Nā kūmole maika'i i nā mea lā'au, nā'eiona, nā cation

Qualitative naoh i ke aloha waiwai, Ion a me cations ke hooholo i ke alo o ka likeʻole i huiʻia me ka hoʻohana i ka loaʻa, ma ka hapanui o na hihia alodio ki ina hana like. Hiki iā lākou ke hana'ia me ke kōkua o nā mea hō'ailona, hydroxides, mau waiū. 'Epekema'ia nā'enepe, kahi e noi'i ai i nā waiwai a me ka ho'ohui'ana o nā mea like'ole, "ke kino makamai". 'O ke kūpono'o ke kuhi he wahi o ka māhele hana o kēia'ike.

Ka ho'olaha'ana i nā mea lā'au lā'au'ole

Ho'omohele'ia nā mea a pau i loko o ka mea āpau a me ke kīpona. I nā papahana mua o ka pūhui e like me ka pa'akai, hydroxides (bases, acids a me amphoteric) a me nā mea kaupona, nā pūhui ma'alahi (CI2, I2, H2 a me nā mea'ē a'e i loko o ho'okahi mea).

'O ka Salts ma loko o kahi'āpana kila, a me kahi aniono o kahi koena wai. 'O ka ho'ohui'ana o nā'ōmoku'okiki kahi'o Cations H + a me nā anona o nā koena waikawa. 'O nā waihana he mela a me ka anion cations ma ke'ano o ka OH-hydroxyl OH. 'O ka ho'ohui'ia'ana o nā molecule e ho'opili'ia me nā'ano o nā mea ho'ohui'ele'ele,'o kekahi o ia mau mea he oxygen. Hiki iā lākou ke'ākiko, ke'ano, a me ka amphoteric. E like me ka inoa o ko lākou inoa, hiki iā lākou ke hana i nā'ano like'ole o nā mea i loko o ka papa o kekahi mau kumu. Pēlā, ua hana'ia nā mea'awa'awa wai me ka wai e hana ai i nā mea'ala, a me nā mea'enekene. 'O Amphoteric, e pili ana i nā kūlana, hiki ke hō'ike i nā waiwai o nā'ano'elua o nā mea lā'au. O nā hao, beryllium, Aluminum, ke tina, chromium, kēpau. 'O ko lākou hydroxides he amphoteric ho'i. No ka ho'oholo'ana i ka hiki'ana i ka hopena o nā'ano'oihana wai'ole, ua ho'ohana'ia nā hopena kūpono i nā ion.

'O nā'ano lā'au like'ole

'O kēia pū'ulu nā pūpona'oko'a, nona nā molepohaku e pono ke kau'ia ke kalapona a me ke hydrogen. Hiki nō ho'i iā lākou ke komo i loko o nā oxygen o nā atom, nitrogen, sulfur, a me nā kumu'ē a'e.

Ua māhelehele'ia lākou i loko o nā papa ma'amau: nā alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, mea waikawa (nucleic, momona, ho'opiha'ia, amino a me nā mea'ē a'e), aldehydes, proteins, fats, carbohydrates. Ho'omaopopo'ia nā hopena kūpono i nā mea lā'au me ka ho'ohana'ana i nā'ano hydroxides. Eia kekahi,'o nā mea hana like me ka potassium potassium, acids, e hiki ke ho'ohana'ia nā waipona no kēia.

Nā kū'ai maika'i i nā mea lā'au

Ke ho'ohālikelike'ia ka hele'ana o nā alkanes e ke'ano ho'one'e. Inā'oe e pāku'i i ka pāhare potassium, pono'ole e'ike. E puhi i kēia mau mea me ka lapalapa o ka polu polū. Alkenes Hiki ke 'akomi i ma ka hou o ka bromine wai a potasiuma permanganate. 'O kēia mau mea'elua, i ka wā e launa pū ai me lākou, e ho'one'e'ia. Hiki ke ho'oholo'ia ka hiki'ana o ka phenol ma o ka ho'onui'ana i ka hopena o ka pala'a. A i ka manawa like, e wehewehe a ho'oku'u'ia. Eia hou, hiki ke'ike'ia ke kū'ana o kēia mea me kahi hopena o ka chloride ferric, ai ka manawa e launa pū ai me ia, e hā'awi mai i ka'a'ahu violin-'ākā. 'O nā kūmole kūpono i nā mea lā'au o ka papa o nā wai'ona i loko o ka ho'ohui'ana o ka sodium. Ma kēia'ano, e ho'oku'u'ia ke hydrogen. 'O ka puhi'ana i nā wai'ona me ke kukui'ōuliuli uila.

Hiki ke'ike'ia ke glycerin me ke kōkua o ka waihinu lepo. I kēia'ano, ua ho'okumu'ia nā kiniani, e hā'awi ana i ka hopena i ka'ōhū pua. E ho'oholo i ka hiki'ana o nā aldehydes e hiki ke hana'ia me ke kōkua o ka'aila oxide. No ka hopena o kēia hopena, ua ho'oku'u'ia kahi kālā kālā ma'ema'e.

Aia Ua hoi he qualitative naoh no aldehyde, a ua lawe mai ka hoʻohana 'ana keleawe hydroxide. No ka mālama'ana ia mea he pono ia e wela i ka hopena. I ka manawa like, pono ia ia e ho'ololi i ke kala i mua mai ka uliuli a i ka melemele, a laila i ka'ula'ula. Hiki ke'ike'ia nā pāpena ma ka ho'ohana'ana i ka waikawa nitrate. 'O ka hopena, ua ho'okumu'ia kahi kaiku'u melemele. Inā'oe e ho'ohui i ka hydroxide kupruma, he poni. Qualitative reactions no ke aloha 'ona papa o nāʻakika i mālama' hoʻohana litmus a me ka mea hao koloriside. Ma nā'ano'elua, ho'ololi ka hopena i ka'ula i ka'ula'ula. Inā ho'ohui'ia ka carbonate carbon, e ho'oku'u'ia ka carbon dioxide.

Nā kūpe'e kūpono i nā cations

Me ke kōkua'ana iā lākou, hiki iā lākou ke ho'oholo i ke kū'ana o kekahi metala i loko o ka hopena o nā kinona. 'O nā kūmole kūpono i nā waikawa ma ka hō'ike'ana o ka cation H +, i komo pū i loko o kā lākou hana. Hiki ke hana i kēia me nā'ano'elua: me ka mīkini a me ka methylorange. 'O ka mea mua i loko o ka mea'onika e ho'ololi i kona kala'ana i ka'ula'ula, a'o ka lua - i ke'oke'o.

Hiki ke'ike'ia ka līmū, ka sodium a me ka pāpaila pālolo e ko lākou lapalapa ahi. 'O ka mua i puhi i ka'ula'ula,'o ka lua me ke kālena, a'o ke kolu me ka laula. Hō'alo'ia nā'elēluma ma ke'ano o ka ho'oulu'ana i nā'aha kalapona, e hopena i kahi paepae ke'oke'o.

Nā hō'ailona maika'i i nā aniona

'O ka mea ma'amau o kēia mau mea ka'ike o ka OH-, no laila hiki iā'oe ke'ike inā aia ke kumu i loko o ka hopena. Hō'ike kēia i nā hō'ailona. 'O kēia phenolphthalein, methylorange, kahe. Kumu i loko o kēia 'ia ka loaʻa o ka ulaula kala like' ole, i ka lua - melemele, kolu - Blue.