Hakakino aaiaoe noiʻi iaoia

E makaikai i a kuhikuhi Lolina ma ka DNA 'ole hoʻohana' ia hakakino aaiaoe hana. No kēlā me kēia māhele 'āina DNA, a kaupaona i nā kēia māhele o ka chromosome,'ōewe paha allele, nā kiʻina hana OAOOUIEeE. Hp'pnphp kēlā hakakino aaiaoe iaoia maupaʻa kekahi 'ole' ē aʻe manipulation o RNA a me ka DNA. A pau i kēia mau kiʻina hana i wehewehe aku e kekahi, alahula ka manaʻo pohihihi, me ka keʻena hoʻokolohua kumu hiki ole ke lawe mai, a me ka pono e kokua palapala hōʻoia no ke kookoo. Keia hana ua lawe mai i loko o kekahi mau kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao.

kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao

Mua, RNA paha DNA Eia kekahi laʻana, e e lawe. Eia, he hakakino aaiaoe iaoia hiki ke hoopili i kaʻaneʻane kekahi mea: he kulu o ke koko, leukocytes, fibroblasts moʻomeheu, (kepa), a hiki i ka lauoho follicles, mucosa - DNA hiki ke loaa mai kekahi hāpana. He pono e hoʻohana i kekahi hakakino aaiaoe kāu kiʻina hana a me kā lākou mau koho, a ua ua waiho waho paʻahau lōʻihi kaʻawale DNA. Ka lua o ke kahua me ua hoʻolaʻa i ka hoʻomāhuahua o ka makemake hakina (amplification) o ka DNA, e like me ka mea e kokua hōʻoia i ka polymerase kaula naoh i lūmaua (ma ka lūmaua me ka komo o ke ola meaola). E like me ka hopena, i ka i koho DNA apana nahaha multiplies ma keia kaula naoh, a me ka nui o ka DNA, piʻi pū literally miliona o ka manawa.

Ke kolu o ka mua i loko o ka hakakino aaiaoe noiʻi epekema ua ea ae mahuahua iho la lakou DNA kapu (keia fragmentation, haehae ole ana). Kapu hana ma ka electrophoresis ma ka polyacrylamide a agarose tuko pīlali. Kēia hakakino-aaiaoe iaoia o këia ka DNA apana nahaha e leie aku kela kanaka keia kanaka e lawe i kekahiʻoihana i loko o ka tuko pīlali. Mahope, ua malamaia lakou nei, ka tuko pīlali me ka ethidium bromide, hiki i ka pū'āʻana i ka DNA, ka irradiation me ultraviolet malamalama, alaila he mea hiki ke malama luminescence mau apana. Hakakino aaiaoe PalekanaEND_LINK ki ina hana like i e lauwili a me ka lehulehu, akā, i ka mua mau anuu mea, he pono ole i na mea a pau. Akā, ma ka mea e hōʻike DNA koena ai, ka tuko pīlali hiki ke 'ia nā pōpō, a me na mea he nui' ē aʻe na ki ina hana like.

? ueo

Ka loa kauoha, a he ākea epekema no kaʻimiʻana mycobacteria i loaʻa i ka luna hakakino aaiaoe DNA aʻo hana. Kona Mānoa, he wahi ia, ma ka mea e kuhikuhi i ka scan NineManga.com kaula nā o kekahi koena o ka DNA o pathogens. Hakakino aaiaoe PalekanaEND_LINK i kūpono e ole nae i ka nui efficient ala e hoʻomaopopo i na maʻi like tuberculosis. E ho ohana i ka polymerase kaula naoh (PCR), e hiki eʻoiaʻiʻo i ka palapala DNA, e hoomahuahua i ka helu o ke kope i loko o ka miliona manawa,ʻo ia hoʻi, ma laila e e amplification, a me ka mea, e hōʻike i nā hualoaʻa. Ke pā lonoaʻili ilikai Ua loa kiʻekiʻe - oi ma mua o kanaiwa-kumamalima pakeneka, i mea no ka papa kuhikuhiE pomaikai o keia hana.

Ke koena o ka hakakino-aaiaoe ano o ka noiʻi ma ka laulā o ka hua mau kope literally maalahi loa, no ka mea i loko o keia hihia i ka ke kaha kiʻiʻana hāpana hōʻike he mau 'oligonucleotide kaʻina mahuahua i hoʻokahi haneri a me kaʻeono manawa. ʻO ka moʻomeheuʻike, o tuberculosis o ka naehana'ōnaehana me ka nui loa lalo kona pā lonoaʻili. 'O kēia ke kumu laekahi lapaau ua nānā' ana ma luna o hakakino aaiaoe ano o kaʻike, o ka tuberculosis. A i ho'ākāka 'ia hana i ka hoʻokō Hana oi loa aku hoi ia me pathogens o kiʻekiʻe antigenic variability, hooholo i kekahi aoao i nui aku pilikia - pono kūikawā nutrient Media, a me ka mahiai lōʻihi manawa. Biochemical a hakakino aaiaoe ano paka nui okoa ia ma luna o nā hualoaʻa.

ʻike, o ka tuberculosis

Marshall PCRʻike, o ka tuberculosis loa olelo hoʻohana 'ana i ka poʻe DNA kaʻina i mea i ho'ākāka' ia no nā mea a pau eha ano o ka maʻi. E loaʻa ai i kēia pahu hopu pinepine hoʻohana primers e huai ae kaʻina NEI oihana mua (NEI-986, UA-6110), e like me kēia mau kumu i emi loa migratory? Ueo Mycobacterium tuberculosis a me ka manawa i hiki mai kope mau i loko o ka genome. I DNA pōʻalo hiki ke lawe mai, mai maemae hana 'ike loea a me ka lapaʻau (sputum o nā mea maʻi) ma kekahi'ē aʻe e pono hana. No ka laʻana, he mea hoʻonui iaoia ma ka lysis aooa? Ua hoʻohana 'ia ka nānā' ana ma luna o ka guanidine thiocyanate a me ka silica i like me ka lawe DNA. Ka helu o nā mea maʻi i OAOOUIEeE ilihune bacteriological mahuahua i kela makahiki, a no ia mea, ma ka lapaʻau hoʻomaʻamaʻa i hoʻokumu i ka loa okoa kiʻekiʻe o ka hui: hakakino-aaiaoe iaoia o këia DNA i hookani i ka nui kūlana i loko o kaʻike,.

Eia naʻe, ua pono hiki ia ia mea,ʻaʻole me drawbacks. Ke PCR papa hana o ka hoʻohana 'ana o pinepine lawe he nui helu o ka wahahee-oluʻolu hopena, a me ke kumu o mea ole wale oaoieei-hewa, akā, i nā hiʻona o ke iaoiaeii wale. Eia hou, ka hoʻohana 'ana i kēia hana o kaʻike, e hooholo i ka viability o mycobacteria, a i ua hōʻike', e mea wale ole. Akā, i kēia keakea mea,ʻaʻole ka mea nui. Hakakino aaiaoe ano o PCR lapaʻau 'entail i ka pilikia o ka mea hoʻohaumia o mycobacterial DNA. Palapala hoʻomaikaʻi olelo no keia mea, i ka PCR keʻena hoʻokolohua papahana wale nō paʻakikī, ka mea e noi mai ana ekolu hookaawale akea maikai. PCR enehana mea kēia a me ka loa eiiieaen, e pono ai i ka hoʻohana 'ana i kūpono lako a pan, a kiʻekiʻe-hoʻomaʻamaʻa nā limahana.

bacterioscopy

I ka pono e like me nā 'ikepili i kaʻike, hopena o ke Ka Ikepili: lapaʻau ninaninau, radiography, haukaʻe i microscopy, iʻohi a hiki pane i kekahi mau' hana i mea nui. Ma kēia puke, no ka PCR haʻawina mea wale nō kekahi o nā eiiiiiaiou. Huai ae i ka pathogen i loko o ke kakahiakaʻike, hiki ia i ka simplest a quickest epekema - bacteriological.

Aia ua hoʻohana 'ia i ka malamalama microscope (' ia nā pōpō Ziehl-Neelsen) a me ka kukui hāweo ( 'ia nā pōpō fluorochromes). Ke pono ka māmā holo haukaʻe i ka hopena. Akā, kona drawback ua pono noʻonoʻo i ka i kaupalena 'ia nona iho ma muli o ka haʻahaʻa pā lonoaʻili. Eia naʻe, ua haawiia mai keia iaoia MEA hoike like ka loa ka hoʻokele waiwai, a me ka honua, e huai ae tuberculosis nā mea maʻi. Ka loaʻaʻana o ka mycobacteria bacteriological iaoia ka olelo wanana a waiwai, a oaeuiinoe quantitatively mea koʻohune excretion. Nui hou aku ka paulele i ka hana me ka mea hakakino aaiaoe noiʻi ki ina hana like o ka tuberculosis.

hana 'ike loea

Maikaʻi ka loaʻaʻana o nā mycobacteria hoomaopopo i moʻomeheu haʻawina. Lulu pathological mea ka mea, ua i loko o ka hua manu meakino: Mordovsky, Finn II, LJ, a me ka mea e like. Nā Māka Hoʻohālike o ka ia'ku o mycobacteria i ka laau a me kaʻauhau'ēʻaʻe hoike no ka laulā o ka helu ana o mycobacteria a me kā lākou mau panalāʻau ma lūmaua, ina ka hoopili ano o ka noiʻi moʻomeheu. E hoomahuahua i ka pakeneka o ka hoʻokaʻawale o mycobacteria inoculation o pathological mea ua ma mau hana kūpono i ekemu ae.

Halawai i ka pono o ka lehulehu moʻomeheu, pathogen me haawi a me ka fluids. Hoʻohana 'ia i loko o keia ano, a hana nona iho metering type VANTES ulu. Ulu pono e mālama 'ia ma ka incubation no i kaʻehiku i ewalu pule. Ma keia manawa i ka'ōpū a me ka nele o ka ulu ana hiki ke noʻonoʻo pono io. Ka loa ka hoʻokō ala, e huai ae Mycobacterium tuberculosis noonoo liluwelo Eia kekahi laʻana: PalekanaEND_LINK mea mailoko Guinea puaʻa, i mea loa susceptible i ka TB.

kekahi oeeo?

Mea kahua o ke ao, a i weheia ma ka PCR lapaʻau 'ua e noiʻi i ka M. tuberculosis - latent maʻiʻaʻai. ʻO kēia manaʻo o TB maʻiʻaʻai paipai ana mai o ka haneri kanaka a pau ma ka hui 'ana me M. tuberculosis, kanaiwa-i pono e iho mailoko o, akā, wale he umi o ia eʻeleu maʻi ua ka ulu. 'Ē aʻe i TB e hoʻonele, a no ka mea, he kanaiwa pakeneka o na hihia koe latent ka maʻiʻaʻai. Huai ae i ke kumu ia i kōkua i ka hakakino aaiaoe iaoia.

Geneticists aku nei au i kanalima-elima hapa haneri o ka poe nona na hua pathological mea, he io, a he kanawalu pakeneka o ka poʻe iho mailoko me M. tuberculosis, akā, e kahe ana me i radiographic hoikeana o ka maʻi, PCR maikaʻi pane i loaʻa. He He aaiaoe PalekanaEND_LINK hana kokua e kuhikuhi i nā mea maʻi i kamepiula ma PCR haʻawina, a me ka hopena o ko lākou mau kālailai (microscopy a me ka moʻomeheu) i io, a me ka subclinical maʻiʻaʻai M. tuberculosis ua makana.

kēia noiʻi

Ke Russian Hui, a bacteriological keʻena hoʻokolohua hoʻohana i hōʻeleu i iaoia o ka piha nā hoʻohui like: nitrate reductase ha awina o mycobacteria hoao e Griess mea kemikala. Anati-TB-oaio? A hoʻohana i ka papa hana e leie aku e hooholo lāʻau e kū'ē'ē mai. Kēia seeding ma ka wai a me Media, i kahi hana nona iho radiometric a me kukui hāweo helu mahina'ōnaehana ulu o mycobacteria. Oia i Ka Ikepili ua hana koke - i ia mau pule.

Currently, hou kāu kiʻina hana i ke kino: lāʻau ia'ku o mycobacteria ua anaia mai ka manawa i ka genotype pae. Study o ka hakakino maomeka o ia'ku nā'ōewe, a hōʻike i ke alo ma ka mycobacteria. Mau nā'ōewe i pili me ka ia'ku i kekahi ai '. No ka laʻana, kasA nā'ōewe, inhA, katG hoʻopale i ka isoniazid, rpoB'ōewe - rifampicin 16Sp RNA nā'ōewe a me rpsL - streptomycin, emb1 - e ethambutol, gyrA - he fluoroquinolone, a no laila, ma luna o.

mutations

ʻO kēiaʻike, me ka nui loa, a mahuahua nui ka hakakino-aaiaoeʻilikai hana no këia DNA, a ae e lawe mai nui-unahiʻole, i haʻawina o mutations i loko o nā mea a pau kā lākou pae. Ano, ua ike ia ka loa, he pono ole mutations i loko o ka 516, 526 a me 531 codons ka rpoB'ōewe, a ua hōʻike 'o ka ia'ku i ai' likeʻole. Aia ka he okoa huahelu o epekema no ka i kikokiko ai o mycobacteria ka hoʻohana ole wale kuʻuna ano - biochemical, liluwelo a me ka nohona kanaka, akā, hoʻomano hoʻohana i ke kālā no hakakino aaiaoe 'ana i kūpono. Kela manawa, ma laila nō e pono a me ka hoʻolako i ka pololeiʻike, ano no ka ka loaʻaʻana o monogenic ka maʻi. Ka mea, i ka nānā 'ana ma luna o DNA haʻawina i loko o ka kiko'ī wahi o ka ua'ōewe. Kēia mea he luna 'kaʻina' ana, manawa e hoopau ana a me ka pipiʻi, akā, i ka 'ikepili i ka hoʻolako' ia e hakakino aaiaoe Ka Ikepili, Ua nui hou pololei a me ka informative ma mua o nāʻikepili a pau'ē aʻe kālailai.

Ua Ua lōʻihi, ua ike ia ka DNA aʻole e hoʻololi i ka mea holoʻokoʻa ola o ka meaola i ia mea i loko o kekahi nucleated keena odnakova, a me keia mea e hiki ke lawe i ka Ikepili o ka loa a pau keena o ke kino, ma kekahi kahua o ka ontogeny. Ka poino'ōewe hiki ke 'akomi i mua o ka meaʻikeʻia o nā symptoms mua a hiki i ka piha-unahiʻole, i lapaʻau mai, e like me ka pono me ka ola heterozygous kanaka, akā, me he mutation i loko o ka'ōewe. Hakakino aaiaoe hereditary maʻi PalekanaEND_LINK ano ae, e hoike aku kona (pololei hoʻokokoke mai, DNA-lapaʻau 'ana), e like me ke kālailai i ka segregation o ka maʻi i loko o ka' ohana me ka peni mäka loci DNA (aaiaoe polymorphisms), a i pili loa ua hoʻopili me ka poino'ōewe ( 'o ia hoʻi, kaʻauhau'ēʻaʻe hoʻokokoke o ka DNA-lapaʻau'). 'Ana paha kahiko o ka'āina - kekahi DNA lapaʻau' ua ma muli o ka hakakā o nä ka pololei hoakaka hapa o na kanaka DNA.

pololei ki ina hana like

Direct ano o DNAʻike, i ka wā o ka culprit'ōewe hereditary maʻi ua ikeia, e like me ka maopopo loa, a me ke ano o kona mutations. No ka laʻana, he kupono pololei epekema ma ka helu o nā maʻi. He Kailua ka chorea (mailaila aku CTG-ia hana), phenylketonuria (R408W), cystic fibrosis (delF508, nui mutations) a me ka mea e like. I ka papa kuhikuhiE pomaikai o ka pololei iaoiaeii mea he loa-mea a PalekanaEND_LINK pololei, a aole hoi he pono, e hana i ka DNA Ka Ikepili o ke koena o kaʻohana. Inā he mutation i loko o ka like'ōewe ua loaʻa, e leie aku e like apono i kaʻike, no nā kūpuna mai, genotype hoʻoholo no ke koena o kaʻohana kaumaha.

Kekahi pono a pololeiʻike, ua manaoia e kuhikuhi i ka heterozygous lawe ana i ka maikaʻiʻole mutations mai hoahanau a me na makua ka poe i make mai ka maʻi. He mea oi loa aku hoi oiaio no ka maʻi autosomal recessive. no hoi, ua loaʻa keakea o ka pololei ki ina hana like. E pili ia lakou, e pono e ike pono localize ka'āno'ē'ōewe, exon-intron 'ole o kona pae a me kona mutations. 'Aʻole i pau monogenic mai i keia la ua loaa ana o keia ike. Informativeness kauoha ano hiki ole ke manaoia piha, no ka mea, hoʻokahi a me ka mea ia'ōewe hiki i ka nui helu o pathological mutation i ke kumu e ulu ai o ka hereditary ka maʻi.

ʻauhau'ēʻaʻe ki ina hana like

ʻauhau'ēʻaʻe epekema ma ka DNA lapaʻau 'ana, ua hoʻohana i nā mea a pau, i loko o nā hihia, ina o ka poino'ōewe ua i hōʻike', akā, wale chromosomally, a ina i ole e haawi mai i ka lainaʻike, o ka hopena (ia hana, ina ka'ōewe luna 'hakakino hui' ole he nui loa, ina he mea kekahi hailona pathological mutations). ʻauhau'ēʻaʻe kāu kiʻina hana i hana segregation Ka Ikepili o polymorphic hōʻailona ma ka allelic ohana. Hōʻailona i loaʻa i loko o ka ia chromosomal māhele 'āina paha locus ua pili loa ua hoʻopili i ka maʻi, a ho i holoi' a hookomo, wahi substitutions, ia hana, a me kā lākou polymorphism mea ku pono i ka 'okoʻa ka nui o aeee i loko o ka hihia.

Most pono no kaʻauhau'ēʻaʻeʻike, noonoo iho la microsatellite a me minisatellite polymorphisms, a i hoʻomano puunaue i loko o ke kanaka genome. kā lākou waiwai i hoike ma ka 'ike ka maʻiʻo kiʻekiʻe, inā pōʻino i ka aaiaoe mamao ma waena o ka pa a me ka'ōewe mea,ʻaʻole he nui. Ma ka hope hihia, ke manao pololei me ka nānā 'ana i ka mea i nui ke alapine (frequency) o recombination ma waena o ka polymorphic peni mäka a me ka poho. ʻauhau'ēʻaʻe PalekanaEND_LINK kāu kiʻina hana i hoʻolako OAXA ka muaʻanuʻu o ka allele nä alapine o ka ua kālailai heluna study i waena o nā mea maʻi a me nā moku halihali mokulele o mutations, eia kekahi i ka pono o ka hoomaopopo ana i ka pahiki o recombination o nonequilibrium a me ka mea pīlali hōʻailona a me mutant alleles.

nā ano

hiki ole pōkole Hoʻohana o RNA a DNA, e like me hookahi'ōewe visualized ma lalo o microscopic ao e, nolaila, e hōʻike mutations pono e hakakino aaiaoeʻike. Aia mea he "hōʻike 'Genome Project", e like me nā hana' ia he ma hakakino aaiaoe? Nui hoʻonui i ka manawa kūpono o kaʻike, a hereditary maʻi - nā pre- a me ka postnatal. Kēia mau kiʻina hana hiki i kakahiaka nui ka loaʻaʻana, a e i ka olelo wanana a poly- a me monogenic maʻi, nona Debut i wahi ma ka adulthood. Eia naʻe, ma muli o ia ka oaoieei-uea 'o hakakino aaiaoe haʻawina i kekahi manawa ma kela aoao o ka pono palena i i kau i ana i ka noho ana, o ka oi aku ia i kaʻike, i loko o adolescence a me ka kamaliʻi.

Mall a me ka laulā chromosomal abnormalities i ka loa e like me ka kumu o ka maʻi a me ka maʻi 'aʻai, a me na mea he nui malformations. Chromosomal aberrations Pono e hōʻike 'e, i mea nui no kaʻohana aʻoaʻo' ia - e Loiloi i ka kēla, a me ka reproductive kamepiula ma ka wā e hiki mai pregnancies. Chromosome Ka Ikepili o ke "gula paʻamau" o aaiaoeʻike, akā, ia mea i kaupalena '. Wale nō ka hakakā o hakakino aaiaoe Ka Ikepili hiki ke hana hou, no ka mea, ka mea hoʻohana cloning 'enehana ma muli kukui hāweo lepili hiki o ko lākou kiʻekiʻe pā lonoaʻili, e hōʻike maalea chromosomal loli i mea hiki ole e huai ae panina cytogenetic haʻawina. Kēia mau 'ana i kūpono i increasingly hoʻonui mākou PalekanaEND_LINK uea, ka wā hookolokolo aku la ia, na keiki a me developmental ke kino kīnā, ka noʻonoʻo' retardation, a me na mea he nui 'ē aʻe hereditary maʻi.

mea, ua ulu

He nui loa no ka manaʻo kanaka, he ka'ōewe 'ole a me ka hana o ka ike, ke ano o ka variability, ke hiki, e huai ae hereditary maʻi i mai ai ma ka pili ana i ka hooulu ana o hakakino aaiaoe?. kona ano i nona ma ka hoʻopaʻa 'ana o ka DNA lātoma - a ia ia mea maʻamau, a me ka wā e ua poino. Makaukau o deoxyribonucleicʻakika kaʻina o nā nucleotides (DNA) kŰlń ao ma ka kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao mai ka loaa Eia kekahi laʻana e hōʻike kanaka koena ai. Hoʻokaʻawale o genomic DNA, mai na keena, kapu (kīhaeʻia), amplification (cloning), electrophoresis o ka hakina (e hoʻokēʻai lākou uila malama a me ka hakakino kaupaona ma agarose tuko pīlali). 'Ike o nā ho'ākāka' ia i koena aia ma ka ili o ka discrete ka paopaoʻana.

A laila, noho i loko o ka hana kūikawā kānana, ma i ae kēlā apana nahaha hybridization me cloned DNA hakina paha kemikala radioactive probes mea he mana, a e e like me kēlā hoʻokolohua hāpana. Inā e hoʻololi i ka oihana a me ka loa hoʻohālikelike me kaʻimi, ina he hou apana nahaha a nalowale - pau keia paipai i ka ua kālailai'ōewe ua undergone ka kūkuluʻana i loko o ka nucleotide kaʻina. Aia iʻewalu walaʻauʻana i kūpono o hakakino aaiaoe haʻawina: sequencing (manao paa o ka DNA kaʻina), polymerase kaula naoh (mea ulu ma ka helu o nā kaʻina), i ka makaukau ana o primers ikeia nā'ōewe, DNA cloning,? Iecaianoaaiiie o recombinant nā lātoma loko nā polokina aie i recombinant nā lātoma, e pili ana i ka piha 'ia paha (ohi waihona) cloned hakina i i loaa mai ma ka hoʻohana 'ana i kapu.