E auaaeaiea kino: 'ole a me ka ho'āʻo. Excretory nā loko i na holoholona: hōʻikeʻano, cia

Malama ana i ka maʻamau kiʻekiʻe o pūnao i loko o ke kino, i kapaia homeostasis, ma ka mea o ka neurohumoral hooponopono keʻano o ka hanaʻana o ka hanu, digestion, circulatory hoʻokaʻawale a me ka? Aneii. He 'atikala e e noonoo ma ka'ōnaehana hui, e auaaeaiea o ke kanaka a me ka holoholona, kā lākou' ole a me ka hana, e like me ka waiwai o ka metabolic reactions i ola meaola.

Ke liluwelo manaʻo nui o ka hoʻokaʻawale 'nā loko

E like me ka hopena o ka pūnao 'ia ma kēlā me kēia aeea o ka meaola ola accumulates nui dala oʻawahia waiwai, i carbon dioxide, ammonia paʻakai. E lawe ia oe i pono i ka'ōnaehana i eliminates na toxins i loko o ke kaiapuni. Ke 'ole a me ka hana ana o ka excretory'ōnaehana aʻo'anatomia a me ka physiology.

No ka mea manawa mua o ka noho kaʻawale hui, e auaaeaiea akaka ma invertebrate holoholona meʻeluaʻaoʻao symmetry. Nā paia o ko lākou mau kino i haku o ekolu mau papa: ka exo meso a me ka endoderm. Mau meaola i lalo, a kokoke mai na ilo, a ia excretory'ōnaehana ka mea, na poe protonephridia.

Pehea e hana i ka excretory nā loko ma flatworms a me nematodes

Protonephridia ho i ke ano o ke omo me ka ho okumu e holo ana mai ka papa kuhikuhiE lonikū moana. Ka mea i hana mai i ka pā germ, ahu iho - exoderm. Toxins a me ka liki ole Ion i hōʻike 'ia ma luna o ka ili o ke kino o nā ilo ma ka ili.

Na lilo o ka hope ua hoʻolako me ka pūʻulu o keʻano o ka hanaʻana protonephridia - cilia a flagella. Undulating lākou ana, hookonokono lakou i ka intercellular loli, i ka poʻea pau i ka papa kānana o ka excretory ducts.

E holumua ai ka manaʻo pohihihi e auaaeaiea o nā loko mai annelids

Annelids, e like me earthworms, Nereis, lobworm wehe 'ia mai kou kino metabolic huahana hoʻohana metanephridia - excretory nā loko ilo. Ka mea, i ke ano o ka paipu, kekahiʻaoʻao o ka i leykovidno hoʻonui, a hoomakaukau i cilia, a me ka mea 'ē aʻe e hele ai i ka holoholona uhi a me ka puka - manawa. Complication o ka hui, e auaaeaiea ma earthworms mea ku pono i ka muli o kekahi haumāna kino lua - coelom.

Hiʻona o ka 'ole a me ka mana o ka Malpighian tubules

Nā 'elele o ka arthropods e like me hui, e auaaeaiea i ke ano o ka ai manamana ai tubules, ma i, mai ka hemolymph - intracavitary loli - Komo' ia ka pono pūnao a me ka liki ole i ka wai me nā huahana. Ka mea, i kapaʻia ka Malpighian tubules, a ua typical poeikohoia o ka papa o arachnids a me nā mea kolo. Ka hope, i hou i ka excretory ducts, he mea kekahi kino - i ke kino momona, a loaa metabolic huahana. Malpighian moku, i komo i loko oʻawahia waiwai kahe i loko o ka pauku hope o ka naʻau liʻiliʻi. Mai ka mea, excreted laila metabolites ma ka anus.

e auaaeaiea kino i loko o crustaceans - crayfish, lobster, lobster, - poe e uliuli glands a i Hoʻololi 'metanephridia. Ka mea, i aia ma luna o ka cephalothorax holoholona, e kūkulu kumu o ka antennae. Ma lalo o ka launahele glands ke aupuni 'o crustaceans bladder, excretory oaka ae manawa.

Hui, e auaaeaiea o ka iʻa

Na elele o ka papa o ka pokou ia mea he hou complication o ka excretory nenoaiu. Ka mea, i ke ano o ka pouli-ulaula lipine-hoʻokino kino - kumu hakuʻala aia ma luna o ka lewa bladder. Mai kela mea keia mea o lakou i koe i ka ureter ma i mimi kahe mai i loko o ka bladder, a me ka mea ua mai o ka mea - i loko o ka urogenital puka. Na elele o ka papa o cartilaginous ia (mano, na kukuna), na ureters ninini i loko o ka cloaca, a me ka bladder mea kahi e.

Ma muli o ka 'ole o ka excretory'ōnaehana, ua māheleʻia aʻela nā mea a pau pokou iʻa i loko oʻekolu pūʻulu: e noho ana i ka wai, ka wai, a me ka pae o ka ai-kapa hele-ma e ola ana i loko o nā paakai a me ka wai ma ka pili ana i nā hiʻona o ka spawning.

Freshwater iʻa (nui uila, bream, carp, bream) e pale aku excessive e lewa i ko lakou mau kino i ka wai, ua i, e wehe i ka nui nui o ka wai ma ka Malpighian tubules a me kaʻaʻa puʻuwai glomeruli. Penei, carp nā pōʻalo i 120 ml wai no 1 kg o kona kaumaha, a me ka catfish - mai i 380-400 ml. I ke kino, aole ia i 'ike i ka nele o ka paakai, freshwater iʻa halo o hana e like EII ni, ua EII ni i ka wai, mai ka paʻakai Ion a me ka chlorine. Meaola kai -'iʻa, flounder, mackerel, - ma ka mea ku ole, e ae mai i ka nele i ka wai i loko o ke kino. E pale ai dehydration, a no ka malama i ka maʻamau osmotic puʻe i loko o ke kino, ka mea, ua pio e inu i ka wai kai, a ua ka i wae 'ia ma ka hakuʻala, huikala mai paʻakai. Oi paʻakai koloriside ua wehe 'ia ma ka halo o mua a me feces.

Hana migratory iʻa, e like me ka mea Europa puhi, o ka "E kuapo" 'ana i kūpono osmoregulation lawe mai ma nā puʻupaʻa, a halo o mua, ke kaumaha ma muli kahi i loko o ka wai ka mea, i loko o.

Ke excretory'ōnaehana ma amphibians

E like me ke anu-poʻe e noho lā ma ka honua-wai i hoʻolilo 'ia, amphibian like iʻa wehe i nā palapala metabolic huahana ma ka hanau ili a me mesonephros. Ma na rana, newts, Ceylon rybozmeya e auaaeaiea kino ua poe e hui kaulua puupaa, Aia ma kekahiʻaoʻao o ka spine, a me ka a no ka maluhiluhi, mai na ureters e kahe ana i loko o ka cloaca. Part o ka gaseous huahana o ka pūnao i wehe 'ia mai o ia mau mea ma ka mālamalama Hoʻohana i hana excretory hana, a me ka ili.

Pelvic puʻupaʻa - i ka papa kuhikuhiE nā loko o nā manu, a mammals e auaaeaiea

Ma ke kaʻina hana o ka evolution mesonephros mutate i loko o ka hou e holumua ai ke ano o ka excretory nā loko - hakuʻala pelvis. Ka mea, i ke aupuni 'hohonu i loko o ka pelvic lua, kokoke e hiki mai ana i ka cloaca i ka mea kolo a me na manu, a kokoke i na gonads (testes a me ovaries) - mammals. Weight a me ka leo o nā puʻupaʻa i ua hoʻemi, akā, ke kānana ioeaie o ka hakuʻala, nephron aeee ua nui mahuahua, a me keia hiki aku ai i ka mea e ka e auaaeaiea o nā loko, mai na holoholona a pau a hiki i ka papa o ka manu a me mammals, nui ka maiau huikala ia i ke koko o ka'ōpala, a hoʻopale ai i ke kino, mai dehydration.

Eia hou, nā manu, ma ka Akä naÿe i nā mea a pau'ē aʻe ano honua kahi vertebrates,ʻaʻohe bladder, no laila, 'aʻole mimi i loaa i loko o ia mau mea, a no ka ureter komo koke i loko o ka cloaca, laila mai. Kēia mea he mea e ho'ēmi i kā ke kino ke kaumaha o na manu, i mea nui, hāʻawi lākou ikaika i ka lele.

Kānana, a adsorption oihana o ke kanaka puʻupaʻa

Ma kānaka, excretory nā loko - puʻupaʻa - ea i kona kiekie loa ana a me ka specialization. Ua hiki e manao like ka loa kana olelo hoopomaikai (ke kaupaonaʻana o ka poe kanaka makua hakuʻala, aole ia i oi aku mamua o 300 g) he liluwelo Kānana, i? Aaeaao na keena ma kona - nephrons i 1,500 nā lika o ke koko no ka lā. I physiology a me ka lapaau, me ka maʻamau hana o ke kino paʻa mau mea nui. Ma ka Pākē oihana o ke ola U-Main konāhuaʻelua i ka papa kuhikuhiE ola-sustaining hehee ai.

ʻaʻa puʻuwai parenchyma he ma kahi o 2 miliona nephrons, oia no ka mea hōʻikeʻikeʻuʻuku o Bowman-Shymlanskaya ma i ke kaʻina o nā kānana i ke koko, a me ka ho okumu ana o iniiaiie mimi, a me ka convoluted tubules (loop o Henle), ka hoʻolako 'reabsorption - e wae pōʻalo o ka monakō koko, nā wikamina a me ka haahaa hakakino kaumaha nā polokina, mai ka iniiaiie mimi, a me ka hoʻi ia i ke koko kahawai. E like me ka hopena, reabsorption hana haumāna mimi. Ua loaʻa he i koe o ka wai, paʻakai, urea. Ua auwai i loko o kaʻaʻa puʻuwai pelvis, a mai ia - i loko o ka ureters, a loko o ka bladder. Kēia mea a puni 2 L / lā. Mai keia ka mea, ua wehe 'ia ma ka urethra helehelena.

Pela no i ae hoʻomāhuahua o ka loli i loko o ka lua viscera, a ua hooki i ke kino intoxication.

No ka hou excretory nā loko o metabolic huahana

Eia kekahi hakuʻala lawelawe i ka papa kuhikuhiE kūlana ma ka osmoregulation, a wehe i ka oi paʻakai a me toxins, hapa 'ia' excretory hana i loko o ka kanaka kino hana na ia maʻiʻaʻai,ʻili, hou glands a me ka digestive. Penei, e like me ka hopena o ke kinoea launa like, hoʻokō alveoli o i ka malamalama Hoʻohana ia lŘlŘ hoʻopau o ke kalapona'okikene lua, mahu,ʻawahia waiwai, e like me decomposition nā huahana o ka ethanol. By excretion o ka hou glands wehe urea, oi paʻakai a me ka wai. Akepaa, heʻokoʻa ka mea e alakai ana ia kūlana ma ka digestive kaʻina, inactivates kaʻawahia hālāwai hope me nā huahana o nā polokina, ai ', ka waiʻona, paʻakai o ka cadmium, a alakai iloko o loko o ka venous koko.

I ka hana o nā mea a pau nā loko (hakuʻala, akemāmā, ili, digestive a me ka hou glands), i ka hoʻomaopop 'ana i excretory papa hoʻolako ka maʻamau papa o metabolic reactions a me homeostasis.