Mōʻaukala o Estonia: he hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo

Mōʻaukala o Estonia helehelena hoʻomaka me ka mea kahiko Luna Hooponopono ma luna o kona ?? eoi? E i waho 10,000 makahiki aku nei. Ua loaʻa Mea Hana 'o ka Pōhaku Age kokoke Pulli kokoke i kēia Parnu. Finno-Ugric ohana, mai ka hikina a (paha, mai ka Urals) hele mai kenekulia hope (paha i ka 3500 BC, E.), i hui pūʻia me ka kūloko heluna kanaka, a noho i loko o keia-lā Estonia, Finland, a Hungary. Ka mea, makemake i ka aina hou, a ua hoomalau mai lakou i ka nomadic ola ana i wehewehe aku ka hapanui o nā lāhui kanaka'ē aʻe Europa, ma luna o ka mea e hiki mai anaʻeono millennia.

Ke kakahiaka nui moolelo o Estonia (pokole)

I ka 9th a me ka 10th kenekulia AD Estonians i ike i ka Vikings, i manao maikai oi hoihoi i kuai? Ooia i Kiev a me Constantinople, ma mua o ka naʻi aupuni o ka aina. Ka mua maoli hoʻoweliweli i hele mai, mai ke Karistiano komohewa, mai ke komohana mai. Hooko ana i ka Pope kāhea aku a ke no ka crusade ku ei ka akau pegana, Denemaka poʻe kaua, a Kelemānia naita kaua akula Estonia, i ka 1208 o ka pakaua lanakila Otepaa. Local nā kupa i i ka wela ia'ku, a me ka ia i oi aku mamua o 30 makahiki, ma mua ka mea i lilo ma ka pau ?? eoi?. Ma ka hapalua like-13th kenekulia, Ua maheleia Estonia ma waena o ka Denemaka, a me Kelemānia ma ka'ākau a hiki i kaʻaoʻao hema o ka Teutonic Papa. Crusaders imi iho la i ka hikina, i ku Aleksandrom Nevskim o Novgorod ma ka paʻahau Lake Peipsi.

Ka lanakila i noho ai ma ka hou kūlanakauhale, laila 'o ia ka hapanui o ka mana o na lunakiai. Ma ka pau ana o ke kenekulia 13th ma ka Tallinn, a Tartu ala cathedrals, a me ka Cistercian a me Dominican kahunapule, a laila kūkulu monasteries, e hai aku i ka mea i nā kanaka, a, e bapetizo aku ia ia. Ia manawa, Estonians hoomau iho la oia i ke kipi.

Ka loa nui uprising hoomaka ma ka po o St. George (April 23) i ka 1343 kona hoʻomaka 'ua hoi malalo o ko Denmark North Estonia. Ke aupuni o ka moolelo paha e looting kipi Cistercian hoailona Padise a me ka pepehi kanaka o kona mau mōneka. Alaila, kau iho kaua i Tallinn, a ma Haapsalu Episcopal Castle, a hea aku i kōkua mai i ka Swedes. Kuekene maoli hoouna manuwa kilo, akā, e hele mai Hawaiʻi moku, a ua hoʻoikaika e huli hoʻi. I loko nō o ka hoʻoholo 'ana o Estonians, Ua paopao ka uprising i ka 1345. Ke Danes, nae, ua hoʻoholo ihola i lawa ka mea, he a kūʻai Estonia i ka Livonian Papa.

Ka mea mua o kana oihana Shop, a kalepa kauä kuapaʻaʻikeʻia i loko o ka 14th kenekulia., A me na kulanakauhale e like me Tallinn, Tartu, Viljandi a me Pärnu, ulu me he lālā o ka Hanseatic o Oʻahu. ST. John ma Tartu me kona terracotta sculptures mea he waiwai o ka hōʻike a me ka Western kalepa ano laulea.

Estonians hoomau iho la oia i ka hana paganʻoihana ma ahaaina mare mai, o ka huakaʻi hoʻolewa, a hoomana aku la ke ano maoli, a hiki i ka 15th kenekulia, mau oihana e intertwined me Catholicism, a me ka Karistiano inoa loaa no ia lakou. Ma ka 15th kenekulia na kauwa i nele o ko lākou mau pono, a me ka hoʻomaka o ka 16th lilo serfs.

reformation

Ka Reformation, i originated ma Germany, hiki Estonia ma na 1520s, a me ka Lutheran hai o ka nalu mua. Ma ka hapalua like-16th kenekulia, Ua ana aʻei ka ekalesia, a ua kauʻia i nā monasteries a me ka ekalesia ma lalo o ka patronage o ka Lutheran Church. Ma Tallinn, na Aupuni paa hou mai la ka Dominican hoailona (malamaia kona kilakila hiolo); Tartu Dominican a Cistercian monasteries i paa.

Livonian kaua

Ma ka 16th kenekulia, i ka make māinoino nui i Livonia (e Hawaii Latvia, a Hawaiian Estonia) poe o ka hikina. Ivan Grozny i hai mai ia ia iho i ke aliʻi mua i ka 1547, hahai aku la i ke kulekele o ke? Anoe? I ke komohana. Lūkini hao wale alakai ma ka hae Tatar lio pepehi wale i ka 1558 ma Tartu wahi. Kēia ho'āla kaua he nui loa ikaika, ka poʻe komohewa i koe i loko o kona Wake ka make a me ka luku aku. No ka Rusia hui Poland, Denmark a me Kuekene, a me ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika hana i mālama 'ia ma ka 17th kenekulia. A manawa pōkole hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo o ka mōʻaukala o Estonia, aole ia e ae e elaborate ma luna o kēia wā, akā, me ka hopena o Kuekene i waho lanakila.

War kau mai ke kaumaha loa ma ka kūloko heluna. No ka hanauna elua (mai 1552 i 1629.), i make kekahi hapa o ka kua'āina heluna kanaka, e pili ana i haalele ekolu-hapaha o nā kīhāpaiʻai, maʻi e like me ahulau, iʻohi hoʻolako 'ole, ka wi, a me ka mea mahope hoonuiia ka helu o nā mōhai. Ma waho aʻeo ia Tallinn, kēlā me kēia hale kākela a me ka pa mawaena konu o ka aina i ua looted a luku, a me ka hale kākela o Viljandi, he lâlâ 'o kekahi o na wahi paa a ikaika loa i loko o' Eulopa. i ua loa luku kekahi mau kulanakauhale.

Breakfast manawa

Ma hope o ke kaua, ia i ka mōʻaukala o Estonia i ka wā o ka maluhia a me ka pomaikai ma lalo o ka rula o Kuekene. Kulanakauhale, ma kalepa, mahuahua, a kupu, kōkua i ka hoʻokele waiwai e loaa mai ka weliweli o ke kaua. Ma lalo o ka mana o Kuekene no ka manawa mua i loko o ka mōʻaukala o Amerika ma lalo o ka hookahi alii. Ma ka hapalua like-17th kenekulia, nae, hoomaka ae la na mea e deteriorate. Ke outbreak o ke ahulau, a me ka hope o ka wi nui (1695-97) koi i ke ola o ka 80 tausani kanaka -. Ua aneane 20% o ka heluna kanaka. Soon Kuekeneʻalo i ka hoʻoweliweli 'ia mai ka Polish Union, Denmark a me Rusia, e imi ana i ka • loaʻa lepo nalowale i loko o ka Livonian War. Ke kaua, i lilo ai i ka 1700, ma hope o kekahi mau pomaikai nui, ma ka Vol. H. ke pio o ka poʻe hao wale Lūkini ma Narva, hoomaka ae la ka Swedes e kuemi hope. I ka 1708 Tartu i luku, a me na koena a pau i hoouna ia Rusia. I ka 1710 Tallinn capitulated, a me Kuekene ana ua hee o.

ka hoʻonaʻauao

Ua hoomaka ka mōʻaukala o Estonia me kekahi hapa o Rusia. ʻAʻohe maikaʻi mahiʻai i ole no kuʻu kaumaha. Kaua, a me ka ahulau i ka 1710 koi na ola o na umi o na tausani o kanaka. Peter I hoopau ia i ka Kuekene nā mea hoʻololi, a luku iho la ia i kekahi manaolana o ke ku okoa ana no ka pakele serfs. E pili ana i ia e ole loli a ka mālamalama manawa i loko o ka hopena o 18th kenekulia. Ana II? Aiiie i ka pomaikai o ka waiwai a me ka paa quasi-kemokalaka nā mea hoʻololi. Akā, ma ka makahiki 1816, i hope noa mahiʻai mai serfdom. Ka mea i loaa i ka inoa o ka nui kīvila o ka hele a kaupalena komo i ka pakiko-hooponopono. Ma ka lua o ka hapalua o ka 19th kenekulia, hoomaka ae la ke kua'āina heluna, e kuai i ka aina, a loaʻa loaa mai na hua e like me uala a me ke olona i.

lahui hoala mai la

I ka pau ana o ka 19th kenekulia i ka hoʻomaka o ka aina hoala mai la. Hookukeia'ku ia e ka mea hou waiwai, i ke aupuni i hele ai i ka moku'āina. Ka nupepa mua ikea Perno Postimees'Ōlelo'Esetonia 'ōlelo i ka 1857. Ua Ua paʻiʻia Yohannom Voldemarom Jannseni, kekahi o ka mea mua, e hoʻohana i ka makahiki "Estonians" aʻaʻole maarahvas (kua'āina heluna kanaka). Kekahi influential thinker ua Carl Robert Jakobson, nāna i kaua aku no ka like lakou mau pono kalaiaina no Estonians. He i hoʻokumu i ka mua o ke aupuni, kālai'āina nupepa Sakala.

uprising

I ka pau ana o ka 19th kenekulia. Ua ua i ka manawa o ka industrialization a me ka muli o ka nui nā hale hana, a he nui pukapuka o aeaciui ai a e pili ana Rusia me Estonia. Paʻakikī e hana ana i keia, kena ae la eha ma ka naau, a me ka lānai hou-i hana ka hana aoao alakai nā hōʻike a me nā pepehi iho at ia. Events ma Estonia puana mea e hanaia ana ma Rusia, a me ka mākaukau i ke kaua uprising wāwahi mai i loko o January 1905. Hoʻopilikia iluna a i ka haule ana o ia makahiki, ia 20 tausani. He hana i hele ma ka hahau. Ke alii o ka poʻe hao wale hana brutally, pepehi a me kaʻeha ai 200 kanaka. No ka mea suppression o ka uprising o ka Lūkini hiki tausani o nā koa. 600 Estonians a me nā haneri hoouna aku i Siberia i hana. Uniona kālepa a me ka holumua ai nūpepa a me nā papa hana i pani, a ua mahuka aku la i ka pili aupuni luna o ka aina.

More'ano'ē manao e noho Estonia, tausani o Lūkini kauwa no ka mea, o ka First World i ole eeiaeea. Ke aupuni i uku i ka kiʻekiʻe uku no kā lākou komo i loko o ke kaua. 100 tausani. People i ua kapaia, o ka i 10 tausani. Make. He nui Estonians hele aku i ke kaua no ka mea, o ka lanakila ma luna o Kelemania, Rusia i'ōlelo mai ai, e hoʻolako i ka aina o ka statehood. O ka holo ana, ia ua he hoax. Akā, ma ka 1917 i kēia pukana ua Wehewehe i nā mea i ke alii. Ma Rotehama II Ua haʻakoi e abdicate, a me ka Bolsheviks hopu mana. Rusia kahili ae i ka chaos, a me Estonia, i ka Initiative February 24, 1918 hai kona kuokoa.

War o ke Kuokoa

Estonia Uaʻalo me ka olelo hooweliweli, mai Rusia, a me ka Baltic-Kelemānia reactionaries. War wawahi mai, ke Army Red hoʻokiʻekiʻe iā hoʻomaka koke, e January 1919 hopu ka hapalua o ke aupuni. Estonia stubbornly kokua, a me ke kōkua o Pelekania moku kaua, a me ka Pinilana, Denemaka a me ka Kuekene kaua luku aku i kona mau kahiko enemi. Ma December, Rusia hooholo i ka truce, a me 2 February 1920 i kakauinoaia, e like me a me kana hana mau hōʻole i nā kuleana ma luna o ka mokuna o ka aina i ka Tartu maluhia Kuikahi. Muaʻikeʻia ma luna o ka honua palapala'āina loa aupuni kūʻokoʻa Estonia.

I ka moolelo o ka moku'āina i loko o kēia wā ua wehewehe aku ma ka kokololio kūpono 'ana o ka hoʻokele waiwai. 'āina, e hana i ko lakou mau kumu waiwai a me ka ia,ʻo waiwai kūʻai mai wale aku no. Tartu University lilo i ke Kulanui o Estonians, a lilo i ka 'ōlelo o ka lahui kamaʻilio'Ōlelo'Esetonia' ōlelo, e pili ana hou kūpono ma ka 'oihana a me nā spheres. Aia ua he nui hoʻopuka puke hana - ma waena o 1918 a me ka 1940. 25 tausani. Best i ua paʻi.

Naʻe, i ka poepoe kālai'āina i ole pela rosy. Makau o Communist subversion hana, e like me, alakai aku ai i ke alakaʻi o ke Maikaʻi ole ho'āʻo coup o ka makahiki 1924. I ka makahiki 1934 i ka alihi kaua o ka malumalu aupuni, Konstantin Pat me ka he Alihikaua Nui la o ka'Ōlelo'Esetonia Army Johan Laidoner aʻe i ke Kumukanawai, a hopu ka mana ma luna o ka pretext o ke pale aupuni a ka lehulehu mai ka extremist pūʻulu.

ka Soviet kaua

Ua hoailonaia State ka hoʻopaʻi ka wā Nazi Germany, a me ka Soviet Union kakauinoa i ka malu pact i ka 1939, ma ka mea, hele ia ma ke Stalin. Nā lālā o ka Communist Party hoʻonohonoho i ka fictitious uprising, a no na kanaka koi 'ia e loaʻa Estonia ma ka Soviet Union. Ua hopu Peresidena Pat, General Laidoner a me nā luna, a hoouna aku la i ka Soviet hana mau wahi i hoomoanaʻi. A puppet aupuni i hoonoho mai la lakou, a me Augate 6, 1940 , o ka Aha Soviet o ka USSR i ka "noi" o Estonia ma ka hui ana o ka USSR.

Deportation a World War II devastated i ka aina. Na umi o na tausani i ua kaheaia, a hoouna aku la i ka hana a me ka make ma ka hana mau wahi i hoomoanaʻi ma ka akau o Rusia. Tausani o na wahine a me na keiki i kaʻana like i ko lakou hopena.

I ka Soviet koa mahuka aku la ka hae o ka enemi, Estonians aloha i ka ke Kelemānia a me liberators. 55 tausani. Man komo i ka pakiko-pale huahelu a me battalions o ka Wehrmacht. Naʻe, i ole i Germany ka manao e hoʻolako i ka'Ōlelo'Esetonia statehood, a ike ia i E kuai oukou mokuna o ka Soviet Union. ua hina ma hope o ka hooko ana o collaborators manaolana. (He lāhui Estonians, o ka a 5 tausani.) 75 tausani. People i pana aku la ia. Tausani holo i Finland, a me ka poe i koe iho, i koho 'i loko o ka German kaua (ma kahi o 40 tausani. People).

I ka hoomaka ana o ka makahiki 1944, Soviet kaua bombed Tallinn, Narva, Tartu a me na kulanakauhale e ae. Piha loa ia'na o Narva i ka hana o ka hoʻopaʻi "o ka'Ōlelo'Esetonia poe kipi."

Kelemānia hao wale aku la lakou ma September makahiki 1944 makau i ka hoouka kaua ana o ka Red Army, Estonians he nui loa, hoi, holo aku la, a ma kahi o 70 tausani. Hit i ke Komohana. Ma ka pau ana o ke kaua 10th na Estonians e noho wale aku no. I mau, ua nalowale ka aina oi ma mua o 280 tausani kanaka: .. Ina emigrated, 30 tausani i make i loko o ke kaua, a me ke koena i hana, hoouna aku i mau wahi i hoomoanaʻi a pepehi i ka lehulehu e hoʻomoana ai.

ka Soviet au

Ma hope o ke kaua, i ke aupuni i koke hoohui ia e ka Soviet Union. 'Ōlelo'Esetonia moʻoleloʻino ihola nō ia ma ke au o ka repression, i ke alahouana, na tausani a hoouna aku la i ka hale paʻahao? Neeo eaaa?. Ua hana 19.000 Estonians. Mahiʻai brutally mea, hoʻoikaika ihola i loko o collectivisation a me na tausani o nā meaʻeʻe moku ninini i loko o ka aina, mai kekahi mau wahi o ka USSR. Ma waena o 1939 a me ka 1989. pakeneka kahiko no'Ōlelo'Esetonia hoemi mai ka 97 a hiki i 62%.

Ma muli o ia ka repression o ka guerrilla neʻeʻana i hoʻonohonoho i ka makahiki 1944. 14 tausani. "Forest hoahānau" ia lakou iho, a hele aku la lola honua, e hana ana ma ka liʻiliʻi ma ka aina. Eia naʻe, kā lākou mau hana i ole i holomua, a me ka mākaukau i ke kaua ia'ku Uaʻaneʻane eliminated ka makahiki 1956.

Akā, loaa ikaika dissident neʻeʻana, a ma ka 50th lā hoʻomanaʻo o ka hōʻailona o ka Stalin-Hitler pact ma Tallinn ua hana hoʻokipa i ka nui halawai. Over ka mea e hiki mai ana mau mahina, na kue la, Estonians koi i ka hoihoi hou ana o ke statehood. ua lilo Song Kuʻu i ka mea ikaika o ka paio. Ka loa nunui o ia i wahi i ka 1988, ka wā 250 tausani. Estonians hōʻuluʻuluʻia ma ka Song Festival kahua ma Tallinn. Ua o Laielohelohe i ka hailona o kūwaho hoʻi noonoo ana i ke kahua ma ka Baltic States.

I Nowemapa 1989, i ka'Ōlelo'Esetonia Aha Council hai aku i nā hanana o ka 1940 i ka hana o ka oihana koa aggression, a haʻi 'ino ai ia. I ka makahiki 1990, i paʻa noa ke koho ana ma ka aina. I loko nō ko lākou aʻo nō i ka pale aku i kēia Rusia ka, Estonia hoopaa iho kona kuokoa i ka makahiki 1991.

Hoikehonua, Estonia: i ka aina o ka mōʻaukala (pokole)

I ka makahiki 1992, i ka mua koho ma lalo o ka hou Kumukanawai, a me ke komo o ka hou aoao pili aupuni. Union o Pro Patria lanakila 'o ia ma kekahi wahi paiki palena pau. Kona alakaʻi, 32-makahiki-kahiko moʻolelo waiwai kālepa i loko Laar lilo Kuhina Nui Kuhina. Na Hou Loa moolelo o Estonia me he kuokoa moku'āina. Laar hoʻomaka e hoolilo moku'āina ma ka mawah o ka noa market hoʻokele waiwai,ʻo ia dala i ka'Ōlelo'Esetonia kroon, a hoomaka ae la i mea kamaʻilio ma luna o ka piha withdrawal o Lūkini hao wale. Ke aupuni hanu ana me ke kokua i ka wa a na koa hope haʻalele i ka repubalika i ka 1994, e waiho i ka aina devastated ma ka hikina ńkau o ua hoʻohaumiaʻia groundwater puni airbases a me nukelea neoneo ma kaʻoihana moku kumu.

Estonia hui ka eu ma 1 May 2004, a aponoia ka Euro i ka 2011.