Belovezhskoe aelike i loko o ka makahiki 1991. Bialowieza aelike ma ka hoʻopau o ka USSR, a me ka hanaia'na o ka Moscow

1991, i ka Soviet Union. Nana ole i hope, a ho'āʻo ana e haawi aku i ka mōʻaukala kūpono no nā hanana o ka makahiki 1991, ua maluhia olelo hiki i ko kakou aupuni luku ia e ka ia nā mea e hiki wale mai i i hoʻohana 'ia ma Puta, Suria, Iraq, Aigupita, a me ka manawa i loko o Ukraine. Mea pōmaikaʻi, he nui no ka i komo i loko o ka'opi o ka USSR, kona Memories kākau ai i loko o kona mau memoirs. He mea maopopo loa i ka moʻolelo i kākauʻia e ka naita nona ka lanakila. Ma keia 'atikala, ua ho'āʻo no ka ike a me kekahi mau wahi o Hawaii ma luna o nā hanana i alakai aku ai i ka muli o ia i ka palapala me Belovezhskoe like i loko o ka makahiki 1991.

hanana Ka Ike

I ka makahiki 1985, hele mai la ia i ka mana i kekahi kanaka'ōpiopio, paulele politician Mikhail Gorbachev. Ma hope o nā mea a pau mua secretaries-nui o na kanaka kūpuna i hana ia loa loaʻa iā. Akā, ma hope o kona nā mea hoʻololi hooauhee aku la i ka aina i loko o ka waiwai, ka manaʻo politika a me moʻomeheu hoʻoponopono ulia. Ua lilo increasingly maopopo stratification o ka heluna kanaka ma ka aina, i ka muli o ka hou ka papa kaiāulu - ka oligarchy. Ma na republics mahuahua nationalist olelo la, a pau i koke koke makemake kuokoa.

Gorbachev: He meʻe a me ka mea kumakaia?

Hana Gorbachev i ikea e'Āhewa Belovezhskoe like 1991? Ke Bedroom o ka Soviet Union i ka nānā 'ana pili kēia i ke kuai ana o ka waiwai. Ke aupuni Ua increasingly nakinakiia i loko o loan. Ua mua Gorbachev i he koho - kekahi mea, hāpai mai nā mea hoʻololi i pōmaikaʻi ai kaʻAmelika Hui Pūʻia, a me ka mea e launa mai loan, mai ka IMF, a hana ma ka aoao o ko lakou aina. Ua koho ke koho mua. He pū nō kaulana nānaina mea i hele mai la ia i ka mana a me ke kōkua o keʻAmelika Hui Pūʻia. Initially, ka mea, he iki paha me ka hapanui o na lala o ka Politburoʻohana i moho Romanov a me Grishin. Long hiki ole ka manao, no laila he mau halawai. E like me ka hopena, "koke" i papani ai hoi i Gorbachev. Ka mea a ka mea, ua, akā, alakaʻi akula ia i ka aina a hiki i ka lae o ole hoʻi, ma hope i ka mea,ʻaʻohe hoʻi.

Ka ole, mai waho ma luna o ka noho male 'ana o ka USSR

Ikaika i na mea he nui republics paʻa kūloko referenda ma kuokoa. ʻAʻohe e like? Ukraine, no ka laʻana? I ka hana keaka helehelena o ka pua kiele o misfits me ka kuokoa koi mai Balaklava ole e makau? Mikhail Gorbachev Ua ho'āʻo ana e noho ma luna o nā noho i ka ia manawa. Ma ka kekahi lima, i ke aupuni pono loan, a me ka mea hiki ke loaa ma ka ana i loko o ka hana pono i nā nā mea hoʻololi hoʻopaʻahao, a ma ka kekahi lima,ʻo ia makemake e hana maikaʻi no ka USSR. Kēia Ua e hoikeike ai ma nā hanana ma ka malama o Novemaba 1990, a me ka olelo hooholo, e paa i ka nationwide referendum Gorbachev e waiho ma ka wahi hoʻokiʻekiʻe nationalists.

Ma November 1990, luna o ka Baltic republics ekolu i hiki aku ai i loko o Paris no ka hōʻailona o ka Palapala o ke Aupuni Hui Eulopa. Ka mea, ua wale hoomaikai, e ao ikaika Gorbachev ia kipaku mai i ka hale. No ia mea, ua hiki ole ia me 100% oiaio, e olelo aku i ka hewa no ka noho male 'ana o ka Soviet Union moe loa ma luna ona, a oia kumakaia i ka motherland. Kekahi ninau mea ma luna o ka muli mau luna nui i ma ka OSCE halawai. A pau i kēia hōʻike i ke kulana mea Makamae artificially. ʻO wai ka pomaikai?

Hoonaukiuki i loko o ka Baltic States

Lawe ka lanakila o ka US hooilo loa hoʻomōhala i nā luna hoʻolale 'ana e ku e ia Iraq, ma lalo o ka puʻe o Kryuchkov, Pugo a me Yazov, Gorbachev i ka Noda a hiki i kaʻino suppression o separatist hana i loko o ka Baltic States. A me January 13, 1991 na Lithuanians i ma luna o ke kīwī oaio ma Vilnius, a kukulu barricades. Special koa "Alpha" Ua kauohaʻia i ka makani ino. Pepehi 13 "maluhia" kanaka ma Balaklava. Ua ola i loko o nā mea a pau o ka honua auwai a kiʻi hele aku la e like me koa pepehi halaʻole unarmed kanaka, ka poe i wale makemake kuokoa a me ka noho ana maʻEulopa. A pule ma hope, i hai i ke kulana i loko o Riga. A ma April ma Moscow no ka "nana" e hiki mai Nixon. Apparently Gorbachev oki e paa Western haku - ke konane ua hoʻolauna B. N. Eltsina. Ua hoʻomaka 'keia hoomaau ana. Confrontation Yeltsin a Gorbachev hiki i ka mea hiki ole oi.

Ae i ka hanaia'na o ka Moscow

Ma lalo o puʻe mai o ka US Gorbachev i e pili i ka federalization o ka USSR, a me ka hanaia'na o ka mokuaina o aupuni kūʻokoʻa States. Hoomaka ae la oia e hoomakaukau i ka AYEIE aelike (i loko no o keia kuikahi, e lilo ia i 'aelike Belovezhskoe makahiki 1991), a i ka hope mauʻu no ka maluhia ma lalo nei o ka USSR. Ke aupuni wawahi mai i ka August coup. Ua hoʻokumuʻia pilikia Komite. Ua mea waiwai 'ana i kumumanaʻo mea ma kīwī a pau ekolu lā o ka coup hōʻike Ballet.

Events ma August 1991

19-21 August, 1991. Mōʻaukala ua kākauʻia e nā Winners, no ka mea, mea maoli i ka ike komo i loko o ka buke i ka coup ho'āʻo. 'Oiai, ma ka mea ka mea, ua i hoao e pale aku i ka'opi o ka aina. Kryuchkov, Pugo, Boldin, Chenin, Baklanov, Pavlov a me Yazov ho'āʻo e hopu ka mana i loko o ko lākou mau lima. Ka'ō'ō i ka peresidena, ka mea e limanui hoolilo i ka aina, i ka hopohopo kuokoa. Penei, ka mea e malama i ka pono o ke aupuni. Akā, kakaikahi ka poe i ike i ka hōʻailona o ka berita e kukulu i ka Moscow hoʻopaʻa 'no August 20, hoʻomākaukau i nā luna o nā mea a pau 9 separatist-manao republics o ka USSR, a mālama i loko o ka pahuhopu nei moku'āina.

Ka a pauʻoiaʻiʻo ua Gorbachev ua hiki ke negotiate me ia ia. Ma ka kekahi lima, ma kaʻaelike ai a hiki i ka hanaia'na o ka Moscow, Mikhail Gorbachev hele ma e pili ana i ka US, a ma ka kekahi lima, ka Lepupalika loaa ka pono i ke Kuokoa, akā, i ka Hui. Key nīnūnē e hoʻomau e hooholo no ia Moscow. No kekahi mau kumu, keia kumu o ka manaʻo 'aʻole e hoopii he nui. Gorbachev a me kona 'ohana i kau ma lalo o ka hale hopu i loko o ka Crimea (ka mea, ua i ia manawa hoomaha iho ma luna o ke kai).

Pehea la ka meʻe o Yeltsin

Ma August 21 a Kamehameha e hoʻomākaukau i ka kīmopō o ka White House i loko o ka Kremlin. Yeltsin? Oaony mana ka hopu a me ka hoolilo ana o ia i loko o Zavidovo. Akā, "Emo ole" loaʻa i ka nui helu o eager, e uhi ia ia me ko lakou mau kino. The White House Ua hoʻopuniʻia e ka lehulehu o ma kahi o 50 000 kanaka. Manaʻo! Koke ae la i ai na kanaka, a hele aku la i ka Kremlin. Aia Ka noa hoohainu iho la, a haawi aku i ai, i māhele ai kī popo, moʻa ka ai ma ka hanalima me ka unahiʻole.

Maoli ai, he casualties. Koko. Kekahi mau kanaka me Molotov cocktails (maluhia kanaka) hele mai ma lalo o poʻina nalu. Ia mea,ʻaʻole nō loa maopopo ka manao o ka poʻina nalu komo i ka Red Square. Ka mea, i ka hoʻokō wale nō i loko o ka wehe wahi. A me ke koa o ke kahua i coup, hiki ole i ka ikeia. A i 'ole paha ka mea, ua wale, he mea kēia e intimidate. O ka holo ana, Western correspondents lakou i hana i ka makaukau, a me 'oe hiki wale hoi i noonoo ai i ke kiʻi i loko o ka lewa. Hoomalu Kuhina Yazov faltered, a haawi aku la i ke kauoha, e hookaawale ia poʻe hao wale, mai Moscow. Ma keia coup ua pau, a me kona instigators ua ma ka halepaahao.

Keia hihia wehewehe i ke koa kākaʻikahi huli mai kupono a aku-nana pilikino E pili. Hapanui hana hoihoi 'o ia ma hope o ke kala ana o na kelepona mua i Gorbachev, Boris Yeltsin a me George Bush. Ua hoi mai nei ka hailona. Ma hope iho o kēia mau hanana,ʻo ia i ka hailona loli. Kona pili aupuni credibility, a moe iho la me ia, mau kanaka noʻonoʻo. He nānā haikea e ku ei ka backdrop hyped kiʻi o ka ikaika, hana mikiʻala Yeltsin.

Belovezhskoe 'aelike

Me ka nalowale paulele ma Gorbachev Soviet republics hoomaka ae la e massively apono i kekahi hoakaka o ke Kuokoa, mai ka Soviet Union. Ano, hui pu iho la ia i loko o ka Hui i ole mea hiki. A Ua kakauinoa ia i ka hopena o nā mea a pau i kēia ma December 8, 1991 Belovezhskoe aelike makahiki. Ma na olelo e ae, i kakauinoa ia he 'aelike ma ka hoʻokumu o ka mokuaina o aupuni kūʻokoʻa States. Inoa e kau Gorbachev a me Yeltsin.

A ina Gorbachev initially hoʻokani no ka federalization o na republics o ka Moscow, ka Yeltsin me kona inoa i haawi ia piha kuokoa. Hiki ia ia i hoomaona mai la oia i ka makemake o ka Western na hoalawehana, e kahe mau i ke aupuni. Belovezhskoe 'aelike o ka makahiki 1991 a haʻi maila i ka Union o Free Socialist Republics oki i nei.