He aha ka ke cytoplasm? Ke 'ole, haku mele' ana a me ka waiwai o ka cytoplasm

He aha ka ke cytoplasm? He aha ka kona 'ole a me ka haku mele' ana? He aha kuleana pili i aʻole ia hana? Ma keia 'atikala, e pane mākou i loko o au mamuli i kēia mau nīnau a pau. Eia hou, e nana i ka mall hiʻona o ka cytoplasm a me kona waiwai mākou, e like me ka pono me kamailio e pili ana i ka mahele o ka colloidal pāʻoihana, me ka 'ole o ka halepaahao membranes a me ke kelepona hele organelles pilikia.

Ke mall huahelu o nā mea a pau nā'aʻaʻa a me ka keena o nā loko. Elua ano o mall hui

Ua ua ike i na keena, e lilo nā'aʻaʻa o nā mea kanu a me nā holoholona. Mau mall pa alima o nā mea a pau e noho ana i oko in shape, ka nui a me ke ahiahi, i ka na 'ole. Akā, i ka mea ia manawa ka mea, i like nā loina i loko o ke ola keʻano o ka hanaʻana, a me pūnao, ulu a me ka ulu, a me ka irritability variability. Ka simplest ano o ke ola komo o hookahi keena, a paʻi ma ka mahele ana.
ʻepekema Ua mau ke ano o ka ke kelepona hele 'ole mai o ka hui i ua anao? Aou:

• prokaryotic;
• eukaryotic.

Ka mea, i kekahi wahi lihi iki o ka oko ao i loko o kā lākou 'ole. Ke prokaryotic aeea mea kūkulu kāna mau 'ōlelo e nalowale. Kona kino hoʻokahi chromosome o Nyos i pololei ma ka cytoplasm, i ua ole kaawale mai ka mea'ē aʻe hehee wale. Oia ke kanu'ōiwi nā mea typical o koʻohune. Lākou cytoplasm meaʻilihune i loko o ka haku mele 'ana o nā hale, akā, he ua uuku na ribosome. Eukaryotic Ua oi luna 'ma mua o prokaryotic keena. Kona DNA ua pili i ka kumuʻiʻo mea i loko o ka chromosomes, a i ke aupuni 'ma ke kaʻawale aeea organelles - nucleus. Ua Ua kaawale mai ka'ē aʻe organelles o ka porousʻili lahilahi o ka halepaahao, a he o 'ikamu e like me chromatin, me ka nukelea wai, a me ka nucleolus. Aka hoi, he mea i kekahi mea i loko o like ma na ano mau o ke kelepona hui. A me prokaryotes a me eukaryotes i membranes. A me kā lākou na Contents hooku iho la ia i na mea colloidal pāʻoihana, iloko ona i kakauia na organelles a? Aiaiiuie ho'ā hope.

Eukaryotic aeea: ka cytoplasm. Kona haku mele 'ana a me ka hana

No laila, ua hele aku ai i ka naau o ko mākou noiʻi. He aha ka ke cytoplasm? E ka noʻonoʻo i hou au mamuli keia halepaahao ho okumu. Ke cytoplasm mea he nui ke keʻena keena waiho nei ma waena o ka 'ōlelo a me ka wai kokoʻili lahilahi. Kalaka nui-wai, ka mea, ua permeated ma tubules, microtubules, microfilaments a me filaments. Nō hoʻi ma lalo o ka cytoplasm hiki ke maopopo colloidal pāʻoihana a ua wehewehe aku ma ka neʻeʻana mai o colloidal (particles) a me nā eiiiiiaiou. Ma keia kalaka nui-meakino oia hoi o ka wai a me ka kela ke aloha a me ka'okanikaʻole i huiʻia, ai hoʻonohonoho aeea hale, organelles, e like me? Aiaiiuie ho'ā hope. Ka loa nui oihana i ka cytoplasm. Ua hāpai mai kakau mai o nā mea a pau ke kelepona hele eiiiiiaiou i loko o ka hoʻokahi kahua. Aie i ka tubules a me microtubules cytoplasm o ka halepaahao hanaʻia ai ka hana ana o ka iwi, a e hoʻolako i nā papa hana no ka physiological a me ka biochemical keʻano o ka hanaʻana. Eia hou, ka mea, ua hoakaka he manawa no nā mea a pau o ka halepaahao organelles, a hāʻawi ana. Kēia mau hiʻona i ka halepaahao cytoplasm mea loa nui, e like me ka mea ae i ka mall pa alima o nā mea a pau e ola ana, e lawe mai lākou maʻamau haʻawina. Ano, ia oe i mea ka cytoplasm. Like maopopo nö iä ia no ka ano o ke kulana ma ka halepaahao a me ka mea ia i "hana" hanaʻia. Next mākou noonoo i ka haku mele 'ana a me ka' ole o ka colloidal pāʻoihana ma hou au mamuli.

He loaʻa kekahi oko ao ma ka cytoplasm o ka mea kanu a me ka holoholona aeee?

Membranous organelles, Aia i loko o ka colloidal pāʻoihana, noʻonoʻo Golgi i hoʻomākaukauʻia, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, lysosomes, a me ka mea ma waho plastid cytoplasmicʻili lahilahi. I holoholona a kanu aeee i kekahi haku mele 'ana semiliquid meakino. Ke cytoplasm i loko o ka mea kanu aeea i ka kūikawā organelles - na plastids. Ka mea, i kekahi mau 'kumuʻiʻo kino i oko ma ka papa, a me ka palapala waihoʻoluʻu pigments i loko o kekahi mau waihoʻoluʻu. Plastids i ke aupuni 'o ka cytoplasm, a ua hiki ke neʻe pu me ia. Ka mea, e ulu, proliferate a paka ke aloha i huiʻia i loaʻa nā'ūhū. Ke cytoplasm o ka mea kanu aeea i ekolu ano o plastids. Yellowish ole alani i kapaia o chromoplasts, uliuli - chloroplasts, a me colorless - leucoplasts. Aia o kekahi ano hiʻona - ka Golgi luna 'poe dictyosome puehu liilii ma ka cytoplasm. Ma holoholona keena, ma ka Akä naÿe i ka mea kanu, ka cytoplasm o nā papa i loaʻa. Kino mawaho, i kapaia o ectoplasm, a me ka loko - endoplasma. Ke ahu iho la mua mea e pili ana i ka halepaahaoʻili lahilahi, a me ka lua o ka - ma waena o ia mea porous nukeleaʻili lahilahi. Ectoplasm ua haku o ka helu nui o microfilaments - makalii o nā lātoma o globular actin kumuʻiʻo. Endoplasm he likeʻole organelles, granules, a wehewehe aku ma ka lalo (viscosity).

Hyaloplasm i loko o ka eukaryotic aeea

Ke kumu o ka cytoplasm o eukaryotes mea he ai-kapaia hyaloplasm. He He slimy, colorless, ole-ʻaʻahu pāʻoihana ma i metabolic keʻano o ka hanaʻana i noke aku ana. Hyaloplasm (i loko o nā hua'ōlelo, ka'ōpū mai) mea colloidal'ōnaehana me ka luna '' ole. Kona 'ole nā RNA, a wailana nā polokina, lipids a me polysaccharides. Ma nō apo ia i ka nui dala hyaloplasm nucleotides,'amino nāʻakika,'okanikaʻole Ion, e like me i huiʻia o keʻano Na ^- a Ca ^2+. Ka'ōpū mai i ka homogeneous 'ole. He loaʻa i ka 'ano apau loa elua i i haawiia tuko pīlali (paa) a me ka Sol (wai). Ae mahele ma waena o ia ana. Ma ke kinowai pae he mea kekahi'ōnaehana thinnest kumuʻiʻo filaments kapaia mikrotrabekulami. Ke nakinaki nei lakou a pau i loko o nā hale o ka halepaahao. A i ka wahi, kahi a lakou e holo i ka pae ana o ribosomes. Mikrotrabekuly me microtubules a me microfilaments kuahene he cytoplasmic iwi. Ua Ho'ākāka 'a regulates i ka wahi o nā mea a pau halepaahao organelles.

Ke aloha a me ka'okanikaʻole 'ona i loko o ka colloidal pāʻoihana keena

E ka nānā aku i ka mea i ka Nine Inch haku mele 'ana o ka cytoplasm? Waiwai iloko o ka halepaahao hiki e hoʻolaha i loko o nā pūʻulu - ke aloha a me ka'okanikaʻole. First hōʻike ma nā polokina, carbohydrates, i ka momona, a me nukelea nāʻakika. Carbohydrates i hōʻike mai iā ia i loko o ka cytoplasm o mono-, di- a me polysaccharides. Ma monosaccharides, colorless nā pōaka, IeAUPIIe, IAa IOʻalaʻono nā fructose, monakō koko, ribose a me ka mea e like. D. Large nā lātoma polysaccharides komo o ka monosaccharide. Ma ka halepaahao, ka mea, i na poe ma ka pia, a me ka glycogen kelulose. Lipids, a laila momona nā lātoma, i hanaʻia residues o glycerol a me ka momoma nāʻakika. cytoplasm 'ole:'okanikaʻole waiwai i hōʻike kuhikuhi i ka wai, a IeAUPIIe, IAa IO dala i ka 90% ma ke kaupaonaʻana. Ua hanaʻia i loko o ka cytoplasm o ka mea nui i hana '. Wai o ke ao'ūheheʻe, oia ke elasticity, mea pili 'ole i loko o ka neʻeʻana o nā waiwai, nā loko, a ma waena o aeee. E pili ana i nunui i lilo i kumu o biopolymers, oi ma mua o 98% o ka huina haku mele 'ana e ku ma ka cytoplasmic oxygen, hydrogen, kalapona a me ka naikokene. Ma waho o lakou, o ka halepaahao he paʻakai, kalipuna, ka luaipele, makanekiuma, chlorine a me kekahi poe e ae, ka mea pōhaku paʻakai i makana like anions a me cations, kahi o ka lākiō hoʻoholo lākouʻakika.

Nā waiwai o ka colloidal pāʻoihana ma ka halepaahao

E noonoo hou, ka mea i ka papa kuhikuhiE hiʻona o ka cytoplasm. Mua, ia mea he ikaika aku cyclosis. He he intracellular cytoplasm ana. Ua Ua kākau mua, a i ho'ākāka 'ia i loko o ka 18th kenekulia, ka Italia nä känaka' epekema Corti. Cyclosis lawe mai ma ka cytoplasm, me ke komo pu ana ma tyazhah e kuhikuhi ana i ka cytoplasm i ka nucleus. Inā ke noi no kekahi kumu aɃe - make eukaryotic halepaahao. Ke cytoplasm mea pono i mau cyclosis, a ua 'akomi i ma ka neʻeʻana mai o organelles. I ka mämä holo o ka noi o ka'ōpū mai hilinaʻi nui i likeʻole aʻe, me ka malamalama, a me ka mahana. No ka laʻana, i loko o nā epidermis o ka onion unahi cyclosis mämä holo i kahi o 6 m / s. cytoplasm ana i loko o ka mea kanu kino i ka weliweli hopena ma luna o kona ulu a me ka ulu, ka paepaeʻana amo o ka waiwai ma waena o aeee. Ka lua o ka nui waiwai o ka (viscosity) o ka colloidal pāʻoihana. Ua loli aʻe nui ke kaumaha ma muli o ka 'ano o ka meaola. Kekahi e ola ana mea cytoplasm (viscosity) o wale iki oi aku ma mua o ka (viscosity) o ka wai, na mea e ae, ma ka mea ku ole, e kū ai i ka (viscosity) o ka glycerine. Ua Ua manaoio ia ia mea e kaukaʻi ma pūnao. Ke mālama nui e loaa hou mai i, ka mea haahaa i ka (viscosity) o ka colloidal pāʻoihana. Kekahi mea nui hiʻona mea semipermeable. Ke cytoplasm i loko o kona haku mele 'ana mai i ke kaupalenaʻanaʻili lahilahi. Ka mea, e ku pono ana i ka kūikawā structurally, i ka hiki i ka selectively kekahi, nā lātoma o kekahi waiwai, aʻaʻole i hala i ka 'ē aʻe. Radio e wae permeability o ka cytoplasm nui i kūlana ma ke kaʻina hana o ke ola. Ia mea i ikaika ma ke ola, huli hou ae la me ka makahiki a me ka piʻina i kanu meaola me ka hoʻoulu malamalama pinepine 'a me ka wela. He paʻakikī e overestimate i ka nui o ka cytoplasm. He hoʻomau ana ma ka ikehu pūnao, amo ana o ka mahuaola, excretion exotoxins. Ua ua i manaoia kekahi osmotic ke'ākeʻakeʻa mai'ōpū mai, a ua komo i loko o ka rula o developmental keʻano o ka hanaʻana, a me ka ulu aeea mahele. Radio nui he kūlana ma ka DNA replication me ka cytoplasm.

Hiʻona o aeea mahele

Nā mea kanu a me ka holoholona keena hoonui ma ka mahele ana. Aia i ekoluʻikeʻia ke ano -ʻauhau'ēʻaʻe, pololei a me ka hoemi. Ka mua ua i kapa amitosis. ʻauhau'ēʻaʻe multiplication ia lŘlŘ like penei. Initially, "pereshnurovyvaetsya" kāna mau 'ōlelo, a laila, i ka māhele o ka cytoplasm ia lŘlŘ. E like me ka hopena, e hana na keena elua, i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka ulu i ka nui o ka makua. Kēiaʻano o ka mahele i loko o na holoholona ka'āina pohihihi keia. Nō kāu, ka mea anaʻauhau'ēʻaʻe mahele, oa mitosis. He nui oi pilikia amitosis, a wehewehe aku i loko i loaʻa ua mahuahua hoʻololi kemikala i loko o ka nucleus a a pāpālua hoʻi i ka nui o ka DNA. Mitosis he eha kūlana, i ka poe i kaheaia - prophase, metaphase, anaphase a me ka telophase.

• I ka pae mua ua wehewehe aku ma ke kahua o ka'ōwili hao chromatin kaula makalii ma ka nucleus, chromosome a a laila e like me "i paukūʻia". I keia wā, aia mea he discrepancy centrioles i nāʻauamo, a me ka ho okumu i achromatin kālī.
• I ka lua o ka kahua o ka mitosis wehewehe aku i loko o ia chromosome, hiki i kā mākou helix hoʻomaka i ke kai piha ma ka equator pololei oe keena.
• I ke kolu o ka pae o ka splitting o chromosomes i loko o nā chromatids. Ma keia hihia, ke kālī pae oki, a huki kaikamahine chromosomes i ke alo auamo.
• I ka ha o ka pae o ka mitosis ia lŘlŘ dispiralizatsiya chromosomes a me ka ho okumu ana o ka wahī nukelea a puni ia. I ka Ia manawa i ka mahele o ka cytoplasm ia lŘlŘ. Mākou kaikamahine aeea mai he diploid 'ia paha o nā chromosomes.

Ka ho'ēmiʻana mahele nona a hiki i ka 'īnea i keena. Ma keia ano o ka halepaahao multiplication ia lŘlŘ ke kahua o ka hui kaulua chromosomes me ka ho okumu. Ke koe o kekahi unpaired chromosome. E like me ka hopena, ka ho'ēmiʻana mahele i loko o nā kaikamahine aeee loaa ka hapalua o ke chromosome huapalapala. Ke Median Ua wale kekahi kaikamahine aeea. Sex keena a me ka hapalua o ka helu ana o chromosomes, oʻo a me ka hiki ana o fertilization, i kapaia o ka wahine a me kane gametes.

I ka manaʻo o ka cytoplasmicʻili lahilahi

Ma nā holoholona, mea kanu, aeee, a hiki i ka simplest koʻohune i ka kūikawāʻilikai pa alima e hoʻohaiki ana a me ka malama i ka'ōpū mai, mai ka mea mawaho kaiapuni. Cytoplasmicʻili lahilahi (plasmalemma, o ka halepaahaoʻili lahilahi, wai kokoʻili lahilahi) mea he selectively permeable ahu iho la ka nā lātoma (nā polokina, phospholipids), a uhi i ka cytoplasm. Ua ninoieo o ekolu subsystems:

• wai kokoʻili lahilahi;
• nadmembranny eiiieaena;
• submembranny musculoskeletal hyaloplasm contractile i hoʻomākaukauʻia.

Ka 'ole o ka cytoplasmicʻili lahilahi mea i: ia maupaʻa mau papa o ka lipid nā lātoma (bilayer), kēlā mea lātoma i ka huelo, a me ka poo. Huelo huli ana kekahi i kekahi. Ka mea, e hydrophobic. Hydrophilic poo a me ka loko, a ma waho keena. Ke bilayer ka loaʻa o ke kumuʻiʻo lātoma. Eia hoʻi, ia mea asymmetrical a me kekahi mau lipids hooponopono i loko o ka monolayer. No ka laʻana, i loko o ka eukaryotic aeea e loaʻa naʻokoko nā lātoma i loko o ka pā, e pili ana i ka cytoplasm,ʻili lahilahi hapalua. Glycolipids ke aupuni 'wale n? I loko o ka pā, ahu iho, a me kā lākou carbohydrate kaulahao i mau kuhikuhi mawaho. Cytoplasmicʻili lahilahi he nui oihana me ke kaupalenaʻana i ka na Contents o ka halepaahao, mai ka mea mawaho i hoʻolilo 'ia, ka mea e leie aku e komo iloko o kekahi waiwai (monakō koko,'amino nāʻakika) i keena. Plasmalemma hanaʻia hoolilo o ka waiwai i loko o ka halepaahao, e like me ka pono me kā lākou auaiaea waho, a laila ke koho. Ma ka ili penetrating wai, Ion a me ka meaʻuʻuku lātoma waiwai, a me ka lohi (particles) e kaʻi aku i loko o ka halepaahao ma ka mea o ka phagocytosis. Ma ka ili o kaʻili lahilahi pepa microvilli invagination a me ka diverticulum, i ole wale kuleʻa waiu a me ka hoʻokuʻu 'ona, akā, i kamaʻilio me nā keena. I kaʻili lahilahi apono 'IeIIeYOA o "ke kuʻikahi, no nā mea a pau e noho ana" i kekahi mau surfaces a kōkua ai i nā ana.

Organelles i loko o ka cytoplasm o ka haku mele 'ana. Endoplasmic reticulum a me ribosomes

Eia hou hyaloplasm cytoplasm he lehulehu a me ka microscopic organelles i mea okoa ma ka 'ole. Lākou alo ma ka mea kanu a me ka holoholona keena paipai ia mea, hana nui oihana a me ka nui. I kekahi nui, i kēia mau morphological hoʻonaʻauao like i na kanaka kino a me na kino o na holoholona, a haawi aku i ka manawa, e kapa aku i ko lakou mau organelles. Ma ka cytoplasm hoomaopopo hiki i loko o ka malamalama microscope organelle he platelet eiiieaen, mitochondria, a me ka centrosome. Me ke kōkua o ka huina'ine microscope i loko o ka'ōpū mai loaʻa microtubules, lysosomes, ribosomes a me ka wai koko i ulanaʻia. Ke cytoplasm o ka halepaahao ua komo iloko e kekahi auwai a, i ka poe i kaheaia "endpolazmaticheskaya aʻeo ka hoʻolele '." Lākouʻili lahilahi paia ma ka hui 'ana me nā mea a pau'ē aʻe organelles, a hoolilo i ka hoʻokahi'ōnaehana i hanaʻia ka ikehu pūnao, e like me ka neʻeʻana o ka waiwai i loko o ke keena. Nā paia o kēia mau kaha e na ribosomes, a nana e like moku lei. Ka mea, hiki ke waiho singly paha i loko o nā pūʻulu. Ribosomes komo o ka aneane like ka helu ana o ribonucleic nāʻakika a me nā polokina. Nō hoʻi i loko o kona haku mele 'ana i komo makanekiuma. Ribosomes hiki ole noa, e moe ana i loko o ka cytoplasm wale nō ia i loko o ka EPS auwai a, akā, no hoi, a me ka hoi ana i loko o ka nucleus, kahi a lakou i hana. He poʻe o ka auwai a me ribosomes i kapaia granular endoplasmic reticulum. Ma ia, ke ole ribosomes i ke aupuni 'nā'ūhū e hoʻonui ai i ka hoʻololi kemikala o carbohydrates a me nā bipi kūpaluʻia. I ka na cavities o ka halepaahao kaha i neoneo huahana. I kekahi manawa hoʻopaneʻei ka palena manawa EPS hana vacuoles - cavities piha me ke kelepona hele SAP a kaupalenaʻili lahilahi. Mau organelles mālama turgor puʻe. Lysosomes i uuku ka'ololaha ho okumu. Ka mea, i hele liʻiliʻi ma ka cytoplasm. Lysosomes i hana i loko o ka EPS a me ka Golgi luna ', kahi i piha me ka hydrolytic nā'ūhū. Lysosomes i ke hoʻololi e hōʻuluʻulu (particles) i loko o na keena ma ka hopena o ka phagocytosis.

Cytoplasm: ka 'ole a me ka mana o kona organelles. Una Golgi eiiieaena, mitochondria, a me ka centrosome

Golgi eiiieaena poe e kanaka kanu keena corpuscles hoʻonaniʻia membranes, a me ka holoholona - tubules, Oe a me ka poʻina nalu. Kēia organoid no ka Nine Inch ka hoʻololi 'ana, a mahope withdrawal o ka hōʻailona, i loko o ka cytoplasm o ka halepaahao secretions. lawe mai ia i ka hoʻololi kemikala o polysaccharides a me glycoproteins ho okumu. Mitochondria - i ka bipi keiki, he kookoo-hoʻokino, filamentous a granular palapala. Ka mea, i kaupalena ai i na membranes elua, a iloko o ka papalua ahu iho la ka phospholipids a me nā polokina. Mai na membranes o kēia mau organelles e haalele cristae, i nā pā o ka i nā nā'ūhū. Me kā lākou kōkua, ke hoʻololi kemikala o adenosine triphosphate (ATP). kekahi manawa, Mitochondria e haawi ia ia e like me "kelepona hele mana kanu" no ka mea, i ka nui hapa o adenosine triphosphate. Ua Ua hoʻohana 'ia ma ka halepaahao me ka kumu o Nine Inch ikehu. Eia kekahi, mitochondria hana'ē aʻe oihana, a me hoailona transduction, ke kelepona hele ka make, ke kelepona hele differentiation. Centrosome (ka halepaahao waena) ua haku o nā centrioles, a i hoonohonoho i ka huina i kekahi i kekahi. Kēia organelle mea i loaʻa i loko o nā mea kanu a me nā holoholona (haʻahaʻa, a malalo fungi ole), a me ka mea kuleana no nä nāʻauamo i mitosis. Ka mahele ana aeea ua mua centrosome māheleʻia. Keia ano achromatin kālī i Ho'ākāka 'chromosomes moe divergent i na auamo. Nō hoʻi i hōʻike mai i loko o ka halepaahao organelles a me organelle i e keia, e like me cilia a me flagella. No hoi, ma kekahi kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao o ke ola ka mea, hiki ia a me ka inclusion,ʻo ia hoʻi, ka hehee ai o ka manawa. No ka laʻana, ka mahuaola e like me droplets o ke kaikea, kumuʻiʻo, pia, glycogen, a pela aku ...

Lymphocytes - kī keena o ka'ōnaehana paleʻea'ōnaehana

Lymphocytes - e nui aeee no a hiki i ka pae ana o keʻokeʻo koko keena o nā kānaka a me nā holoholona, a komo i loko o immunological reactions. Ka mea, i puunaueia ma ka nui a me ka mall 'ano i loko o ekolu subgroups:

• uuku - emi o 8 microns i loko o ke anawaena;
• meakino - anawaena o ka 8 i ka 11 microns;
• kiʻekiʻe - oi ma mua o 11 microns ma anawaena.

Small lymphocytes predominate i loko o ke koko o na holoholona. Ka mea, i ka nui nucleus puni, maʻamau ma ka buke o ke cytoplasm. Ke cytoplasm o lymphocytes ma keia subgroup nana e like me ka nukelea Park paha pahi, e pili ana i kaʻaoʻao o ka Kora naʻEsau. Pinepine i loko o ka'ōpū mai he he helu o azurophilic granules o ka poe liilii, nui. Mitochondria, ka papa oihana mua o ka luna 'a EPS tubules i mau, a i kahi kokoke i ka nukelea lua. Medium a me ka nui lymphocytes i hoonohonoho kekahi okoa. Lākou mau nuclei i me ka pī-hoʻokino māmala'ōlelo i loko o ka palena haʻahaʻa dala o Punk chromatin. Ka mea, e oluolu e hoomaopopo i ka nucleolus. Cytoplasmic lymphocytes ka lua a me ke kolu o nā pūʻulu mai he lehulehu Park. Mau ikeia papa o lymphocytes, ka ai-i kapaia o B- a me T-lymphocytes. Mua i hanaʻia i loko o na holoholona i loko o mielovidnoy iwi ka lolo. Mau keena i ka hiki e lilo immunoglobulins. Me kā lākou kōkua B lymphocytes pāʻani aku me antigens, hoomaopopo i ka hope. T-lymphocytes originate mai ka iwi a ka lolo keena ma ka thymus (i loko o kona slices cortical hapa). Mau mea i ka cytoplasmicʻili lahilahiʻilikai histocompatibility antigens, e like me receptors lehulehu ma ka mea o i ka hoʻomaopopo pono o na (particles). Small lymphocytesʻano nui a hooku iho la T-lymphocytes (70%), i waena a ma laila nō he nui helu o ka lōʻihi-ola keena. Ke uie kekahi hapanui hewahewa o B-lymphocytes i pōkole-noho - anywhere mai ka hebedoma kekahi a hiki i ka mahina.

Mākou manaʻolana mākou 'atikala i Ua kōkua maikaʻi, a kēia manawa oe i mea ka cytoplasm, a me ka hyaloplasm plazmelemma. Like maopopo nö iä ia, He aha nō ka mana, 'ole a me ka manaʻo nui i ke ola ana o ke kino o ka halepaahao hale.