Nä känaka 'epekema Abel Niels Henrik: Kawaihae

Niels Henrik Abel - kekahi o na mathematicians nui loa o na kanaka a pau. He Ua hanau ia ma ka Norewai kūlanakauhale o Finney i loko o ka ohana kahu hipa. Kona makuahine i hele mai, mai ke kalepa ohana. A lohe o Niels hoʻokahi makahiki kahiko, hoʻoneʻe i ka ohana a hiki i ke kulanakauhale Gerrestad.

noho 'ana kamaliʻi Abel

Kamaliʻi o ka wā e hiki mai makemakika ua aneane he pomaikai: kona ola kino ua ilihune, a me ka makua i mauʻona a me ka hoohiki. I ka 1815, Niels Henrik Abela komo aku la i ka Hale Pule Nui ma Oslo Kula. I ka ohana o ka wā e hiki mai makemakika ua ilihune loa, no laila, Abela i loko o ke kula ma luna o ka piha papa. Mua, ka mea, aole i ku mai, mai ka mau nui haumana. Ma keia hihia, he makemakika kumu i ka manawa ua he loa ino kanaka i loko o ke kula i ka pepehi ia haumāna. Nā mea hiki Abel makemakika kumu mua i kekahi ma ka inoa o Bert Michael Holmboe.

Kumu a me ka haumāna

Bert ua loa hoihoi i ka makemakika, kūlana maikaʻi i nā haumāna, a i ike i pehea kona kūpaʻa ia. Holmboe paipai lakou i hana i kū kaʻawale. He hoomaikai ia ia, no ka manawa mua Abela seriously hoihoi ma ka 'epekema. Ke kumu hoʻomanaʻo aʻela ia Abela aʻo makemakika holo ana me ka fervor i wale e loaʻa i loko o ke ano akamai hiki. Holmboe loa hoʻoikaika Abela makemake e komo i loko, a ua ae aku la ia ia e hoʻohana i ka paʻi puke, mai kou mau hale waihona puke. Ma hope o ka loa pōkole manawa kama'āina me ka hoʻokumu paʻaʻana o ka makemakika Abela i ua. Ma kā lākou mau wā e hiki mai nä känaka 'epekema literally "moni" i ka hana o Gauss, Lacroix, Poisson a me Lagrange.

Nane, hoihoi i ka makemakika

I kekahi mau makahiki, me ka maikai optimismʻAbela ua ia no ka hoʻoponopono luna 'pilikia ma ka makemakika. I kekahi o kēia mau puzzles i lōʻihi o Laieloheloheʻepekema. Ka mea, ua i ka lima o ke degere helu kaulike a me nā helu kaulike o kiekie degere. No ka poe noonoo ole nā helu kaulike nā papakuhikuhi i, ua ike no ka lōʻihi manawa. Rule Hoʻoponopono 'ia nā helu kaulike wehe ha o ka papahelu i mathematician Ferrari, kolu - Gerolamo Cardano.

Eia naʻe, hoi holomua,ʻaʻohe kekahi i hiki. I loko nō o kēia, ka 'epekema kaiāulu ua paulele ma ke kahua manawa kūpono o ka hoʻoponopono i ka pilikia. ʻepekema, ua lawa ia e kekahi kūikawā me ka hui pu ana o kumumea a me na radicals, e aʻo pehea e hoʻoponopono i kēia mau nā helu kaulike. Naʻe, ka mea e hooholo ia no ka kenekulia ma hope o ke kenekulia, ua hoolilo epekema ko lakou mau ola a pau i kēia hana, akā, e noho unsolved.

Life ma ke kulanui a me ka kōkua kumu

I ka 1820, o ka ohana o Abela, a hiki pōʻino ka hana i: make i kona makua kāne. Kona makuahine, kaikuahine a me ka hoahanau eono noho kokoke i kaʻilihune. I ka 1821, Niels Henrik Abela komo i ke kulanui. Aia, i kona tālena i ike ia e na kumu, a me ka mea hooholo i ka wai ÿauÿau lākou makauliʻi, e ohi i ka hoʻokuʻu 'ia no ka poe ilihune, akā, incredibly i ka manawaleʻa iā haumāna, ma ka mea,ʻaʻole e haalele i kona makana no ka' epekema. I loko nō o ka pilikia a me kona melancholic ano, Abel ua mau aloha a me ka uzhivchiv me nā haumāna, a meʻaneʻaneʻaʻohe poʻeʻenemi. Makemakika ua ai hana hoihoi ia ia i kona hiki ke lilo aku i papa a pau ka lā, e lawe mai ana ia lakou iho i kokoke physical exhaustion.

I ka hooilo 1822-1823, ka Niels Henrik Abela kakau iho la oia i ka mua koʻikoʻi 'epekema hana. He Ua hoolilo ai i ka integrability o ka palena pau nā helu kaulike. E like me ka uku, no ka State makana i kumu kāki iā ia.

Aole hoi ke poo o ke kulanui a me ka Papa Norewai aʻole e lilo aku maka o ka maikaʻi loa talena mea i Abela Niels Henrik. Ma ke kauwela o ka makahiki 1823 no ka manawa mua i loko o Abela ia mea hiki ke lawe mai i ka hele ana no ka Norewai palena. Me na dala, a ohi i ka kulanui Kumu, Abela hele i Copenhagen. Apuni ka, mathematicianʻike a me nā manaʻo nui o ka manawa: Cauchy, A. Legendre a me na mea e ae. A i ka makahiki 1825, ua hoouna aku la oia ia Hawaii, ua kahi o kona malama wahi e 3168 francs.

I ka 1826, he 'atikala maʻAbela, a hōʻike i ke kaʻina hana o ka hoʻoponopono nā helu kaulike o ka degere elima. Kēia hanana koke i aku la ia ia i kekahi o na mathematicians nui loa i loko o ke ao nei. Naʻe, ka hahai i ka hana o ke nä känaka 'epekema, ka mea i hoolilo i ka nānā i Cauchy, poho ma kona mau pepa. Cauchy ua hiki ke 'imi i ka' oihana Abela, a hiki i ka make ana o kekahi nä känaka 'epekema pono ma hope. Inā ka mea, i ole, ma ke ola o Abela ka mea, hiki ke kumu kāki i ka nui kālaiʻike ia nā kumu kāki. No keia ua i hiki mai ai, i ke koena o kona olaʻana, ua lilo ma ka lōʻihi ilihune.

hou hana

Ma Pelelina, halawai Abel me kekahi kanaka noiʻi - A. Krell, ka poe i hoomaka ae la e hoolaha i ka makemakika puke pai. Ma hope oʻana hana ma Pelelina Niels Henrik Abela, a hiki hoʻi i ka hale - i Christiania. Aiaʻo ia i hoomaka ia e hoihoi i na ninau o algebraic nā helu kaulike. Iloko o keia manawa a pau i paiia ma kahi o umi 'epekema na pepa ma ka makemakika, ke kilo a noiʻi i noʻAbela i. I ka 1826 ma ka halawai o ka Palani Academy o Sciences Niels Henrik Abela, a hiki lākou e hoʻopakele i ka olelo ma transcendental oihana ma ka makemakika. Kona hana ana o ka noonoo e unnoticed ma Farani haumana, e loaa kona iaia wale nō ma hope o ka make ana o makemakika.

Ka mea hōʻemi o ke ola kino a me nā pilikia

laila, hoouna aku la Abela, a hiki i ka lua o ka huakaʻi maʻEulopa. He kipa i ke kulanakauhale o Dresden, Palaka, Venice, Paris a me na mea e ae. Akā, i kēia huakaʻi hiki ole ke kapaia he oo? Enonei-?: I keia manawa i ke nä känaka 'epekema Niels Henrik Abela hana nui paakiki. He wehe 6 makemakika theorems. Naʻe, i keia manawa i kona paʻaʻana a me ka hoʻolako 'ole': ua lilo aku i ka puke haumāna, holo mai o ke kālā, deteriorating ola. Ke nä känaka 'epekema i i loaa mau uku.

I ka 1828, ua loaa i ka wale nô o ka Academy o Sciences Royal - a me keia mea i ka wale aku iaia i ka wā ola loaʻa Niels Henrik Abela. Photo ma Norewai banknotes ma denominations o CZK 500, i ka hoʻohana a 2002 - hanohano i ke nä känaka 'epekema i kumu kāki posthumously.

I mai a me ka pilikia halawai i ka 1828 o ka mathematician Niels Henrik Abela. Kona Kawaihae welau tragically: ka mea, ua mai, a me na kumu kēia tuberculosis ma ka makemakika. Ma Kekemapa o ka hookahi makahiki ke nä känaka 'epekema hele i ke kulanakauhale Florand, i kahi o kana wahine hana. I loko o ka huakaʻi i ke nä känaka 'epekema catches he ino anu. Loa pneumonia a me ka tuberculosis ua hana lākou hana, a me April 6, 1829, i ka wa a ke nä känaka 'epekema i 26 wale, Uaʻoki pōkole i kona ola.

e piʻi like Abel

Ke kākoʻo pāʻoihana o nā helu kaulike o ka lima o ka degere - kekahi o nāʻano nui discoveries ma ka makemakika, a i Niels Henrik Abela. E piʻi like o ia mea no hoi ia ma ka puka huapalapala kumumanaʻo. He pū hoʻokolokolo kekahi mau algebraic hana. Kēia laina o ka noiʻi alakaʻi ana i ka loaʻa mai o Abela, a hiki i ka pähola 'o hyperelliptic hana. mau oihana nui He nui oʻAbela Niels Henrik hai aku ana i ka kumumanaʻo o ka moʻo.

Abel uku

No ka makemakika 'Aʻole i loaʻa mai i ka Nobel uku, i ka 2002, ua hoʻokumu ka Aupuni o Norewai i kūikawā ia nā kumu kāki no ka ia, i kapaia o Abela. Mai 2003, i kela makahiki ka mea, ua kumu kāki i ka poʻokela Contemporary mathematicians. Ke dala like paha o ka uuku emi mai o kekahi miliona 'Amelika dala. Kēia ia nā kumu kāki i hana ole wale, e uku ka mea e pono ai noiʻi, akā, no hoi e popularize makemakika i waena o ka hanauna kaikaina. I waena o kona laureates epekema e like Lennart Carleson, John G. Thompson, Mikhail Gromov, Jean-Per Serr. Nō hoʻi, ka uwa o ka Abela, a hiki uku i kekahi Lūkini nä känaka 'epekema Yakov Sinai. He loaa i ka ia nā kumu kāki no kona makana i ka hoʻopaʻa 'ana i dynamical nenoai, ergodic kumumanaʻo a me ka makemakika ke kālaikūlohea.