Hao i huiʻia. Lako paʻa: physical a me ka Nine Inch waiwai

Ka mua huahana o ka hao, a me kona oka a ua ua loaʻa i hanaʻeliʻana a me ka lā, mai e pili ana i ka 4th Ka Wā Kaukani BC. Ia mea, ma ka Aigupita kahiko, a Sumerians hoʻohana meteoric hoʻokomo kālā o ka waiwai, e paka Jewelry a me ka hale 'ikamu, e like me na mea kaua.

I kēia lā, acee? Iuo oeiia o ka hao i huiʻia me ka maʻemaʻe mea hiki ke hooheheeia - keia mea i ka loa, he pono ole, a hoʻohanaʻia. He mea känalua 'XX kenekulia hao i manaoia. Aia hoʻi, a hiki i ka Hekikai, a he ākea ea a me ka pili mau mea, kēia hui o ka kuleana mea nui i kānaka. He aha ka kaʻeleu hehee ai, a i konaʻano a me ka waiwai, ke noonoo i loko o keia pepa.

Nine hehee ai hao

Inā ka 'ole o ka'Ātoma mākou noonoo, ka mea e mua ke koho' ia kona wahi i loko o ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika nenoaiu.

1. Serial helu - 26.
2. Manawa - nui o ka ha.
3. Group o Ewalu, ka subgroup sideline.
4. 'ātoma kaumaha - 55,847.
5. Ka 'ole o ka mawaho lolouila leho denoted ma ka haʻilula 3d ⁶ 4s ^2.
6. Nine hehee ai hōʻailona - Fe.
7. Name - hao, e heluhelu ana ma ka haʻilula - "Ferrum".
8. Ma ke ano maoli, he mau eha i ka pilina paʻa isotopes o ka hehee ai me ka nuipa a nui 54, 56, 57, 58.

Nine hehee ai ka hao no hoi i kahi o 20ʻokoʻa isotopes i mea ole hale lio. Hiki'okesaside a hiki ho'āʻoʻeleu'Ātoma:

• 0;
• +2;
• 3;
• 6.

Nui mea ole wale ka hehee ai ia iho, akā, i kona likeʻole i huiʻia me ka oka a pau.

physical waiwai

E like me ka mea waiwai, a me ka hao physical waiwai i ka hai metallism. Ia mea, ke kālā-keʻokeʻo me ka oho tint metala ka kiʻekiʻe malleability a me ka ductility, a kiʻekiʻe heheʻe, a baila aʻela i ka papa. Inā mākou e noonoo i ke ano ma ka nui au mamuli, laila:

• Heheʻe wahi - 1 539 ⁰ C;
• Paila - 2862 ⁰ C;
• Activity -ʻawelike;
• refractoriness - kiʻekiʻe;
• ho'āʻoʻia haʻiʻume mākenēki waiwai.

Ke kaumaha ma muli o ka olelo a me ka mahana, loaʻa nō kekahi mau ka hoʻololi 'ana i' ano apau loa hao. Helu waiwai o ia oko mai o ka mea i kekahi mea pōaka puka olu oia.

1. Ke Alpha palapala, a me ka ferrite ole i ka wela o ka 769 ⁰ C.
2. Mai ka 769 a hiki i 917 ⁰ C - Hoʻokolohua palapala.
3. 917-1394 ⁰ C - gamma-palapala, a me austenite.
4. Luna 1394 ⁰ C - sigma hao.

All ka hoʻololi 'ana i kekahi mau aniani puka olu oia i' ole ke ano, e like me kekahiʻume mākenēki waiwai.

Nine Inch mall

E like me ka olelo ma luna, he mea hao hui hōʻike kiʻekiʻe reactivity. Eia naʻe, i loko o finely puunaueia palapala Ua hiki no spontaneously ignite ma ka lewa, a me ka maemae o oxygen puhi i ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia iho.

Ka popopo hiki mea kiʻekiʻe, no laila, na oka a uhi ma keia waiwai alloying i huiʻia. Iron mea hiki ke pāʻani aku me:

• nāʻakika;
• oxygen ma (me ea);
• luaipele;
• halogens;
• ka wā enaena - naikokene, phosphorus, kalapona a me ka silikone;
• paʻakai me ka emi kū'ē i eliiaʻi, hoihoi hou ia lakou i na mea 'ona;
• huʻi mahu;
• me ka paʻakai o ka hao i loko o ka'okesaside moku'āina +3.

Maopopo, hōʻike mai ia hana, ia mea hiki ke lilo na mea hiki ke hooheheeia i huiʻia, a Polar e lauwili i loko o ka waiwai. A no laila, i ka hana i kēia. Hao, a me kona hui i loa e lauwili, a ua hoʻohana 'ia i loko o kekahi mau kihapai o ka' epekema, 'ike loea, kanaka hanalima haʻawina.

Haawi aku i ke ano maoli

Natural i huiʻia o ka hao i loa, he pono ole, no ka mea, o ka lua o ka loa nui hehee ai ma ka honua ma hope Aluminum. Ma ka maemae ano o ka metala ia mea paʻakikī loa pohihihi ma meteorites, e hoike ana i kona nui he mau huhui ia mea i loko o ka lewa. Ke bulk o ka haku mele 'ana ua iloko o loko o na mea e hooheheeia, pōhaku a me nā minelala hao.

Inā mākou e kamailio e pili ana i ka pakeneka o ka hehee ai i loko o ke ano maoli, e mea hiki ke kulanakauhale i ke kēia mau kiʻi.

1. Nā nuclei o ka honua kŘhele - 90%.
2. Ka Honua ka pńpa - 5%.
3. I ahu ka Honua mau - 12%.
4. Ka honua, ka 'ōlelo - 86%.
5. Ka muliwai ka wai - 2 mg / L.
6. I ke kai a me ka moana - 0,02 mg / ho'āo ai.

Ka loa e like me ka ano o ka hao i huiʻia nā kēia nā minelala hao:

• magnetite;
• limonite a me ka limonite;
• vivianite;
• pyrrhotite;
• pyrite;
• siderite;
• marcasite;
• loellingite;
• mispikel;
• milanterit a me na mea e ae.

He loa ole ka piha papa inoa, no ka mea, ka mea, ua maoli he nui. Eia hou, i lohe nui okoa oka a mea i hanaia ma ka ke kanaka. Kēia, no hoi, ua hao i huiʻia, me ka i ia mea paakiki e noonoo ai i na laekahi ola kanaka. Kēia nā mau nui ano:

• kiola hao;
• kila.

No hoi, ia mea he waiwai hou o ka hao i loko o ka haku mele 'ana o na mea he nui nikala oka a pau.

hao i huiʻia (II)

Mau nā poʻe ma i ka'okesaside moku'āina mea +2 ho okumu i hehee ai. Ka mea, ua lawa ka lehulehu, no ka mea, ka mea, loaʻa:

• 'okesaside;
• hydroxide;
• aeaie hui;
• eiiieaena paʻakai;
• eiiieaena i huiʻia.

ʻO nā papakuhikuhi o Nine Inch hui i hōʻike nō ia o la hao'okesaside moku'āina no kēlā me kēia papa o kanaka. ka mea nui a me na kamalii e noʻonoʻo.

1. Hao'okesaside (II). Black he lepo lā, insoluble i loko o ka wai. Ke ano o ka pilina - walaʻauʻana. Hiki koke oxidize, nae, a me ka hoemi ana i kekahi mea waiwai e hiki no hoi wale. Ua hoike mai ma kaʻakika, e hana i ka AYEIE paakai. Haʻilula - FeO.
2. Hao hydroxide (II). He He keʻokeʻo amorphous precipitate. Paʻakai i hanaʻia ma ka naoh me ko lākou mau kumu (mekala 'åkilikai). Hōʻike nawaliwali walaʻauʻana waiwai, hiki o ka hoʻomaka koke oxidized ma ka lewa i ka hao i huiʻia o +3. Haʻilula - Fe (OH) _2.
3. Paʻakai hehee ai i olelo mai'okesaside. Ka mea, i IeAUPIIe, IAa IO haikea-uliuli pāʻoihana ua pono oxidized a hiki ma ka lewa, noho pouli eleele ke kala a me ka hele ana i 3. Ka hao paʻakai mea hoʻoheheʻe i loko o ka wai. Ano he kumu hoʻohālike o ka hui: FeCL _2, FeSO _4, Fe (NO _{3) 2.}

Ka mea hiki manaʻo nui i waena o 'ae' ia 'ona i nui i huiʻia. Mua, hao koloriside (II). He ka papa kuhikuhi wale mai ana o Ion i loko o ke kino o ke kanaka, i ka hoʻomanawanui ka anaemia. ʻana mai o kēia maʻi ua diagnosed ma ka hoomanawanui, oia hoakaka luna 'hoomakaukau, a i ka nānā' ana ma luna o ka hui ma ka nīnau. A he mea replenishment o ka hao deficiency i loko o ke kino.

Ka lua, hao sulufahate, a laila ferrous sulufahate (II), a me ke keleawe ua hoʻohana 'ia e pepehi pests ma ulu. Ka papa hana proves ia e pono ka mea,ʻaʻole ke kakini makahiki mua, pela no ka mea, ua nui mahalo ma ka mala.

Mohr ka paakai

Kēia hui, i mea he hydrated hao sulufahate a me ka'amoniuma. Haʻilula i kona hoʻopaʻa 'like FeSO ₄ * (NH _{4) 2} ¶ ₄ * 6H ₂ O. One o na hui hao (II), a i ua hoʻomano hoʻohana ma ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa. I ka papa kuhikuhiE mau mea o ka i, e ia i ke kanaka.

1. Pharmaceutics.
2. ʻepekema haʻawina a me nā keʻena hoʻokolohua titrimetric Ka Ikepili (e ho oholo i ka maʻiʻo o ka chromium, potasiuma permanganate, vanadium).
3. Medicine - e like me ka mea hoʻonui i loko o ka meaʻai ma lalo o shortage o ka hao i loko o ke kino o ka hoʻomanawanui.
4. No ka mea impregnation o ka lāʻau huahana, me Mohr ka paʻakai i malama i ka palaho keʻano o ka hanaʻana.

Aia i nā wahi i loko i ka waiwai a ua hoʻohana 'ia. Kona inoa ka mea, ua kapaʻia ma hope o ka German chemist, mua ike i ka waiwai koa wiwoʻole.

Waiwai me keʻano o ka'okesaside o ka hao (III)

Nā waiwai o ka hao i huiʻia ma i mea hōʻike i ka degere o ka'okesaside o +3, i kekahi mau mea okoa mai ka noʻonoʻo pono ma luna. Penei, i ke ano o ka AYEIE'okesaside a me ka hydroxide mea i walaʻauʻana a me ka amphoteric hōʻike. E mākou e wehewehe i ke kumu o 'ona.

1. Iron'okesaside (III). Ka pauka me ka ie-na hua liilii, ulaula-ʻeleʻele waihoʻoluʻu. Ka wai insoluble, weaklyʻakika E hoike mai ka waiwai hou amphoteric. Haʻilula: Fe ₂ O _3.
2. Iron hydroxide (III). A waiwai e precipitate i ka hana o alkalis i ka like hao paʻakai. Ke ano o kona haʻi amphoteric, waihoʻoluʻu eleele-eleele. Haʻilula: Fe (OH) _3.
3. Paʻakai i nā cation Fe ^3+. Oia iiiaanoaa anao? Aou, koe nae kalepona, me hydrolysis ia lŘlŘ a produces o carbon dioxide. Ano he kumu hoʻohālike o kekahi paʻakai o ka haʻilula: Fe (NO _{3) 3,} Fe ₂ (¶ I _{4) 3,} FeCL _3, FeBr _3, a me na mea e ae.

Mawaena o na examples ma ka mea hiki hua'ōlelo mea nui ka mea pōaka me FeCL _{3 *} 6H ₂ O, a ferric koloriside hexahydrate (III). Ua Ua hoʻohana 'ia ma ka lapaau, e noho paʻa kahe ana ke koko a me ka replenishment o ka hao Ion i loko o ke kino ma ka hihia o ka anemia.

Nonahydrate hao sulufahate (III) ua hoʻohana 'ia no ka huikala ana o ka inu i ka wai, e like me ka hana naʻauao me ka coagulant.

hao i huiʻia (VI)

Haʻilula Nine Inch i huiʻia o ka hao, kahi e hoike mai ai ia i ka ua'okesaside moku'āina +6, e ke palapala ia penei:

• K ₂ FeO _4;
• Na ₂ FeO _4;
• MgFeO ₄ a me na mea e ae.

I mai la lakou a pau i ka na inoa - ferrates - a i like ka waiwai (ikaika hoemi konohiki). ka mea, ua i hiki ke disinfect a i ka bactericidal hopena. Ua apono 'kā lākou hoʻohana no ka iapaau ana o ke inu i ka wai ma luna o ka hanalima me ka unahiʻole.

eiiieaena hui

Loa nui ma ka mākau kemika, aʻaʻole wale nō kūikawā waiwai. Oia i palapala ma koʻana koko paakai pāʻoihana. Kēia luna 'huina lakou o ka hao. Ka loa kaulana a me ka pono-? Anoee o kēia mau mea i ka eia.

1. Hexacyanoferrate (II) potasiuma K ₄ [Fe (CN) _6]. Kekahi inoa no ka pilina - yellow koko paakai. Ua ua hoʻohana 'ia no ka qualitative manao paa o ka hao ion ma ka pāʻoihana Fe ^3+. E like me ka hopena o ka pāʻoihana i nani olinolino uliuli ke kala i ua hana ia e kekahi luna '- Prussian uliuli KFe ³⁺ [Fe ²⁺ (CN) _6]. Mai ka wā kahiko hoʻohana like me ka kalameaʻai no ka lole.
2. Hexacyanoferrate (III) potasiuma K ₃ [Fe (CN) _6]. Kekahi inoa - ulaula koko paakai. Hoʻohana 'ia me ka qualitative manao mea kemikala Fe ²⁺ hao Ion. I ka hopena o ka uliuli precipitate me ka inoa turnbuleva uliuli. Ua hoʻohana pū i like me ka kalameaʻai no ka lole.

Hao o kekahi hapa o ke aloha 'ona

Hao, a me kona i huiʻia nō, e like me mākou i ike, i ka nui mea hiki nui i loko o ka aneiai ola ana o ke kanaka. Eia naʻe, ma ka hou, kona liluwelo kūlana ma ke kino nei, aole emi nui, pau loa i ka mea ku ole.

Aia He He mea nui ke aloha i huiia, he kumuʻiʻo, i ka loaʻa o kaʻeleu hehee ai. Kēia hemoglobin. He mahalo ia ia ia e pii ana ma ka amo ana o o oxygen, a iʻaʻahu a me ka 'eleu hoonohonoho hou ana o kinoea. No laila, i ke kūlana o ka hao i loko o nui keʻano o ka hanaʻana - hanu - Ua nui.

Iki i loko o ka kanaka kino he ma kahi o 4 nā huna o ka hao, a pono e mau na mea ma ka ai hoopauia.