Cave kulanakauhale o Calais: kiʻi, hōʻike manaʻo, wahi

Cave kulanakauhale o Calais i mau o Laielohelohe i ka noonoo ana o ka iauaeoia oo? Ecia. He aha ia mea hana hoihoi? Where ia mea? He aha e na kaao pili me ia? Ma keia a me na mea he nui 'ē aʻe mākou e hōʻike i loko o kēia' atikala.

Where ia mea?

Auhea o Calais? Cave kulanakauhale ua aia ma luna o ka Crimean Peninsula Bakhchisaray Apana. Ka hapa kulanakauhale (Bakhchisarai) e pili ana i 2.5-3 kilomika. Ka pā kaona? Aniiei? Ma luna o ke kiʻekiʻe pali mauna plateau wini kakala wahi lulu Crimean Mountains, a ua hoʻopuniʻia ekolu hohonu awawa.

Calais - ke ana kulanakauhale, kona helu wahi uaʻaʻole i loaʻa ma luna o kekahi palapala 'āina. Location i loko o ka He kokekau wale alakai makapo: Bakhchisaray Apana, Crimean Peninsula.

I mea,ʻaʻole e hoʻoʻauwana mai i ke alanui, e hele ana i loko o ke ana kulanakauhale o Calais, e hiki mai ana i na wahi o ka GPS hoʻokele: N 44 ° 44'27 "E 33 ° 55'28".

Pehea e kiʻi ma laila?

Kekahi o nā nīnau, ua hoala hou ia e ka poe i makemake e hele aku e ike i ke ana kulanakauhale o Calais poe - pehea e kiʻi ma laila? He mau koho: pakiko-a holo ma ka lehulehu amo i ka hope, WAINIHA ST "Staroselie" (Bakhchisarai) e hoʻomau i ka hahai i ka wawae o na hoailona a hiki i ka pā, a ma Calais 'ano he māhele o ka pūʻulu huakaʻi (keia koho Nāna e koho i ka loa iauaeoia oo? Ecia, holidaymakers ma ka hokele o ka hema kapakai o Crimea Peninsula).

Koho no ka mea ana inoa

Cave kulanakauhale no kona mōʻaukala lōʻihi ua pinepine ae la oia kona inoa hoʻololi.

E like me ka hiki i kekahi mana, ua Fulla ka inoa mua o ke kulanakauhale. Mai Lepera me ka inoa ua pinepineʻia ai i loko o ka moʻolelo o 1-2 kenekulia AD, akā, noiʻi hiki ole ascertain pono i kona wahi.

Mai ke kenekulia 13th i na kumu, i kēia kūlanakauhale i mua haawiia e like me ka Kirk-A (kekahi e like me ka hoʻokolohua o Kirk-EF), a literally translates like "kanaha pakaua." No hoi i ka noho alii ana o ka Crimean Khan ke loaʻa i ka inoa o Gevher-Kermen (i loko o ka unuhi - "ka waiwai no pakaua"), hiki ke hoakaka ia e ka mea i ka Tatar ulema momi i kahikoia i na puka, pa a me ka puka o ka pakaua o ka inoa.

Ma ka waena o ka 17th kenekulia Susana ka mea, i laila 'o ia i ka Karaites, a loaa i ka hou inoa - Calais. I unuhi 'ia mai ka Crimean Karaite olelo' ōlelo "Kale" ( "hi kala") o ia hoʻi, "He pōhaku pa, puʻukaua, pā kaua."

Ma hope iho o ka hoʻohui'āina o Crimea a hiki i ke kūlanakauhale Russian aupuni a pau Calais iho i loko o ke ana kulanakauhale o Calais, a ua unuhi mai ka Crimean Tatar 'ōlelo ' o ia hoʻi "Iudaio," a me "Iudaio," pā (çufut - he Iudaio, he Iudaio; qale - pā). Kēia inoa He mau wahi paa a i poʻe kālepa a pani ma 'aneʻi no kaʻano o nā pono ai, ke kiʻekiʻe i kūhelu i ka inoa o Calais, ka mea, ua hoʻohana' ia i loko o 'epekema hana o Soviet ka noiʻi a me ka moʻokalaleo Karaite kākau mai o ka hapalua like 19th kenekulia a hiki i ka makahiki 1991.

Mai ka makahiki 1991, i ka luna o ka Crimean Karaites Kapa hou i ke ana pā kulanakauhale o Calais ma Dzhuft-Calais (ma ka unuhi - na kaʻawale a papalua aku ka ikaika), akā, i ka renaming ua o ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ano.

A me ka inoa a me Chufut- Dzhuft-Calais, ma ka Karaite moʻokalaleo loaʻa nō nā inoa o nā kūlanakauhale ana a hiki i ka hapalua like 19th kenekulia ka mea i kapaia o ka "Village Yuhudim", a laila, - "Village Kai Kara".

Mōʻaukala o ke kahua

Aia i kekahi mau wale nō e pili ana i ka hookumu ana o ke ana kulanakauhale. Ma kekahi o ia mau mea, i hoʻokūpaʻa 'aneʻi ka mua hooponopono Sarmatians a Alans i loko o ka 4th kenekulia AD. E like me ka lua o ka mana, i mālama ai i ka hapanuiʻepekema, i loko o 550 makahiki (i ka noho alii ana o Byzantine Emperor Justinian) ma ka mea e mālama i ka hoʻokokoke mai i Chersonesos ekolu ana pā kulanakauhale, ua hookumuia oia: Calais, Calais, a Mangul Eski-Kermen. Eia naʻe,ʻikepili ma kēia mau noho i ole ia i komo i loko o ka hoonoho "Ma ka hale 'ʻikepili ma luna o ia mau mea i loaʻa mai i ka hopena o ka hulikoehana hanaʻeliʻana.

Impregnable pali a me ka mimiki pali i hanaʻia ma ke ano maoli, a me ka honua ke kanaka me ka kiʻekiʻe pā pōhaku a me ka pakaua. Susana, ua lilo i ka palekana e malumalu ai, a maikai loa puʻukaua.

Ka pā kaua i loko o ka manawa o ka Crimean Khanate

Ma ka lua o ka hapalua o ka 11th kenekulia, i ka pā kaua loaa dominance ma luna o ka Kipchak (maikaʻi ike like me ka Cumans), renaming ia i loko o Kirk-Ep.

I ka 1299 'Emira Nogai poʻe hao wale i keia hooikaika ana makani ino ma hope o ka loa a me ka awaawa kaua, looted a kipaku Sarmatian-lancers e noho Susana. Lanakila ana kulanakauhale Tatars inoa Kirk-A i 'ole.

Ma ka 13-14 kenekulia (i ka noho alii ana o Khan Jani noi aku nei) Eia kekahi o nā pūʻali koa o ka Crimean ulus, ka breakaway mai ke Gula iā Goga.

ʻeleu a kokololio? Acaeoey o ke ana kulanakauhale o Calais i loko o ka 15th kenekulia. Ke kumu no na mea kokololio kūpono 'ana o ke Susana, ua i lilo Kirk-A i' ole ka mea mua kapikala o ka Crimean Khanate. Khan Haji Giray hoʻonohonoho ai i kona noho 'aneʻi ma hope o ka lanakila maluna iho o ka luna o Kirk-Orsk Khanate Eminek Bey. Haji Giray lilo i ka mea hoʻoheheʻe kālā o ka loa i nohoaliʻi o ka Crimean luna. I loko nō o kona noho aliʻi i kūkuluʻia ka pā kaua ma ka Khan ka hale alii, ia hoʻokumu madrasas, Hoʻonui i ka pono kukulu ia ma lalo o Jani noi aku Hale Pule Isalama. Aia ka he mea mahuʻi i loko o nā makahiki kakahiaka o ka noho alii ana o Khan Haji Giray i kūkuluʻia a me ka mineta, a pai ia malihini ke kālā a me ka palapala "Kirk-A i 'ole" (i loaʻa i ka i koe iho o ka hale i loko o ka pā kaua archaeologists).

I ka moolelo o ka pā kaua ma hope o ka deprivation o ke kūlana o ke kulanakauhale alii

Ma ka waena o ka 17th kenekulia Khan Giray Mengli kena ae i ka hana o ka hou hale i loko o ka paakai wahi lepo wai, a hoʻoneʻe i ka Khan ka noho. Ua haawiia mai ia ka pā kaua a hiki i ka Karaites, a Kapa hou i ke Calais, a ma hope la kona inoa hope - Calais. Ua hoʻomāhuahuaʻoe i Karaites ka Calais wahi mea aneane 2 manawa aie pili ana ma kaʻaoʻao hikina o ka pale'ōnaehana, i mea i hana ai no ke kālepa hapaha.

Makamua pa, haku o ka nui ālai 'pohaku o huinahń shape a me ka palapala hoopaa me ka puna, ua manawa meakino, hookaawale iho la plateau ma ka hikina a me ke komohana wahi, kela mea keia mea o ka i hiki paa kuokoa pale. A ua kekahi inoa o ka pā - Dzhuft-Calais (mahu lumi a papalua ikaika). Ma mua o nā paia o ka Susana, eli iho he ākea auwai, irresistible no nā hipa kāne wāwahi, ma hope iho o kona aoao ma footbridges.

Ka moolelo, mai ka manawa mai o ka hui ana i ka Russian aupuni a pau

Iloko o ka noho alii ana o Peter I ka kaikamahine Anna Ivanovna Lūkini koa hoopio, a luku iho la ia Bakhchisaray Calais. Ma hope iho o ka hoʻohui'āina o Crimea a hiki i ka Russian aupuni a pau ma ka manao paa keia o Empress kapu i kaʻikaʻiʻia no ka noho Krymchaks a me Karaites, he nui haʻalele i nā paia o ka Susana, malaila oia i noho i ka noho wale i ka hapa uuku wale no o ka Armenian kaiāulu, a me ka Karaites, ka poe i makemake ole i ka haʻalele i ka hoʻokumu ala o ke ola.

Ma ka pau ana o ka 19th kenekulia o nā poʻe e noho ana a pau haʻalele i ka Calais, e noho ma laila ua wale kekahi ohana kahu. Ka hope e noho ana o ka Susana, ka mea kaulana Karaite haumāna a me ka mea kākau o na akeakamai hana A. Firkovich, haʻalele kona pā i ka 1874.

Kūlana pale cia pā

Makakoho i ka Calais - kūlana pale. Ma waho aʻeo ia i ke kiʻekiʻe paʻa i nā pā, a me ka laulā moat, malaila i hoʻohana he mau oi tactically mau manaʻo nui. Ke alanui a hiki i ka pā hele mea mahuʻi halepule, kahi mea he kumu o ke inu i ka wai, i ka laau Mariyam Dere hou e pii ai steeply - ma ka ilina - ka hema (uuku) pahu hopu. Ua kūkuluʻia kēia mau puka pā i ka pahele: ka mea hiki ole ke ike i ka loihi me kou hele ia mai iā ia. Loa paha, ma mua ka mea, ua i ka puka pā, 'ole. To, Ma ka paia o ka puka, he lāʻauʻoka lau.

Ke alahele no ke ana kulanakauhale o Calais ua ma luna o ka pali hene o ke kahawai a no laila, i nāʻenemi i haʻakoi e pii i ka Susana, huli ae la i kona lima akau, i ka loa kūlana, sideways (nā pale kaua lawe i loko o kona lima hema, a kaua - ma ka akau). I ka pii ana malalo, e hoouka aku enemi me ka pua, i lū ia mai pela e iai? Oaiaaiiua loopholes i loko o nā paia o ka pā kaua defenders. Wāwahi hipa kāne e kikeke i ka puka, ua aneane hiki ole i: ma ke alo o ia i ka pali hene, ke alahele mea i lalo, a pololei ma ke alo o ka wicket i ka ho'āʻo 'ana e. Akā, hiki ina o ka enemi, a komo iloko o ka puka, e kali ana no ka ia he mea kekahi pitfall: i hoʻopio i ka Susana koa, e auhele nawaena o ka hāiki ala hele, pela kahakahaia ma ka pohaku. Me ka lāʻau mea papa hele, hoonohonoho ma luna o ke ala hele, ma luna o nā poʻo o nā lanakila loa i ua mai la i na pohaku, ninini hoolapalapa wai, a me ka pana pua, pee iloko o na ana, pana me ka Miss.

Ka hikinaʻaoʻao o ke kulanakauhale kokua i ka kiʻekiʻe pā pōhaku, a me ka moat ma ke alo o ka mea, aʻaʻole nō i ka hema, ka'ākau a me ke komohana paia ma ka pono o ka hoomalu ana, oa. A. Plateau me kēia mau aoao ua haule pololei iho, e kiʻi iʻaneʻi hiki wale ua hoano e climbers.

kuhikuhipuʻuone Calais

Calais - ke ana kulanakauhale, he Hawaii photo o ka a, Eia naʻe, hiki ole hoolilo kona mua mana. A hiki i ka manawa lā ola wale he mau o na ana a me na hale Karaites, ka hapanui o na hale i ka wahi e pili ana.

Ma kaʻaoʻao hema o ka luawai malamaia luna 'o ka mea kahiko ana, i ka papa kuhikuhiE manao o ka a - he kūlana pale a hakakā. ka hapanui o na ana i hina ma ke kahiko loa o ke kulanakauhale, akā, mau aina la i ka malamaia. Ua nui nā hale kanaka-i i i interconnected i loko o ka pōhaku i kālaiʻia pohaku staircase. Presumably, Ua hoʻohana i kēia mau ana i ka halepaahao no ka poe pio, i hiki mālama 'aneʻi no ka makahiki (ka mea mahuʻi ua muli ma ka i koe iho o nā lāʻau kī ma ka lalo o ka ana a me ka puka makani Sheremetiev memo, nana i hoolilo aneane 6 makahiki i loko o ka hale paʻahao Calais). Ma luna o kēia mau ana i loko o ka 17th kenekulia ka mea i kūkulu hale noho hale.

'Aʻole loa, mai ke ana malamaia he olonā i laʻana o kuhikuhipuʻuone o ka 15th kenekulia - ka Ilina o Janicke Khanum, i ka inoa o ka a na kaao. Ma kekahi o ia mau mea, Janicke noho i loko o ka hale aliʻi aʻe a hiki i ka Barracks no ka 1000 koa, ma lalo o ka noho luna ana o na koa heroically kokua Calais, akā, Hanim make i ka pua ana. Kona makua kāne Tokhtamysh Khan kauoha e kukulu i ka paena o kona make octagonal Ilina o, hoʻonaniʻia me ka kiʻekiʻe Ka nū, a kālai kolamu. Ma na wahi hohonu o ka Ilina o mea no tombstone hale kupapau o ka empress kaulana.

Ua pono malamaia a Karaite kenassas kahi kokoke i ka Ilina o. Mau huinahń hale, hoopuniia e hamama i alapiʻi me kolamu a me kona mau hoaka i hoʻohana 'ia no kekahi mau halawai, paʻa' aneʻi i ka hana a me ka lawelawe i nā pā hale uhane lunakahiko. Ma ka hopena o 19th kenekulia i loko o ka uuku hale kenassas mālama he nui waihona o ke kahiko moʻolelo i kākau lima, ohi ia e kānakaʻepekema A. S. Firkovichem.

Ma ka puali ololi ka papa kuhikuhiE alanui malamaia ruts mai o nā huila, ko lakou hohonu i loko o kekahi mau wahi hiki 0.5 mika, ka mea hoike i na kenekulia-lōʻihi a me kaʻeleu ola thriving hou mai iʻaneʻi.

Ua mea i hana hoihoi, e kipa i ka hale pale ma luna o ka pali hope kupa o Calais (A. S. Firkovicha). 'Oe ke hele hewa ma ke kūlana pale hale a ma ka hikina hapa o ka pā kaua.

Cave kulanakauhale o Calais: hōʻike manaʻo

Iauaeoia oo? Ecia, ka poe i kipa i ka pakaua kulanakauhale, au ikaika kūkā iho e hele i loko oʻaneʻi me ka hoao ana i ka alakaʻi nāna e haʻi aku i ka moʻolelo o kēia hanana wahi, ka mea e hōʻike ai i kona nani ana kulanakauhale Calais. Ma ka kiʻekiʻena o ka pono ma luna o 550 mika no e akakaʻi ka malamaia kia hoʻomanaʻo i o kahiko, e nānā i ia, a me ka mai i manaoio i hookahi kanaka i noho ai 'aneʻi. Pinepine, e nānā i kēia mau ana, kanaka mai i manaoio ole i ka mea i paʻapū i: ia a pau "ola" hale ma luna o ka honua, a me na ana, he hapa-manawa, a me ko ka hale ona hana.

He aha e ike e hiki mai ana?

Hele ana a hiki i Calais - ke ana kulanakauhale, kiʻi o ka a, e ia no na makahiki, e maopopo ia o keia huakaʻi mea kupaianaha - ma ke ala hoʻi mea kumukuai o ka makaikai ana i ka Hemolele Dormition hoailona, hoʻokumu i loko o ka 8th kenekulia. Oe ke paʻa i ka ikona o ka Dormition o ka Uhane Virgin, mea o ka hana, e pule paha, e waiho i ka palapala aie. Ma ka hoailona, aia mea he kumu me ka ono inu wai.

No hoi eʻoiaʻiʻo, e kipa i ka nani Khan ka hale i loko o Bakhchisarai, hoʻokumu i loko o ka 16th kenekulia. He maikai ka halealii mea i 'ano like me kaʻikena o ka nani hikina poʻe hoʻokalakupua moʻolelo. I ka hale aliʻi 'oe ke' ike i ke pehea Khan ola ana, e kele i oe iau a me ka exhibition o nā mea kaua, paʻi kiʻi pū i ku e hīmeni ma Pushkin Fountain o nā waimaka.

Calais - kekahi o ka mea mau i koena ana kūlanakauhale i loko o ka Crimea, a me ka loa kipa i waena o lākou. Ana a me nā paia o ka pakaua, kenassas, ka Ilina o, a me ka puka alanui o ke kūlanakauhale ha mōʻaukala, a kahiko, hahau manaʻo e pili ana i keʻano, a me ka transience o ke ola.