Conciliator a me kona kūlana ma ke kua'āina mihi o ka 1861

Ma ka lua o ka hapalua o ka umikumamaiwa ke kenekulia, ka Russian aupuni a pau i ka moʻo o nā mea hoʻololi, hoonoho iho la me ka manao e hoʻololi i ka kaiapili-kālai'āina'ōnaehana i kulike ai me na olelo o ka manawa, i kekahi o ia mau mea i ka abolition o serfdom a me ka pela wahahee no keia wahi - ka conciliator.

Ke kua'āina ninau ma lalo o Alexander I

Ma ka waena o kēia kenekulia, hele mai mai Rusia me ka loa nawaliwali hoʻokele waiwai a me ka mahiʻai, i ka make i loko o ke kaua Crimean ua hou ano hoomainoino a pau ka hopena maikaʻi keʻano o ka hanaʻana o ka Lūkini aku o ka lanakila. Paliuli a hiki i ka hoʻomaka o ka XIX kenekulia, ke abolition o serfdom ua mau ala i loko o ke kaiaulu. Alexander au i kau aku i mua o ka loa kupono, a nui ihola i ka olelo hooholo. No ma hope o ka lanakila ana o ko kakou aina i loko o ke Kaua o 1812 a me na haole kai eʻe o reformist olelo laʻoi loa,ʻaʻole wale nō i waena o ka intelligentsia, akā, i waena o ko na kauwa, a me ka holumua ai-manao landowners. Alexander Pavlovich a pau maopopo nö iä ia o, akā, mai wikiwiki e hoʻomaka nā mea hoʻololi, a ma hope o ka moʻo o ka hoʻokahuli aupuni hana maʻEulopa aina kekahi, a kipaku aku i kekahi loli ma ke kūlana o ka mahiʻai. Law "ma noa poe mahiai" a me ka liberation mai kaukaʻi kauwa Baltic Hawaii, a he nui loa mau - a pau ana ia e alleviate i ke kahua o ko na kauwa.

Ka wahi o ka nānaina o Rotehama I Pavlovich

I ka hooilina o ka Auguseto ke kaikaina o Rotehama o, iʻikeʻia kaʻohana me ka makeʻe kulanaʻoiaʻiʻo, ka Decembrists 'uprising i ka makahiki 1825, ua hou hooikaika ia i loko o kēia ao. Ma hope o kona suppression o ka Emperor i iho loa i loko o ka interrogation o ka i komo o ke kipi, a ma ke alo o ka ona loomed maopopo a pau bleak kiʻi o Lūkini aku o ka lanakila. Ma Rotehama I ae me ia olelo, i serfdom ma Rusia - ka hewa, akā, no ka hoʻololi 'ana i kekahi mea i loko o nā ana,ʻo ia manaʻo kekahi i oi aku ka ino.

Aka hoi, i kona noho alii ana o ka Auguseto ka punahele Kauna Arakcheev koho 'emancipation o na serfs, ka pono o ka i koi' ia kēlā me kēia makahiki ma kahi o elima miliona rubles, a ua waiho loihi ana i ke kaʻina hana ma ka manawa no ka indefinite wā. ʻO kēia loa i kaupalena 'papahana i kapaʻia hamama ia'ku mai ke aupuni koʻikoʻi a hanohano. Waiwai, Kuhina helu Kankrin olelo mai ia ano o ke kala i loko o ka waihona waiwai ole, no laila, e pono i kekahi ala e loaʻa mai, i hele mai i kekahi mea a pau i ka'ē aʻe polupopytki. Ma Rotehama I no kona noho alii ana lōʻihi lawa no laila, i ka mea e hana aku ai, e kōkua i nā mahiʻai plight. Ia manawa, i ka hoʻokele waiwai hoʻomau i ka ulu ma ke kali iki mai, i kūpono i ka hou Aey? Acaeoey.

Ke 'oni iki mai ka "make mau kiko"

I ka 1856, ua hiki i ka noho aliʻi o ka makahiapo-kane, ma Rotehama, Alexander II. He i kanaka a me kanaka, o ka nui ua i ka mea i ke kumu i hooilina Vasiliy Andreevich Zhukovsky, haku mele, ka lokomaikai hoi o-manao, a e ho'āʻo i ka haʻaheo i loko o ia kāna haumāna kāinoa mua hana. Mai ka lā mua o ka noho alii ana o Alexander i hai mai manao e hoopau i nā palapala a me ka disgraceful kŰia - serfdom. Ua pau ka hoʻomaka 'ana me ka lehulehu hoopaapaa ma luna o ka mihi, i haawi ia i ka aniani moakaka ano a me ka irreversibility. Ke poʻo, ua kekahi helu o ka mihi, i ke kumuhana. I ka 1859 ka mea i kukulu no hoi iluna i ke kaha kiʻiʻana komite, a makemake i ke kālailai, a hui pu iho la a pau o ka papahana, e imi ana i ka hopena loa kūpono no nā landowners a me kauwa. I ka hana i loko o ke kahua o ka loaʻokoʻa,ʻaʻole naʻe i ke alii i haawi aku ai i ka pilikia, a Koi ikaika. Ma ka hoʻomaka o ka 1861 i ka hoomakaukau ana a pau i ka pau, a ua hai aku o Pepeluali 19 he manifesto ma ka abolition o serfdom, haule iho slavish ano o na kauwa, akā, no ka mihi e pono ai, e hana i ka hailona o ke kino hou a me nā luna, a makemake e ukali ma kona hana ana. No laila, he mea i haʻahaʻa mea hoʻomaka ua - conciliator.

"Ku okoa ana"

"Ka olelo o ka Manifesto 1861" ho'ākāka 'ia i ke kumu o pilikia o kēia kanaka e like me ka mea i manao ai pilina ma waena o ka landowner, a me ka mahiai ma luna o ke kumu o ka berita ma waena o ia mau mea, ikeia like "kanawai puʻe waleʻo Samuel." E like me ka malu uao - kanaka kupono no ka hooponopono ana i ka kūloko aupuni kua'āina naehana me, ka apono ana o ke koho oihana (ka kānaka kua'āina, hânai holoholona County). Inā pono, he conciliator ke lawe ia mai ka oihana. Me ka pili ana i na kauwa, Ua hāʻawi maiʻo ia me ka Apana Hookolokolo a me ka makai mana, e ike i ka likeʻole hoʻololi i kāna hana, hiki ke hopu, a i hoakaka ia corporal hoopai. Hapa i lawelawe 'ana i kekahi intermediary uhi ekolu i elima counties. Ma ke aupuni a pau e pili ana i ho'āʻo o 1714 o kēia mau luna aupuni. Ka mea, i waeia, mai waena o ka hanohano o ka wahi ma luna o ka manaʻo o ke Kiaaina, a me ka luna o ke alii ko lakou. Luna hooku iho la ia i ka papa inoa o nā hana i i Wehewehe i nā hāʻina conciliator, 1861 i ka loa hoʻomāhuahua ai, he nui loa i ua hoonohoia mai waena e holumua ai konohiki, mawaena o lakou he Leo Tolstoy, NI Pie. E like me mākou e hoʻomau i ka hoʻoneʻe i nā mea o nā hanana ua loaʻa ma luna o ka mea uwao ua hoʻemi me kēlā hele makahiki.

Ka hopena o ka mihi

Naʻe, ka mea hoʻokani i ke kūlana loa nui i loko o ka mihi. He mahalo ia ia e malama i ka koena o na pono o ka mahiʻai, e like nae ka mea, i infringed, akā, ka mea i kuai egregious ano. A me ka mea nui wale nō i ia e ia 'aelike i pololei ae pono o na aoao elua o ka palapala, i ka mea e noho anaʻo Samuel. Aloha uao ho'āʻo i kēlā kua'āina a me ka haku hale me ka hikiwawe e loaa i hoopuka ia i ka hoolapanai hana, e like me ia i ka manawa kūlana o ke kauwa iʻaʻole loa hooloihi ae i. Nā hana o kēia mau luna aupuni o ia nōʻoe, i ka 1874, a ua hanaia kahi o ka elua kuokoa kulanui. Naʻe, ka mea, i uuku hoihoi i loko o ka pono o kaʻauhau a koke lilo kekahi hapa o ka nui bureaucracy o ka Russian aupuni a pau. Akā, i ka papa kuhikuhiE mea i hanaia: na kauwa ua maemae, a me ka maluhia uao - he hōʻailona o ke ku okoa ana no na kauwa.