa Nobel Nobel Prize, e like me ka'ike'ia'ana e nā pua i lawe'ia i ko lākou mau kuahiwi a me nā lua kupapa'u.