He aha ke ano o ka mea mawaho halepaahaoʻili lahilahi? Ka 'ole o ka pā halepaahaoʻili lahilahi

Mall like o keena o prokaryotic meaola, like hoʻi me nā mea kanu a me nā holoholona i komo i loko o kanaka kālaimeaola pauku, kapa cytology. ʻepekema, ua loaʻa i kahi o ka halepaahao, i mea, kūkulu he paʻakikī i loko o ia. Ua Ua hoʻopuniʻia e ka ai-kapaiaʻilikai pa alima, haku o ka mea mawaho halepaahaoʻili lahilahi, nadmembrannye 'ole ka loaʻa o: glycocalyx a me ka halepaahao pa, e like me ka pono me microfilaments, microtubules a me pelikula ho okumu i kona submembrane eiiieaena.

Ma keia 'atikala, ke ninaninau i ka' ole a me ka mana o ka mea mawaho halepaahaoʻili lahilahi, hapa o kaʻilikai nakeke o nāʻano likeʻole o ke keena.

He aha ke ano o ka pā halepaahaoʻili lahilahi

Like mamua hōʻike, i ka pāʻili lahilahi o kekahi hapa o ka ili o kēlā me kēia pa alima aeea, i ana hoʻokaʻawale kona na Contents, a i malama ke kelepona hele organelles mai adverse? Aneie ana. Kekahi papa - o ka hoʻolako 'ana o pūnao ma waena o ka halepaahao Contents a me'aʻaʻa loli, no laila, ka mea ma waho halepaahaoʻili lahilahi hoʻolako amo ana i nā lātoma a me Ion komo i loko o ka cytoplasm, a no hoi e kokua i ka wehe toxins a me ka liki ole toxins mai o ka halepaahao.

Ka 'ole o ka halepaahaoʻili lahilahi

ʻili lahilahi a plasmalemma o nāʻano o nā aeee i loa okoa mawaena o lakou iho. ʻano nui, ka Nine Inch 'ole, a me ka hoahanau maʻiʻo o lipids, glycoproteins, nā polokina, a, nolaila, i ke ano o ka receptors mea i loko o ia mau mea. Ka mawaho aeeaʻili lahilahi 'ole a me ka hana o ka i me ka nānā' kuhikuhi ana o ka haku mele 'ana o ke kanaka glycoproteins, e lawe ana i ka hoʻomaopopo pono o stimuli i loko o ka mawaho a puni, a me ka halepaahao reactions i kā lākou hana' ana. Mai nā polokina, a glycolipids aeea membranes e launa pū 'kekahi nā mea hoʻomaʻi, no laila, i ka mea komo i loko o ka halepaahao. Herpes nā mea hoʻomaʻi a me ka maʻi palū ke hana i ka plasmalemma o ka poʻe kaua aeea e kükulu i kekahi aiiay iwi.

A nā mea hoʻomaʻi a me koʻohune, no laila,-kapaia bacteriophages, keena pili i kaʻili lahilahi, a ua mea hoʻoheheʻe i loko o ka hui 'ia ka hoʻohana' ana kūikawā'ūhū. A laila, i ka puka kŰlń mea hoʻomaʻi DNA lātoma.

Hiʻona o ka 'ole o ka wai kokoʻili lahilahi o eukaryotic

Hoole i ka mea ma waho halepaahaoʻili lahilahi hana like me ka amo, oa amo o ka waiwai i loko o ka cytoplasm o ka halepaahao , a mai na mawaho kaiapuni. E lawe mai ia i ka hana pono i ka kūikawā 'ole. Aia hoʻi, ke plasmalemma mea he ikaika, paʻa no nā mea a pau eukaryotic aeea ʻilikai i hoʻomākaukauʻia ka'ōnaehana pūnaewele. Kēia lahilahi (2-10 HI), akā, he nui kūpono ke anuanu multilayer ho film e uhi i ka halepaahao holoʻokoʻa. Kona 'ole i? Anoee i loko o ka makahiki 1972 ma ka na haumana me D. mea hoolea, a G. Nicolson, ka mea i hana i kekahi wai-mosaic kumu hoʻohālike o ka halepaahaoʻili lahilahi.

I ka papa kuhikuhiE Nine Inch hui i lilo ia - mea he pololei oe hoʻoponoponoʻana o Kamehameha o na nā lātoma o nā polokina a me kekahi phospholipids i i i loko iho i loko o ka lipid lua i hoʻolilo 'ia a me ka e hoohalike ai mosaic. Penei, o ka halepaahaoʻili lahilahi ua haku o nā papa o ka lipid, ole-Polar hydrophobic "huelo" a mea i loko o kaʻili lahilahi, a me ka Polar hydrophilic poʻo huli ana i ka halepaahao cytoplasm, a me ka intercellular loli.

Lipid, ahu iho permeated e nui kumuʻiʻo nā lātoma aha ka hydrophilic ili. Ua Ua kaʻi aku therethrough, koʻana koko pāʻoihana o ka monakō koko a me ka mea pōhaku paʻakai. e loaʻa kekahi kumuʻiʻo nā lātoma ma luna o ka pā, a ma luna o ka pā ili o ka wai kokoʻili lahilahi. Ke'ī mai, ma luna o ka pā halepaahaoʻili lahilahi o aeee i loko o nā meaola me kāna mau 'ōlelo carbohydrate nā lātoma i pili ma ka covalent makaukau na kaula paa a me glycolipids a me glycoproteins. Carbohydrate maʻiʻo o ka halepaahao membranes papa koa mai ka 2 a hiki i 10%.

Ka 'ole o ka wai kokoʻili lahilahi prokaryotic meaola

Ka mawaho aeeaʻili lahilahi i loko o prokaryotes hanaʻia like oihana i ka plasmalemma aeea nukelea meaola, o pokole a me ka EYI o ka 'ike mai ka mawaho kaiapuni, amo ana o Ion a me ka pāʻoihana i loko o ka halepaahao, a mai o, hoomalu mai ka haole cytoplasm externally reagents. Ua hiki ke hana mesosoma - hale i kupu mai i invagination o ka wai kokoʻili lahilahi i loko o ka halepaahao. Ka mea, e lilo nā'ūhū limahana ma metabolic reactions prokaryotes, no kekahi laʻana, ma ka DNA replication, kumuʻiʻo hoʻololi kemikala.

Mesosoma i pihaʻi me redox nā'ūhū, oiai photosynthetic i bacteriochlorophyll (koʻohune) a me phycobilins (cyanobacteria).

Ke kūlana o ka pāʻili lahilahi i loko o ka halepaahao-aeea hui 'ana

Hoomau ana e pane i ka ninau, Heaha ke ano o ka mea mawaho halepaahaoʻili lahilahi, e kālele ana ma luna o kona kūlana ma aeea-aeea hui 'ana. I kanu aeee i loko o nā paia o ka pā halepaahaoʻili lahilahi ili i hana hele i loko o kaʻiʻo pepa, ahu iho. Ma ia ke hua mai aeea cytoplasm nae ko waho ia lahilahi auwai a kapa plasmodesmata.

Mahalo iā ia, i ka pilina ma waena o kokoke kanu keena loa ikaika. I kanaka keena a me ka holoholona Hoʻokaʻaʻike ioauoa o pili aeea membranes i kapaia desmosomes. Ka mea, e ano o ka endothelial a me epithelial keena, a i loaʻa i loko o cardiomyocytes.

Kākoʻo ho okumu o ka wai kokoʻili lahilahi

E maopopo i ka oko ao ma waena o kanu keena mai o na holoholona e kokua ia hoʻopaʻa haʻawina i ka mall hiʻona o ka plasmalemma, i hilinai ma ka hana i hanaʻia e ka mea mawaho halepaahaoʻili lahilahi. Ma luna o ka mea ma ka holoholona aeea mea he ahu iho la ka glycocalyx. Ua ninoieo o polysaccharides nā lātoma pili i nā polokina, a lipids mawaho aeeaʻili lahilahi. Manawa glycocalyx mea pīlali (sticking) ia lŘlŘ ma waena o na keena, e alakai ana i ke kahua o nā'aʻaʻa, no laila ia e kekahi i loko o ka papa ka hōʻikeʻana o ka wai kokoʻili lahilahi - ka mawaho kaiapuni iaia stimuli.

Pehea ka OE amo ana o kekahi waiwai ma ka halepaahaoʻili lahilahi

Like i mua i oleloia, ka mea ma waho halepaahaoʻili lahilahi ua komo i loko o ka amo ana o 'ona ma waena o ka halepaahao, a me ka mawaho kaiapuni. Aia he mau ke ano o ka amo ma ka plasmalemma: OE (difuzionny) a me kaʻeleu amo. Ka mua pili maholahune, kōkua ai i nā maholahune a me ka osmosis. I ka neʻeʻana mai o nā waiwai a ka lehulehuʻano piʻina hilinaʻi nui kuhikuhi ma ke kaupaona ana a me ka nui o nā lātoma maalo ae la oia ma ka halepaahaoʻili lahilahi. No ka laʻana, uuku nonpolar nā lātoma i ka haiia wailana i loko o ka lipid, ahu iho awelike plasmalemma neʻe therethrough, aʻikeʻia i loko o ka cytoplasm.

Nui nā lātoma o ke aloha 'ona komo i loko o cytoplasm me ke kōkua o kūikawā lawe nā polokina. Ka mea, i? Ueo specificity a ai pili aku me ka huna ole ion ikehu koina me passively hoololiia ma kaʻili lahilahi ma ka lehulehuʻano piʻina (OE amo). Kēia kaʻina ke kumu o ka wai kokoʻili lahilahi ka waiwai e like me e wae permeability. Ma ke kaʻina hana o ka OE amo, aole ia i hana i ka ikaika o ATP nā lātoma, a me ka halepaahao hoola ia i nā metabolic reactions.

ʻeleu amo ana o Nine Inch ma ka plasmalemma

No ka mea mawaho halepaahaoʻili lahilahi e leie hoolilo o ka Ion a me nā lātoma, mai ka 'ia i loko o ka halepaahao a me ka hope, e lilo ia i hiki i ka auaiaea dissimilation huahana i toxins, nae ko waho, a laila i loko o ka intercellular loli. ʻeleu amo ia lŘlŘ ku ei ka lehulehuʻano piʻina a me ka pono i ka hoʻohana 'ana o ka ikaika i loko o ke ano o ATP nā lātoma. Ua i komo ai transporter nā polokina kapa ATP-hoʻokumu paʻaʻana, i ka poʻe a me nā'ūhū.

'O kekahi mau kaa o ka paʻakai-potasiuma EII ni (i hoolilo paʻakai Ion, mai ka cytoplasm a hiki i ka mea ma waho a puni, a ua EII ni potasiuma Ion i loko o ka cytoplasm). No ka mea, hiki mai o intestinal epithelial keena a me ka hakuʻala. Lolina o keia iaoia i ka hoolilo kaʻina hana o ka pinocytosis a me ka phagocytosis. Penei, këia mea hana i hana 'ia e ka mea mawaho halepaahaoʻili lahilahi, ka mea hiki ke manao ia na keʻano o ka hanaʻana i hiki hoi ke phagocytosis a me pino- heterotrophic protists, e like me aeee a kiekie ae holoholona meaola, e laʻa me, leukocytes.

Bioelectric keʻano o ka hanaʻana i loko o ka halepaahao membranes

Ua ua hookupaaia ia he mea kekahi ikehu likeʻole ma waena o nā pā ili o ka wai kokoʻili lahilahi (ka mea, ua olelo ikaika mai, papa mai) a me ka parietal, ahu iho o ka cytoplasm, negatively hoopiiia. Ua Ua kapaʻia ka kau mai ana iluna Loaʻaʻia, a me ia mea hoʻomaopop 'ana i loko o nā mea a pau keena e noho ana. A nā aʻalolo'aʻaʻa 'Aʻole e kau mai ana,ʻaʻole wale nō Loaʻaʻia akā, i ka hiki ke mālama nei i ka nawaliwali biopotentials, a ua kapaia ka excitation kaʻina. Ka mawahoʻili lahilahi o nā aʻalolo keena, neurons, lawe ae hookaawale o receptors e hoomaka ana e hoʻololi i ka 'āhewa' ana o ka paʻakai Ion i loko o ka halepaahao massively hanai, a lilo ae la ia i kekahi electronegativeʻilikai plasmalemma. A pa, ahu iho cytoplasm ma muli o ka loa cations loaʻa he maikaʻi kauoha. Kēia wehewehe i ke kumu o he mea recharge i ka pā halepaahaoʻili lahilahi o ka neuron, i ke kumu no conduction o nā aʻalolo impulses e underlie ka excitation kaʻina.