Dehydration o ka waiʻona mai ke kino

Kaʻia "dehydration" ua hoʻohana 'ia ma ka lapaau (la me ka manao dehydration), ma ka maunakea (ia mea he lilo o ka wai ma ka pelane ma ka lele), ma ka kemika (naoh, i kūpono, mai ke aloha nā lātoma Wāwahi aku ka wai). Reactions o ka waiʻona mai ke kino dehydration ano o ka hui mua i kapa e like me ka waiʻona. Ke kaʻina hana i loaa mai ma ka hahana maoli nō kēia i loko o ke alo o ka wai e hoopau ana, i mea sulfuricʻakika, kiniki koloriside, Aluminum 'okesaside a ʻakika phosphoric. Ke kaumaha ma muli o ka naoh olelo i hana unsaturated hydrocarbons, a la o Etera, ua mokuahana ia, a, me ka, e intramolecular a me intermolecular dehydration.

La o Etera i hana i ka wa a ka naoh ua lawelawe 'ia ma ka lalo ka mahana a me ka liki ole ka waiʻona. Ma kaʻanuʻu mua o sulfuricʻakika ester ua loaa: C2H5OH + HO-SO2OH ↔ C2H5O-SO2OH + H2O. Inā ka naoh läÿau, ua laila, e lalana ana, laila i hanaʻia ethylsulfuricʻakika ua reacted me ka oi o ka waiʻona: C2H5O-SO2OH + C2H5OH → C2H5O-C2H5 + H2SO4. Ke hualoaʻa ka diethyl (a me ka luaipele) Etera wale no. E like me keia noaia puka mai intermolecular dehydration o ka waiʻona mai ke kino. E like me ka hopena, ma ka hookaawale ana i ka waiʻona mai nā nā lātoma o nā hydrogen nā'ātoma a me kekahi o oxygen'Ātoma (ka mea, kuahene kekahi wai lātoma) hana la o Etera. I hana, diethyl Etera hua mai la ia e hele i ka waiʻona ma luna o ka paʻa o ka Aluminum'okesaside i ka wela o ka 250 ° C. Ke naoh noaia Ua like penei: 2C2H5-OH → C2H5-O-C2H5 + H2O.

Intramolecular dehydration o ka waiʻona mai ke kino ke hana wale i kiekie ae ana wela. Pela mai ka hookahi waiʻona lātoma (ma kahi o ka elua like i loko o ka mua hihia) hoʻokaʻawale i ka wai lātoma, a me ka mau nā'ātoma kalapona i hanaʻia ma kekahi mau mea paa. E hoʻohana i kēia hana no ka makaukau o unsaturated hydrocarbons. Hoʻohana 'ia no kēia mea monoalcohols wale. No ka laʻana, ka cleavage o ka wai i ka ethanol ua lawe mai i ka wela o ka 500 ° C ma ka dehydrating hōʻeleu, e laʻa me, alumina Al2O3 a kiniki koloriside ZnCl2.

Dehydration o ka waiʻona mai ke kino - mea he mea hana no ka hana gaseous alkenes i loko o ke Keʻena. Ua ua hoʻohana 'ia no ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o'etolina mai ethanol: CH3-CH2-OH → CH2 = CH2 + H2O. Dehydration e lawe wahi i loko o ke alo o ka hōʻeleu i mea alumina. Hui o'eto ka waiʻona ua hele aku la ma hahana loa alumina ka pauka. Segregated wai hoʻokemuʻia ma ka mahu, pela kū i ka'etolina maemae. Ma kēia kaʻina hana, i ka mea e like ai o ka hōʻeleu hiki ke hoʻohana i kia nāʻakika, e laʻa me, sulfuric paha phosphoric. Lakou, e like Aluminum'okesaside, e komo i ka dehydrating waiwai. Eia naʻe, no ka sulfuricʻakika mea no hoi he ikaika oxidizing Agena, ia produces he hailona o ka ma-huahana (e laʻa me, ka waiʻona ua oxidized i carbon dioxide, a me kaʻakika hoemi ia i ka sulfur dioxide i), no laila, ke hua mai kinoea koi hou hoʻomaʻemaʻe.

Dehydration o ka waiʻona mai ke kino o cyclic 'ole, e laʻa me, dehydration o cyclohexanol, e lawe wahi i loko o ke alo o phosphoricʻakika. Ua Ua pinepine makemake sulfuricʻakika, e like me ka mea mea, ua maikai dehydrating ka waiwai, emi ka poʻea pau i ke kahua o ka ma-huahana, e like me ka puali hou. E like me ka hopena o ia naoh produces cyclohexene. Ka mea i ka o carbon nā'ātoma hui i loko o ke apo no ka ihu, aole ia e hoololi ae i ke kemika o ka naoh: C6H11-OH → C6H10 + H2O. Cyclohexanol enaena, me ka i kia phosphoric (V)ʻakika. Ke kūpono cyclic hydrocarbon me kekahi papalua hoopaa i loko o ke apo o ke kinowai waiwai, nae no ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe mai impurities ka mea, ua puhi ia.

Ua mea no hoi e hiki dehydration o ka waiʻona mai ke kino i loaʻa i loko o ka lātoma mau hydroxyl pūʻulu. E like me ka laʻana no ka mea polyhydric ia ka waiʻona mai ke noʻonoʻo naoh i nā hualoaʻa ma ka hoʻopau o nā nā lātoma o ka wai, mai nā nā lātoma o'etolina glycol, ma ia ho okumu i ka cyclic Etera, dioxane: 2OH-CH2-CH2-OH → (C2H4O) 2. Dehydration mea i ka distillation o'etolina glycol ma ke alo o sulfuricʻakika. 'O kēia kekahi o ka hanalima loea o? Eaia o dioxane.

Pela, ua hiki ke olelo aku i ka dehydration o ka waiʻona mai ke kino, a ua hanalima, a keʻena hoʻokolohua noi. E like me ka hopena, e hana Nine Inch i huiʻia, i mea hoʻohana no ka noiʻi, e like me maka mea a kākoʻo reagents no Nine Inch oihana puolo.