Cycloalkanes - ia ... cycloalkanes: noho haʻilula, Nine Inch a me ka physical waiwai

Cycloalkanes - Ua hydrocarbons, i loko o kona haku mele 'ana i ka paʻa' ole. E i nā hiʻona o kēia hui, me ko lakou kahua o ka palapala noi mai noʻonoʻo.

papa Hiʻona

He aha e na cycloalkanes? Haʻilula CnH2n papa Hōʻike i ka nele o ka hydrogen nā'ātoma. Kēia kahua kŰia mau nā mea e hiki wale mai. ʻOkoʻa, ke 'ole e e ka papalua hoopaa i loko o ka lātoma he kekahi me ka paʻa' ole. He aha ka mea i ka 'ole o ka cycloalkanes i? Haʻilula ia hoʻopili like ai i ka lua o ka hihia, i mea, ke alo i loko o ka lātoma o ka paʻa 'ole. He ka 'ole o ka specificity o pau a nā kino a me ka Nine Inch ka waiwai o keia ano o ka hydrocarbons.

Pehea na kekahi cycloalkane hoʻopili like i ka haku mele C4H8? E imi i ka pane i keia ninau, ia mea e pono ke kālailai i nā ʻano o ka isomerism, i mea ano o cycloalkanes. Nā isomers elua me ka qualitative, a laupaʻi haku mele 'ana e loaʻa ka cyclic' ole: cyclobutane, methylcyclopropane. Oia i koho i kapaia isomers o kaʻaoʻao kaula.

Mai cyclo - keia interclass isomers o unsaturated olefins ke noonoo nā papakuhikuhi o ka waiwai, i ua haku o ka papalua hoopaa. mau hale i nei i loko o ka palapala penei: butene-1 a me ka butene-2. Ke paneʻana i ka ninau e pili ana i ka nui o likeʻole cycloalkanes ke ola no ka mea i manaoia haʻilula, ia mea pono e noonoo ole wale na cycloalkanes, akā, i alkenes. Wale i keia hihia ka mea, e hiki e waiho i ka pane pololei.

No laila, cyclo - Ua hydrocarbons, a i ma ka liʻiliʻi mauʻano o ka isomerism.

nomenclature Hiʻona

Names o ka hana i ho'ākāka 'cyclic hydrocarbon haku mele' ana ua hāʻawiʻia i loko o piha e like me ka lahui nomenclature. No ka kumu hoʻohana i ka i carbon helu i loko o ka paʻa huakai kaapuni. Next, noonoo na nā'ātoma makana i loko o kaʻaoʻao kaulahao. No ka laʻana, methylcyclopropane. Cycloalkanes - poe i huiʻia ma i ka kalapona nā'ātoma i sp3 hapalua moku'āina, like me i paʻa kūhohonu loa hydrocarbons. Kēia hiʻona Ho'ākāka 'i ke kumu o epekema no ka makaukau, a ano waiwai o keia papa.

Koho no ka loaa ana cycloalkanes

Pehea e hiki ai au e kiʻi cycloalkanes? Ano he kumu hoʻohālike o ka walaʻauʻana reactions hōʻike 'ana i loaʻa i kekahi mau koho no ko lakou naauao. No ka laʻana, cyclohexane ua hua mai ma hydrogenation o ka onaona benzene. I huiʻia me ka 'ekolu,ʻehā apo kalapona nā'ātoma hiki e hoomakaukau e cleavage o ka hakakino halogen digalogenproizvodnyh alkanes. Kekahi cycloalkanes loaa i loko o ka pyrolysis o ka paʻakai o ka dicarboxylic ke aloha nāʻakika. Paio hahana maoli nō me ke alo o ka lewa hiki aku ai i ke kahua o ka cyclopentane a me ka cyclohexane.

Nine Inch mall

Naphthenes Nine Inch waiwai like i paʻa kūhohonu loa hydrocarbons. No ia mau mea, i ka hoailona naoh me halogens ma ke 'ano o ka hakahaka. Eia hou kekahi, 'elele naphthenes komo i loko o ka Nine Inch naoh me nitricʻakika. Cycloalkanes hoʻopale i kia sulfuricʻakika. Me ka chlorosulfuricʻakika a oleum i ka naoh mea i hiki: e ho'ōla i hana ka sulfur'okesaside (4).

Naphthenes me loko o na nā lātoma o 5 a me 6 kalapona nā'ātoma i manaoia chemically hale lio i huiʻia. Akā, i ka wā olohelohe ia lakou i ka bromide a Aluminum koloriside, ka mea o lākou isomerization ua pu ma ka palena a me ka hoʻolōʻihi 'ana o ka palapala pōʻaiapuni.

isomerization

No ka laʻana, ma ka isomerization kaʻina, cyclohexane, methylcyclopentane 'ano apau loa. I ka aila i loaʻa i keʻano o nā mea loaʻa o ka cyclopentane a me ka cyclohexane, nā 'elele o ka naphthenes he meaʻaneʻane kahi e.

Ke kiʻiona hiʻona o kiʻekiʻe pōʻaiapuni noonoo i ka hiki e hana ia kekahi conformation i loko i kekahi kalapona nā'ātoma i kuhikuhi mawaho, a ma loko o ka loop. Oia kamaʻilio ua kapaia intranulyarnymi, a me ka poe mea i aia i loko o ke apo no ka ihu, i kapaia o ekstranulyarnymi paa.

No ka laʻana, no ka mea i kā mākou cyclodecane maikaʻi conformation ea intranulyarnyh eono, a heʻumikumamāhā ekstranulyarnyh hydrogen nā'ātoma. Kēia hoʻohuʻu disparity CH2 pūʻulu, i ka lewa ma ka hoʻoulu mea paa ikehu, iaono? Ienoai ka Nine Inch waiwai o ka hui.

No ka hydrocarbons me 12 a oi kalapona nā'ātoma, wehewehe aku conformational ka hoʻoneʻe. Mai ma ka C-o ka 'elele rotatable, no ka mea pili' o Randy mea i manao he aloha nui ola ana o ka māhū, a Kisa no lakou 'ano apau loa.

Tsiklany (naphthenes) ke komo i ka aila maoli i loko o ka laulā mai ka 25 a hiki i 75 pakeneka. Ke laupaʻi maʻiʻo o ia hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ke kaumaha mahele. Ka aila hapa a i ke kiʻekiʻe baila aʻela i wahi, he mea he mahuahua ma onaona hale. Oi loa aku hoi i ka puu o naphthenes loaʻa i loko o Emba a me Baku aila.

Ke laupaʻi hiʻohiʻona na kii i i 80 pakeneka. A pilina ma waena o nāʻano o nā maka aila a me ka hāʻawi 'ana o cyclo-hapa. Emi hoʻopale noonoo thermodynamically monocyclic hydrocarbons a i ka lōʻihi kīloi paʻewa alakaila kaula. CnH2n hoi o ka makana o ke ano o ka hale a ka pololei nā i ka mahana o ka hoʻohana 'ia i loko o ka distillation o kaʻaila kā.

No ka laʻana, ka mea, i 'akomi i ka monocyclic naphthenes ma ka mahana huahelu o 300-350 kekelē Kelekia ma, a nalo bicyclic i huiʻia ma loa wela anakahi 400 kekelē Kelekia.

ano cyclopropane

C3H6 o ka simplest Luna o naphthenes. Kēia gaseous waiwai me negligible solubility i loko o ka wai. Mawaena o ka nui Nine Inch waiwai ano o ka ke aloha hui kaʻawale catalytic hydrogenation. Ke huahana o keia AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN o ka hope loa hydrocarbon propane. Eia kekahi, cyclopropane, 'ē aʻe like hydrocarbon, ua reacted me ka o oxygen, e lilo ke kalapona'okikene lua, ka māhuea wai, he lawa nui o ka ikaika.

Oi loa ka poeikohoia o ka papa

Inā mākou e hoohalike ai i ka reflux mahana o nā 'elele o ka papa cycloalkanes me nā hoailona no alkanes nei ke ao hookahi helu o ka kalapona nā'ātoma, ka mea e lilo iki kiʻekiʻe. Ke kumu o ka cyclical 'ole o kēia papa. naphthenes nuʻa oi ma mua o ka huahelu no na alkanes, akā, iki emi i ka Arena.

I mea e maopopo pehea he nui kekahi mau cycloalkanes hoʻopili like i kekahi haʻilula, e pono e likeʻole isomers ole wale no cyclic? Ueony, akā, no hoi me ka pololei iwi haku kotorgo i ka papalua hoopaa. Ma ke alo o substituents ma ka lātoma i loko o ka palapala o ka hydrocarbon radicals, he ka ho'ēmiʻana i loko o ka mahele heheʻe i ka wahi o ka cycloalkane.

Inā mākou e kālailai i ka kino ai a me ka Nine Inch waiwai o keia ano o hydrocarbons, e mea hiki ke hana conditional mahele waiwai ma i huiʻia me ka haʻahaʻa pōʻaiapuni (ekolu paha eha), i ka hae (elima, eono, ehiku), meakino (mai ka ewalu a hiki i umikumamalua), a me ka nui pōʻaiapuni (mai he umikumamalua o ke kalapona).

Mau mea o ka i

E ka kamailio e pili ana i mea na iniiaiie pono o cycloalkanes. e hoʻohana 'ia Naphthenes ma ka laau lapaau. No ka laʻana, cyclopropane mea he narcotic lāʻau. Cyclopentane ua noʻonoʻo i ka'ūheheʻe maikai, ka mea, ua koi ia ma ke aloha hoʻololi kemikala. Cyclohexane Ua koi 'ia i loko o Nine Inch hoʻololi kemikala reactions o nylon, nylon (polyamide olona, lalau aku la ia), ma ka hou, ka mea, ua koi e paka benzene. Paʻa kūhohonu loa alkanes a me cycloalkanes noho haahaa reactivity. Kēia mea hiki ke wehewehe ma ka haʻahaʻa polarity C-C hoopaa. Eia hou, he nui nui o cycloalkanes hoʻohana ma o ka Nine Inch oihana puolo.

ka hopena

Nā mea huihuina o kanaka hydrocarbons a me naphthenes e hoʻohana i ka hana lubricants. Me ka Poeikohoia o keia ano o ka hydrocarbons hiki, e hoʻoikaika i ka hana o ke kakolina diesel mōʻalihaku. No ka laʻana, cycloalkanes mea hoʻonui 'ano maoli he ka octane helu, maoli he (viscosity), maoli ka'ā wela o ka engine. Ia mea ke kumu o nā cycloalkanes i i kaʻawale mai ka maemaeʻaila kā nā huahana, a me ka haʻalele i kekahi hapa o ke kakolina mahele.

Noʻonoʻo naphthenes i hoʻohana me ke aloha nā'uheheʻe. Cycloalkanes me ka awelika hakakino kaumaha i hoʻohana i? Iecaianoaaiiuo o kemikala detergents. Lawa naphthenes a hele like wahie, mai ka nui o ka wela i loko o lākou'ā.