'Aukekulia aupuni a pau. Ka'Aukekulia aupuni a pau

Ka'Aukekulia aupuni a pau Ua kūkala 'ia hoʻi ka monarchic moku'āina i ka 1804 a hiki i 1867, a laila, i lilo iho i loko o ka Austro-Hungary. I ole ia, ka mea i kapaia o ka Habsburg aupuni a pau, i ka hope inoa o kekahi o na Habsburgs, Palani, a, e like Napoleon, hoi, hai mai ia ia iho ia Auguseto.

hooilina

'Aukekulia aupuni a pau i loko o ka 19th kenekulia, ina oe e nana i ka palapala 'āina, ka mea nana e like me ka patchwork Quilt. E ike koke ia keia mea he multiethnic moku'āina. A, loa paha, ia mea, e like me ka pinepine o ka hihia, nele o ka kumupaʻa. Ke huli nei ma ka 'aoʻao o ka moolelo, ua hiki ke ike i ka mea i hiki mai ai iʻaneʻi. Tiny nā pōpō specks ohi ia ma lalo o ka hoʻokahi mokuna - keia mea i ka Hapsburg Austria. Map hōʻike pakahi aku la ia i ka aina i hakina aupuni a maikai. Hereditary ona o ka Habsburgs -ʻuʻuku o nā 'āina like, na kanaka] ma ka pono kekahi mau kanaka. 'Aukekulia aupuni a pau i hanaʻia no ia.

• Solowakia, Hungary, Czech Repubalika.
• Zakarpate (Karpatska Rus).
• Transylvania, Croatia, Vojvodina (Banat).
• Galicia, Bukovina.
• Northern Italy (Lombardy, Venice).

'Aʻole wale nō i ke kumu o nā kānaka a ua okoa, akā, hoomana i ole coincide. Nā lāhui kanaka o ka'Aukekulia aupuni a pau (kanakolu eha miliona), ka hapalua o Slavs (Slovaks, Czechs, Croats, auamo, Ukrainians, Serbs. Magyar (Hungarians), elima paha miliona, e pili ana i ka mea hookahi helu o Italians.

Ma na crossroads o ka moʻolelo

Feudalism ia manawa i ole i holo kona papa, akā, i ka'Aukekulia a me ka poe paahana Czech ua hiki pono kapa ia ia iho e hana i ka hana i loko o kēia mau mea ua hala loa hoʻomohala i ka capitalist.

Habsburgs a me kā lākou puni ano hanohano i ka Hoʻohaku mana o ke aupuni a pau, ka mea, i nā mea a pau o ka loa kula kiʻekiʻe 'ia i nā hana - nā koa a me ka bureaucratic. Absolutism, ka dominance o arbitrariness - bureaucratic a me ka mana i loko o ka maka o ka makai, na dictates o ka Ekalesia Hui, ka richest kula i loko o ke aupuni a pau - a pau i kēia somehow hooluhi hewa ia mai nā lāhui kanaka uuku, hui pu me irreconcilable a hiki i loko o ka mīkini kāwili aila a me ka wai.

'Aukekulia aupuni a pau ma ka Ewa o ke kipi

Czech Germanize koke, ka oi aku o ka bourgeoisie, a me ka aristocracy. Nā landowners mai Hungary kahihi miliona o Slavic kauwa, akā, ka mea, ua hoi nui kalele iho ma luna o ke aupuni-Austrians. Ka'Aukekulia aupuni a pau i ua e paakiki ma luna o kona mau Italian panalāʻau. A hiki paʻakikī e maopopo ma waena o ke ano o ka ka hoʻoluhi hewa i ua: paio ku e feudalism, capitalism, a no hoʻokahi wale nō ke aupuniʻokoʻa.

Metternich, ke Kuhina Nui lawelawe a me ka outspoken reactionary, he kanakolu makahiki pāpā kekahi 'ōlelo' ē aʻe ma mua o Kelemānia i loko o nā kulanui, a me nā pā hale a me nā kula. Ke kanaka uaʻano nui kua'āina. Manao like noa, kēia kanaka, ua pono e kaukaʻi ma luna o nā konohiki, uku Ka Waiho ', hana conscription like serfdom.

'Aʻole wale na nā paʻi hua o na kanaka, auwe iho ma lalo o kaʻauamo o ke feudal'ōnaehana a me ke koena loa ka mana a me kona arbitrariness. Ke bourgeoisie ua hoi i hauʻoli, a me kaʻae nō hoʻi e hookuke kanaka e kipi. ʻOiʻenehana i loko o ka'Aukekulia aupuni a pau ma luna o ka luna kumu ua wale inevitable.

aupuni pakiko-paa

All ku okoa ana-puni lāhui kanaka, a me ka trepidation hai aku i ke ana a me ka malama ana o ka aina moʻomeheu. Maopopo Slavic. A laila, ma lalo o ke kaumaha o ke kīpaku'Aukekulia, Czechs, Slovaks, Hungarians a Italians ho'āʻo i ka hoʻoponopono aupuni, ka hooulu ana o ka moʻokalaleo a me ka akamai, imi aʻo i loko o ka 'ōlelo kula maoli. Kākau moʻolelo, kula hui ma kekahi manaʻo - ke aupuni, ka hoʻoponopono-paa.

ʻO ia keʻano o ka hanaʻana i ka Serbs, Croats. Ke kaumaha i ka rula e ola ana, i ka malamalama ulu moe o ke ku okoa ana, a i ka lewa i loko o nā hana o Artists, haku mele a me nā mea hoʻokani pila. National moʻomeheu Ku ma luna aku o ka lanakila a me ka hoihoi o compatriots i kuleana anuu i ke ku okoa ana, e hoʻokolokolo pono, fraternity - i ke kumu hoohalike o ke PalaniʻOiʻenehana.

Ke uprising ma Vienna

I ka 1847, ka'Aukekulia aupuni a pau "Ua lilo" muli o kona kulana hoʻokahuli aupuni kulana. Acuity oia hou ka kekahi mau aneiai ulia a me nā makahiki o ka poʻeʻilihune kaʻohiʻaiʻana, a me ka pahu aku ai i ua i ka hoʻokahuliʻia o ke aupuni mō'ī ma Farani. Mua i loko o March 1848 kipi i loko o ke aupuni a pau'Aukekuliaʻoihana kaua, a wawahi ae la.

Hana, nā haumāna, paahana i kūkuluʻia barricades i loko o nā alanui o Vienna, a ninau aku i ka resignation o ke aupuni, i makau i ka imperial poʻe hao wale, koho e uhi unrest. Ke aupuni i concessions, hoihoiia aku la Metternich a me kekahi poʻe lawelawe. Ua Ua'ōlelo mai ai i ke kumukānāwai.

Ka lehulehu, nae, ua hoʻomaka koke kahiko ana: i ka hana i loko o kekahi hihia i i kiʻi i kekahi mea - a hiki i ke kuleana e koho. Nā haumāna i hana KU¯ O Legeona, a me ka bourgeoisie - ka National poʻe kiaʻi. A kau i ka mea e kū'ē'ē mai ka wā mau i mākaukau i nā pūʻulu 'ino ai ho'āʻo e hoike mai ma mua o ka Auguseto, a hoʻoikaika i ka noho aupuni ana, e holo aku mai Vienna.

Ke kauwa, e like me ka mau, ma ke kipi i kekahi hapa i ole i manawa. Wahi spontaneously kipi, aole e uku i ka hoolimalima, a me ka haku hale illegally ke kua a hina laau. Ike paka i a me ka hui ana o ka hana papa ua, o ka papa, oi. Fragmentation a me individualism o ka hana kūpaʻa ua i hou.

incompleteness

Like a pau Kelemānia,'Aukekulia kipi ia i pau, eia nae ka bourgeois-kemokalaka, e kapa aku ia mea, ua hiki. Ke hana papa ua,ʻaʻole i lawa kaʻoihana kaua, ka bourgeoisie, e like me ka mau, me ka lokomaikaʻi, a me ka naʻauao hoopunipuni, eia kekahi ua loaʻa ia no ke aupuni, me ka paio, a me kou loan-kipi.

hiki ole lanakila. Ke aupuni mō'ī Ua hana hou ia, a hooikaika aku la i ka lanakila wale ana o na kanaka hune, a disenfranchised. Ka mea, Ua maikaʻi ia i lawe kekahi nā mea hoʻololi wahi, a me ka papa kuhikuhiE mea - kaʻOiʻenehana hope pepehi i ka feudal nenoaiu. Maikai, a i ka aina i malamaia kona mokuna, no ka mea, ma hope o ka kipi wawahi mai a oi homogeneous aupuni ma mua o Austria. Aupuni a pau Staff i ole loli.

poe alii

Ma ka hapa mua o ka umikumamaiwa ke kenekulia, a 1835, na mea a pau o ka moku'āina, e lawelawe i ka Emperor Manuela I. Kaulike Metternich ua akamai, a ua he kaumaha nui i loko o kālai'āina, akā, e hoomaopopo i ka Auguseto ua pinepine ole. Ma hope o ka meaʻawaʻawa loa ka hopena o ka PalaniʻOiʻenehana i loko o Austria, na ke haiia'ku a pau o ka Napoleonic kaua, Metternich loa iini nui ana e lawe mai i kēia mea i ka aina i ka maluhia.

Akā, Metternich ole e hana i ka hale kanawai me ka poeikohoia o nā lāhui kanaka a pau o ke aupuni a pau, me ka moku'āinaʻai hoʻi i i loaa i kekahi maoli mana. Eia naʻe, he hoʻokele waiwai hope Austria, a me ka feudal reactionary? Eia kanakolu makahiki Metternich huli i loko o ka moku'āina ikaika loa maʻEulopa. Ua nui kona kūlana i loko o ka hoʻokumu o ka ee-hoʻokahuli aupuni Hemolele kuikahi i ka 1915.

Ma ka ho'āʻo pono e malama i ke aupuni a pau mai ka scraps o ka piha'opi, ka'Aukekulia lākou poʻe kaua brutally weluwelu ka uprising ma Napela a me Piedmont i ka 1821, oiai ka malama ana piha domination ma ka aina Austrians ma neavstriytsami. Loa pinepine uhi pū haunaele ma waho Austria, ma muli o ia i ka poe kaua o keia aina i loaa ia ka pōʻino mahaloia e adherents o ka lahui ka hoʻoponopono-paa.

Maikaʻi diplomat Metternich i pūʻia e ke Kuhina o ko na Aina e, a me ka Emperor Manuela lawelawe i ka na mea o ka moku'āina. Ma scrutiny mea Kanakaʻole tracks a pau i ke kalepa ae la lakou i loko o ka wahi o ka hoʻonaʻauao 'ana: luna aupuni pololei kulana kupono na mea a pau i hiki ke aʻo a me ka heluhelu. Censorship ua brutal. Nā kānaka moʻolelo i ole ae a hiki i ka hoomanao i ka hua'ōlelo "Kumukanawai".

Ma ka hoʻomana, ka mea, ua kŘpa a maluhia, aia no kekahi ioeeiiaiey. Pohala i ka Papa Hanohano o ka Jesuits, Kakolika makuakane ka hoʻonaʻauao, a me ka ole, e waiho kekahi me ka ae ole o ka Auguseto, mai ka ekalesia. Iudaio hookuu mai ka ghetto, a hiki ma Vienna i kukulu halehalawai. Ua laila, i waho i waena o moni Solomon Rothschild, i mau hoaaloha me Metternich. A i loaa baronial inoa. I ia mau lā - he hanana hiki ole.

I ka pau ana o ka mana nui

Ua piha o setbacks ka kuwaho o Austria no ka lua o ka hapalua o ke kenekulia. Ana make i loko o ke kaua.

• Ka Crimean War (1853-1856).
• Austro-Prussian War (1866).
• First Ikalia War o ke Kuokoa (1866).
• kaua me Sardinia a me France (1859).

I keia manawa, ua he hoopaapaa wanaao ae i ka pili aloha me Rusia, alaila, i ka hanaia'na o ka North Kelemānia Confederation. A pau i kēia alakaʻi ai i ka mea i ka Habsburgs lilo aku i ko lakou aoao ma ka aupuni,ʻaʻole wale nō i loko o Germany akā, no hoi maʻEulopa. A - i ka hopena - i ke kūlana o ka mana nui.