I ka haku mele 'ana a me ka pa apŘ o ke kerosene, kaʻina hana no kona makaukau

No ka lōʻihi manawa, na kanaka i ho'āʻo i ka imi i ka mea a me ka oluolu-i-ano kumu o ka wela, ka malamalama, a me ka wahie. Ka mua manawa e like me keia poe he maʻamau lāʻau a me ka mauʻu maloʻo, hope kanaka aʻo i ka hana a me ka hoʻohana i ka peat. A laila kanaka a ua i ka nui Hopu ma ka 'epekema a me ka' ike loea hou ma ka nui - a ma ka wahie kaiaulu i loko o kekahi, hoomaka ae la e hana kerosene.

He He läÿau, o hydrocarbons i hoolapalapa i ka wela o 150-250 ° C. Ua mea he ike, oily, flammable wai a loaa ma ka distillation o ka maka aila. Ke kaumaha ma muli o ka aaioee iaoia, a me ka Nine Inch haku mele 'ana i loko o kerosene e loaʻa paʻa kūhohonu loa hydrocarbons aliphatic type, naphthenic i huiʻia, bicyclic i huiʻia, heʻano o impurities o ka oxygen, luaipele a me ka naikokene hehee wale.

O ka papa mua i loko o ka palapala noi a wahi lulu kerosene pili me ka hana mea hou i hana muaʻole i ka makahiki 1823 godu refinery pa alima. A mai 1950, i kona wa i hoomaka ai i 'Imi hoʻomōhala turboprop a me ka mokulele hēkī mokulele, OOOXO kekahi o ko lakou ano iho, i kapaia o "mokulele hēkī wahie". Ua hoomakaukauia a me kekahi, a me ka 'ē aʻe ke ano o ka kerosene aila ma ka distillation. Ma iniiaiie aaioee aila ua huikalaʻia e likeʻole impurities a me ka wai (ia mea kumukuai 'ana i kumumanaʻo i ka pa apŘ o ke kerosene emi nuʻa o ka wai). A laila, ua hoolilo i ka pololei distillation, oiai i ka baila aʻela i wahi hydrocarbon aila hapa ua hoʻokuʻuʻia a me ke koena aila ua huikala haku mele 'ana.

Ma awelika, kerosene nuʻa mea e pili ana i 0,78-0,85 g. No cubic kenimika, a me ka waihonaʻike wahi papa koa mai ka 28 a hiki i 72 ° C. I ka pa apŘ o combustible wai a hoʻohana no ka lulu popilikia hana, ua like me 830 kg no cubic mika, a me kona waihonaʻike wahi mea ma kahi o 35-40 ° C. 'O kēia ka loa, he pono ole nā hoailona. kerosene nuʻa, hoʻohana 'ia no ka hoʻomālamalama i mines a me nā ipu uuku o 860 kg no cubic mika. Flashpoint i kēiaʻano o ka wai a hiki e mai ke 90 ° C. kerosene nuʻa mea ole e emi malalo o 780 kg no cubic mika. Oia ka kerosene no ka hoʻohana ma ka maunakea Eia kekahi laʻana subsonic mokulele.

By kerosine ua maopopo i ka pa apŘ waiwai a me ka nānā 'ana i ka lākiō o ka nui o ka wahie i kona leo. Ho oholo i ka pa apŘ o ke kinowai wahie hoʻohana i ka pycnometer - mea hāpai mīkini pela manao no ka hoomaopopo ana i ka pa apŘ o keʻano o ke kinowai, kinopaÿa.

No Ka Ikepili pono pycnometer thermostat hiki ia o ka malama ana i ka mahana ma 20 ° C, he holo EII ni, he holo desiccator, ana wela a me ka kerosene. Ke hana ia ua helu ana kona pa apŘ ua maheleia i loko o kekahi mau kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao. Mua, holoi leʻa a maloʻo pycnometer kaupaona. A laila, hāʻule hiamoe graphite, a kaupaona hou ia ia ia. A laila, i nininiʻia ai ka alabata, kerosene (hapalua ka leo), a waiho ia i loko o ka desiccator kahi paa no ma kahi o hoʻokahi hola.

Ma ka lua o ke kahua Ka Ikepili pycnometer, lawe mai o ka desiccator, a piha loa me ka paraffin, Ua waiho no kekahi hola i loko o ka incubator. Ma hope o kekahi wā o ka manawa o ka mea ua wehe 'ia mai i ka umu, a hooholo kona nuipa a. A laila, ma ka ia pycnometer, akā, ua pono-holoi a me ka maloo anaanai iho, ninini kerosene a me ka hana a pau o ka ia, akā, me ka hou o ka graphite. Similar kapuai lawe mai ma ka ninini ana i kaʻike mau pycnometer me ka i puhi ia i ka wai.

Kerosene nuʻa he pōpilikia ka hoʻohana 'ana i nā kēia haʻilula: nuʻa o ka wai hoonuiia e ka like ke kaumaha o ka pycnometer me ka kerosene a me ka graphite a me ka nuipa a loa nele pycnometer, a ua puunaueia i ka hopena ma ka unuhi i loko o nuipa o ka pycnometer me ka wai a me ke kaumaha o ka nele pycnometer.

Ke divergence ia ma waena o nā hopena o ka elua ia laua 'o Ka hoʻoholo lawe mai e ole oi 0,01-0,02 g. / Knm.