Ke circulatory nenoaiu o ke kanaka a me ka holoholona kino

Ole, koe no nā mea a pau multicellular meaola i i differentiated nā'aʻaʻa a me nā loko, oi loa aku hoi i ke ano o ko lākou olaʻana i ka pono no ka amo ana o oxygen, a māhuaola i na keena e e mai i ko lakou kino. Papa amo ka keia hanaʻia i ke koko neʻe ma ka'ōnaehana o'ōlewa omo hale - na moku, hui ma ka circulatory nenoaiu. Kona evolutionary kūpono 'ana,' ole a me ka hana ana au i ke i loko o keia pepa.

annelids

Ke circulatory'ōnaehana nā loko ikea no ka manawa mua i ka elele o ka 'ano annelids (Hoʻohana ilo), kekahi o a o ka punawai-ike earthworm - noho o ka lepo, mahuahua kona fertility a me ka pili ana i ka papa Oligochaeta.

No keia meaola ua ole i aloha i hoʻonohonoho 'ia, i ka circulatory nenoaiu o earthworm kino poe elua wale moku - dorsal a ventral pili hoʻopoepoe paipu.

Oi loa aku hoi i ka neʻeʻana o ke koko i loko o invertebrates - mollusks

Ke circulatory'ōnaehana nā loko ma ka pūpū i ka helu o ka ho'ākāka 'ia' ano: ilaila o ka naau iloko olaila a mau atria a me ventricles, a ua puhi ia i ke koko ma ka holoholona ka kino. Ua kahe ole wale ma na ipu, akā, i loko o na hakahaka ma waena o nā kino.

He ua kapaʻia he hamama circulatory kahua. Similar 'ole ke ike i ka elele o arthropods e like me crustaceans, punawelewele, a me nā mea kolo. Lākou circulatory'ōnaehana ua i paʻa nā loko, i ka naau ua aia ma kaʻaoʻao dorsal o ke kino, a mai ke ano o ke paipu a me baffles a me ka nohona kiwikā.

Amphioxus - kupuna ano o vertebrates

Ke circulatory nenoaiu o ka holoholona nā loko me ka iho kino iwi a me ka chord a spine, ua mau paa. Ma golovohordovyh, a no lancelet kekahi holo, a me ke kūlana o ka naau hāpai ka abdominal aorta. Ua 'oi aku kona pulsating koko holo ma ke kino.

Koko holo i ka iʻa

Ke superclass o ka iʻa he o nā pūʻulu o ka wai meaola: papa o cartilaginous a me ka pokou iʻa papa. Me ka nui oko ao i loko o ka mawaho, a na 'ole ka mea, i loko o na - ka circulatory'ōnaehana o nā loko, i kuleana pili i mea e lawe aku ka mahuaola a me ka oxygen. Ua Ua wehewehe aku ma ke alo o pulmonary holo a me ka pālua-keʻena naʻau.

Heart iʻa manawa bicameral, a he o ka atrium a me ka ventricle. Ma waena o ia ma laila mau kiwikā, no laila, i ka neʻeʻana o ke koko i loko o ka naʻau ka manawa unidirectional: mai ka atrium i loko o ka ventricle.

Holo ma ka mua'āina holoholona

Mau nā 'elele o ka papa o amphibians a amphibians: hana ana, rana, rana, kikokiko salamander, newt a me na mea e ae. Ka 'ole o ka circulatory'ōnaehana i maopopo i nanaia ka manaʻo pohihihi o ka hui: ka ai-kapaia liluwelo aromorphoses. He He ekolu-o ke keʻena o ka naau (mau atria a me ventricle), a me nā holo. Ka mea, nā hoʻomaka mai ka ventricle.

Ke pulmonary koko waiwai i loko o ke kalapona'okikene lua, a hiki i kaʻili a me ka neʻe maila i ke eke kala maʻalahi. Here kinoea kūkaʻi i, a me ka arterial koko hoike mai na maʻiʻaʻai a hiki i ka haʻalele atrium. Venous koko mai o nā ipu i loko o ka ili komo ka atrium akau, laila, i loko o ka ventricle arterial a me ka venous koko i hui pūʻia ai, a me keia i hui koko e neʻe aku i loko o nā mea a pau nā loko o ke kino amphibians. No laila, o ka nui o ka pūnao o lakou, e like me ka iʻa, haʻahaʻa lawa i ka mea hiki aku ai i ke kaukaʻi amphibian kino ana wela o ka puni kaiapuni. i kapaia anu-koko paha poikilothermic mau meaola.

Circulatory'ōnaehana i ka mea kolo

Hoomau ana me ka mea mau koko holo i loko o na holoholona, e alakai ano honua kahi aoao o ke ola, kālele ana ma luna o ka 'anatomia o ka mea kolo a mea kolo. Ke circulatory'ōnaehana nā loko i oi ole e huli ma mua i loko o amphibians. Animals pili ana i ka papa o ka mea kolo i ekolu-o ke keʻena o ka naau, i ka atria elua a me ka ventricle, ma a he mea he uuku paku. Animals pili ana i ka noho pololei ana o ka crocodiles mea ma ka naau o kekahi ana ke'ākeʻakeʻa mai, aʻo ia i kekahi Eha-keʻena.

A? Aniuea pili ana i ka poe me ka unahiʻole (kanaka hoʻoponopono moo, ka Gecko, ka moʻo niho hehi moo nimble) a me ka pili ana i ka honu paukū, i ka ekolu-o ke keʻena o ka naʻau me ka nezaroschennoy paku, no laila, i ko lakou mau alo lala, a me ka poo komo i ke arterial koko, a me ka huelo a me kumu māhele 'āina - hui. Ma crocodiles arterial a venous koko mea i hui ole i loko o ka naʻau, a me ka mai o ka mea - i ka hopena o ke kuʻi nukeliu o nā aortic mau hoaka, ai nā māhele o ke kino e launa mai i hui pūʻia ke koko. Ole, koe nae, kekahi mea kolo e anu-koko holoholona.

Manu - ka mua mehana-koko meaola

Ke circulatory'ōnaehana nā loko i ka manu mau e lilo hou eiiieaena a me ka maemae. Lākou naʻau Ua pau quad. A, i ka mau holo arterial koko ole ua hui me ka venous koko. No ia mea, pūnao i loko o nā manu loa mālama nui: ke kino mahana kīnā 40-42 ° C, he naau i kela papa koa, mai 140 a hiki i 500 kui iho oe a no minuke, ke kaumaha ma muli o ka nui o ka manu ka kino. Pulmonary holo kapa pulmonary lākou e hoʻopakele i ke venous koko mai ka ventricle akau a hiki i ka ia maʻiʻaʻai, laila kekahi arterial ke koko waiwai ma o oxygen kahe ana i loko o ka atrium hema. Systemic holo hoomaka mai ka ventricle hema, i ke koko laila komo ka dorsal aorta, a ua mai o ia ma nā arteries - a pau kino o ka manu.

I ka holo ana o ke koko ma nā ipu i loko o mammals

Like manu, mammals i mahana-koko, a me homeothermic meaola. Ma ka mea kēia? Aaoa ia oihana ka mua wahi ma ka olelo o ka hoʻololiʻana, a ma kona ano maoli, he nui loa, i mea kuhikuhi no i ko lakou kino ana wela nānā 'ole o ka puni kaiapuni. Ke circulatory nenoaiu o mammals, i mea na kikowaena kino o ka eha-o ke keʻena o ka naau, i ka hemolele o kāna mau hoʻolālā vascular'ōnaehana: arteries, aa koko a me capillaries. Ke koko holo ua lawe mai i loko o nā holo. Koko i loko o ka naʻau o loa haumāna: ma kaʻaoʻao hema höʻike arterial, a me ka pono - venous.

Penei, ka circulatory'ōnaehana nā loko ma placental mammals hoʻolako a malama i ka ikaika na papa o ke kino, oa homeostasis.

Ke circulatory nenoaiu o kanaka nā loko

Aie i ka mea i kekahi kanaka e pili ana i ka papa o mammals, ke mau kumumanao o ka anatomical 'ole a me ka hana ana o ka physiological oihana, a me ia mea i' ano like lawa i na holoholona. Ma keia hele ana pono a me ka pili ho'ākāka hiʻona o ke kanaka kino 'ole nō haʻalele i ka definite paʻi ma ka maomeka o ke koko holo.

Ke circulatory nenoaiu o ke kanaka kino ua i mai o nā Four-keena naʻau a me ka holo: ka poe liilii, a me ka nui, i i ikeia ma ka 17th kenekulia ma ka 'ōlelo Pelekānia nä känaka' epekema William Harvey. O ka pau nui o ke koko lako o kanaka nā loko, e like me ka lolo, puʻupaʻa a me akepaʻa.

Ke vertical kulana o ke kino a me ke koko kahe i ka pelvic nā loko

Man - ka mea wale nō i hanaia i loko o ka papa o mammals, nona na nā loko e kaomi i kona kaumaha ma mua o ka abdominal pa, a me ka mea ma lalo lala kaei, he ana o ka palahalaha pelvic iwi. Ke circulatory nenoaiu o pelvic arteries poe ma ka'ōnaehana pono, mai ka mea, he pono ole iliac artery. Keia mea kuhikuhi i na iliac artery e lawe mai i oxygen, a māhuaola i ka pelvic nā loko: ka rectum, bladder, 'īnea i nā loko, i ka prostate gland i loko o nā kānaka. Once ma na keena o kēia mau kino i hoʻomaka ai, a arterial koko kinoea e loaa hou mai ma ka huli venous, na moku - ka iliac aa koko - kahe i loko o ka emi vena cava lawe ana i ke koko i loko o ka atrium akau, kahi e welau a ka systemic holo.

He mea pono e lawe i mooolelo o ka mea e pau ai ka pelvic nā loko, ua ākea ia ka hoʻonaʻauao, a me ka mea, i ke aupuni 'i loko o ka kŘpa a uuku ka leo o ke kino lua, a pinepine, lalau mai trapped ma na moku koko e hānai kēia mau kino. IeAUPIIe, IAa IO ia ia lŘlŘ ma muli o ke hooloihi ae i sedentary hana, ma i ke koko holo ua wāwahiʻia rectum, bladder a me nā kino wahi. Ua hiki aku i ka stagnation, me ka hoonaukiuki aku maʻiʻaʻai a me ka li nui i loko o ia mau mea.

I ke koko na lako i ka wahine nā loko o kekahi kanaka

Kaulike i ka maʻamau papa o reactions o ke ea a me ka ikehu hoonohonoho hou i nā pae o ko mākou kino i ka hoʻolālā, mai ka hakakino a me ka organismic pau ai i ua hanaʻia ka circulatory'ōnaehana o ke kanaka kino. Pelvic nā loko, i ka loaʻa o ka wahine, perfused, e like me ka olelo maluna, mai ka iho aorta, i haalele mai i ka ventral rami. Ke circulatory'ōnaehana i hanaʻia moku wahine'ōnaehana, kaulike o ka lako o ka māhuaola, oxygen, a kuewa i carbon dioxide a me nā metabolic huahana.

Male gonads - na testes ma i oʻo sperm, - kiʻi i ke arterial koko mai ka testicular arteries, e holo ana mai ka abdominal aorta, a me ka venous outflow o ke koko lawe testicular aa koko, kekahi o ka a - haʻalele - merges me ka hemaʻaʻa puʻuwai aa koko, a me ka akau komo 'ana i loko o ka lalo vena cava. Ke penis Ua lako me na moku ke koko e holo ana mai ka maloko pudendal artery: ka urethral, hoʻi, onion a me ka hohonu arteries. venous koko, mai na nā'aʻaʻa o ka penis hoʻolako ka nui moku - ka hohonu hoʻi o Vienna, mai a ka neʻe aku i ai i ka urogenital venous plexus pili me ka emi vena cava koko.

Koko lako hou i ka wahine wahine mutilation ua lawe mai arterial nenoaiu. Penei, i ke crotch loaa ana ke koko mai ka maloko pudendal artery, ua lako i kekahi lala o ka uterus me ke koko iliac artery, kapa aku la i ka makuwahine, a ua hoomakaukau na ovaries me ke koko mai ka abdominal aorta. Like ke kane reproductive'ōnaehana i wahine loa ke kino venous vascular mea ulana pukapuka, interconnected Pūnaewele Puni Honua - anastomosis. Venous koko e kahe ana ma ovarian aa koko i komo i loko o ka emi vena cava, a laila kahe ana i loko o ka atrium akau.

Ma keia 'atikala mākou hookolokolo aku la ia i loko o au mamuli o ka ulu ana o ka vascular nenoai o ka holoholona nā loko a me kanaka, hoolako i ke kino me ka o oxygen a me ka mahuaola e pono no ke ola kākoʻo.