Hoikehonua,: billboards - ka mea, Aloha ... Aldan Kuahene. Ukrainian pale kaua

Ka Honua ka pńpa mea heterogeneous, a he o kela mall hehee wale. Study o ka 'ole o ka lithosphere (paa Honua) mea i waena o nā Pahuhopu alualu ma ka' epekema o ka hana kemika. Paa - mea kekahi o ia mau oihana mua. Ua mea e pili ana ia e e kūkākūkā i kēia keʻokeʻo pepa.

Ka honua ka pńpa a me kona 'ole

I ka papa kuhikuhiE mall oihana mua o ka pńpa e lithospheric papa i hiki ia i ka Hawaiian paha oceanic. Kēia mau 'ano oko i' ole (keʻa-pauku): ka māpala, ahu iho ka makana i loko o ka Hawaiian papa.

Kapaia kaʻawa a loa ka pilina paʻa (tectonically) kekahi hapa o ka lithospheric papa Honua. I ka Ia manawa, ka mea, i na nuclei (kumu) no na âinapuni. Ma waho ia i loko o ka lithospheric papa i anao? Aou orogenic (pelupelu ia) kāʻei - a epiplatform epigeosynclinal.

Anuu - i ka loa i ka pilina paʻa 'ole o ka pńpa mea i hanaʻia ma kahi haneri o ka miliona o ka makahiki aku nei, ua ikaika mauna nenoaiu. Over manawa, ka mea, ua hina no ka nui, a me ka ili honua e hoʻomoe ana aku ma keia wahi. Pela ua hana i ka ikaika a me ka hale lio 'ole - ke kahua. Hope mai ma luna o ka mea, hoʻomaka e loaa sediment ke kiʻekiʻe e pili ana i ka mānoanoa, ahu iho (solo).

All na paepae i loko o ke ao nei, ua māheleʻia i loko o ka wā kahiko (i loko o English moʻokalaleo e pinepine i kapaʻia ka mea, cratons) a me ka opiopio. ʻO kēia palapala hōʻike i ka papa kuhikuhiE (kahiko) pola o ko mākou Honua. Ka mea i hāliu aku i ka lepaʻano tinge.

Honua ka pńpa kanu'ōiwi nā haʻawina o ka 'epekema o ka hana kemika (Grade 7). Next mākou e nānā i ka 'ole o ka anuu i ka nui au mamuli.

Mall oihana mua o ka anuu (kemika, Grade 7)

Ke pola he a mau papa: ka aniani kumu (ia lŘlŘ lalo nei), a sedimentary aloha (e uhi ana i kumu).

I ka 'ā ina' epekema līkaia no nā hale o ka eha kauoha mai i e i kekahi anuu. I ka pale kaua, papa, anticline a me ka syncline - i kēia mau mea i ka nui poʻe. Next, mākou e noonoo ia kā lākou. Ike lea i kēia mau hale a Ua lawa no ka ulu kūpono 'ana o ke kula papa "He Hoikehonua".

Pale kaua - ka mea, Haʻalele i ka ka Honua ka ili honua o ka mea pōaka hale ilalo o ka anuu. I ka nui o ia nā mea hōʻike aku i hiki mai i ka 1,000 kilomika a oi ka lōʻihi. Nō kāu, Panel i ho'ākāka 'ia i kahiko anuu hale.

Papa - keia nui mau mea o ka anuu, a ua maopopo uhiia e sedimentary wahī. Loa pinepine opiopio makahikiʻawa a uhi ma keia wahī loa. No ia mea, i kekahi kapa papa.

Anticline a syncline - ka mea, o ka 'ole o ka 2nd mea. ANTECLISE i kapaia akahai ala ana o ka una honua. Syneclise - he lepo pa holoi ma ke kapuahi paha, emi olelo, i loko o ka mea pōaka pale kaua.

Ma kēia 'atikala e nānā mākou i ka pale kaua o ka paepae ai kahiko o Eurasia - ka Siberian a East' Eulopa. Eia naʻe, he kokoke nana mua ia ma luna o ka hoopuka ana o "ka mea i ka pale kaua."

Hoikehonua,: billboards - ka mea, Aloha ...

Kaʻia "pale kaua" ua hoʻomano hoʻohana 'ia i loko o' ā ina 'epekema. No ka mea manawa mua i kēia makahiki i ka hoʻohana 'ana i loko o Germany Eduard Suess (1903).

Pale kaua - he mea pōaka hale ilalo outcrop i loko o ka anuu kahiko. Penei, o ka ili o ka honua i ke aupuni 'Precambrian pōhaku, makahiki e hiki 3,5-4 ieeeea makahiki. Ka mea, i ana poe e granites, quartzites, gneisses, a e waiho kokoke ana i kŘpa a nā'āpana.

Hiʻona o ka 'ole o ka papa

Papa i ka iniiaiie a me ka loa i ka pilina paʻa nā hale o nā 'âinapuni. IeAUPIIe, IAa IO, ka mea, ua hoopuniia e mau hipuu o ka pelupelu ia pōhaku o Cambrian makahiki. Ke kokua Panel pinepine haʻi iki convex papu a me nā puʻu uuku.

Pale kaua i hoopuniia e oi agile a me ka lawe lima mau mea, mauna hale keʻano o ka hanaʻana i ua ua hoike kŘpa nei (ma ka 'ā ina hua'ōlelo - 100-200 miliona makahiki aku nei).

Ka loa kaulana examples o Panel ma luna o mākou Honua: Junior, Ukrainian, Aldan, Baltic. Mau wahi i pili me ka nui hoʻokomo kālā o na mea i eliia nā minelala hao (hao e hoohehee ai, keleawe, manganese, ke gula, nikala, a no laila, ma luna o. P.). Ke'ī mai, i loko o ka Aldan Kuahene loaa nui hoʻokomo kālā o ke keleawe a me ka mea i eliia apatite. Ma ka Ukrainian Kuahene loaʻa i ka honua i ka nui loa me ke koe o ferruginous quartzite (Krivoi Rog kīʻaha).

I ka moolelo o ka kahua a me ka 'ole o ka Siberian anuu

Siberian anuu - he nui 'ā ina ele ele, a ninoaaeyao he nui wahi ma ka akau-hikina hapa o Eurasia. 'O kēia kekahi o nā paepae ai kahiko loa i loko o ke ao nei, i ke kumu o ka i i hana hou i loko o ka Archean. A ma hope iho ia, oia i aole nae he ekemuia uhi ma na wai o ke kai, no laila, ua loaʻa i hana i ka ikaika uhi o sedimentary pōhaku.

Siberian anuu i hoike palena ma ka ili o ka Honua: ke kūkulu'ākau - o ka hema kumu Byrranga mauna komohana - ke awawa o ka Yenisei River, i ka hema palena holo ma ka iwi kuamoo, a me ka hikina - ma ka lalo ino i o ka Lena muliwai.

Siberian anuu hale ilalo luna 'pōhaku o Archean a me Proterozoic, i ikaika crumpled i loko o nā pā. Ua gneisses, amphibolites, schist, pōhaku keʻokeʻo a me na mea e ae. Lākou mau makahiki i hala loa paa: mai ka 2.3 hiki i 3,7 ieeeea makahiki. Anuu sedimentary uhi ua haku o nā pōhaku o kekahi mau makahiki. I ka akau-hikina maka o ka anuu ua wehewehe aku ma intrusive pōhaku i lilo i ka daimanaʻohe.

Siberian anuu mea unusually waiwai i loko o nā mea pōhaku kumu waiwai. Aia i nui hoʻokomo kālā o ka hao ka mea e hoohehee, Mika, apatite, graphite. I ka sedimentary uhi hoopaaia paa me ke koe o ka aila a me ka kinoea, e like me lanahu, daimana, keleawe, nikala a me ke gula i eliia.

I ka 'ā ina' ole o ka Aldan Kuahene

Aldansky pale - he wānana aniani kumu i loko o ka Siberian anuu. Ua Ua Aia ma kona hema-hikina hapa o ke kokua hookahi, a ma ia me ka Aldan Plateau a me ka iwi kuamoo. Ma ka hema a me ke komohana o ka pale kaua ua moe me ka wahi o ka mauna hale ma ke ano o ka hohonu mau hewa. Ma ka akau-hikina ka mea, ua uhi paaia kaʻaʻahu o sedimentary hoʻokomo kālā o Cambrian makahiki.

Hoopanee aku (palaoa), i ka hale ilalo kahiko o ka Aldan Kuahene, oe ke hahai mai i ka evolution o ka honua i ka pńpa like me ka a pau. Ke'ī mai, ma ka lalo pae bedded gneiss, schist, pōhaku keʻokeʻo a me ka quartzite granulite. Ua piha ka kekahi papahele me ka sedimentary-lua pele pōhaku, metamorphosed zonally. Ka luna papahele ua poe e manoanoa hoʻokomo kālā o clastic a me ka lua pōhaku, e like me nui intrusions.

O kekahi mau 'ā ina hana hoopilikia wale una keʻano o ka hanaʻana i loko o ka Aldan ka pale kaua nui aku kaila hou. Kēia i hiki mai ai i loko o ka Paleozoic, Mesozoic a me Cenozoic awelika. 'O kēia kekahi o ka hanohano nō hoʻi hiʻona o ka keia mea pōaka pale kaua.

Ma ka palena o ka Aldan pale kaua pili i hoʻokomo kālā o na mea he nui nā minelala hao. No laila, eia ka mea, ua wehe ae ia i, a kaupaona i nā nui me ke koe o ka hao a me ke keleawe i eliia, Mika, apatite, kimberlites, lanahu, ke gula, a me kela kalaka nui-nā pōhaku makamae.

I ka moolelo o ka kahua a me ka 'ole o ka hikina' Eulopa anuu

East-Europa anuu - kekahi o ka mea nui a me ka loa i ka pilina paʻa anuu o kēia honua ka pńpa. Ua kŰlń ao mai ka Scandinavian Peninsula a hiki i ka Ural Mountains,? Iaeoe ka hapanui o ka Akau, a EastʻEulopa.

I kona 'ole, he mau mana auaiaea aniani kumu - Ukrainian a me Baltic pale kaua. Eia ma ka ili ma na wahi kala na kahiko pōhaku - ka hapanui māpala a me ka quartzite. Ka hapanui ka mea, kuahene kiʻekiʻe pohaku outcrops a loa Waimanalo Kaneohe. Ma ka makahiki ma waena o nā pale kaua, a i kekahi Belarus anteklizy Voronezh.

Foundation anuu eiiieaena igneous a me metamorphic pōhaku o Precambrian elemakule, a ua densely dissected ma ka hohonu una mau hewa. East-Europa anuu i hanaʻia kona kumu i loko o ka hopena o Proterozoic. Anuu uhi ninoieo o iki ino sedimentary a me ka lua pohaku o okoa 'ā ina au.

Mea pōhaku kumu waiwai o ka hikina 'Eulopa anuu

Ma ka East 'Eulopa anuu kaupaona i nā i ka richest hoʻokomo kālā o nā nā minelala hao. Kekahi o ia i pili i ka hookumu ana o ka 'ā ina' ole, ka 'ē aʻe - a me kona sedimentary wahī.

E Haʻalele i wahi ma ke kahua anuu 'ilikai hoopaaia nunui hoʻokomo kālā o ka hao ka mea e hoohehee (Krivbass, Kurskaiaʻume mākenēki anomaly Kremenchugsky waiʻauʻau, etc.), keleawe, titanium, nikala i eliia, a apatites. Me ka sedimentary uhi anuu hou pili i ka hoʻokomo kālā o maoli kinoea (Volgouralskaya aila panalaau la, Dneprovsko-Donetskaya kaumaha, etc.), lanahu a me ka lignite (Donbass, Moscow māhele), posapahate pohaku, bauxite a me nā hale lako (limestone, kinikini, dolomite a me ka mea e like. D.) .

I ka 'ā ina' ole o ka Ukrainian pale kaua

Ukrainian mea pōaka pale kaua - he protrusion o ka hookumu ana mai o ka hikina-Europa anuu ma kona hema-komohana outskirts. He'Ō (ma ka loa i loko o Ukraine, a Belarus) hoʻokahi tausani kilomika mai ka Gorin muliwai ma ka akau a hiki i na kapakai o ka moana o Azov ma ke kūkulu hema. Ka palapala 'āina ma lalo ka mea, ua hoailono aku la i loko o melemele.

ʻO kā mākou laula o ka Ukrainian pale kaua, he 250 kilomika. Ke iauae ieiuaae o ka ili honua - ma kahi o 135 tausani kapuaʻi kuea kilomika.

Ukrainian pale kaua ua haku ka hapanui o igneous a me metamorphic pōhaku o Archean makahiki (ka mea, gneisses, granites, amphibolites, migmatites a me na mea e ae). Ma na wahi, e waiho kokoke ana i kēia mau mea pōaka pōhaku, ho okumu i ka nani pōhaku, a me nā rapids cascades ma ka muliwai o ka pāpū.

Nā minelala hao o ka Ukrainian pale kaua

Ma na nā wānana waiwai kumu o kaʻawa a kahiko i ike ia e hoopaaia e hoohehee ai nā minelala hao. A me ka pale kaua Ukrainianʻaneʻi -ʻaʻole i ke koe.

I loko o keia 'ā ina' ole kaupaona i nā nui me ke koe o ka hao ka mea e hoohehee (Krivoi Rog pa holoi), uranium na mea i eliia (Zheltovodsky a me Ternovskii kahua), zirconium i eliia (Vol'nogorskoe dala nei), maikai a me ka semiprecious pohaku, hale lako (i nui, ma Zhitomir a me nā wahi o Ukraine koʻu mau māpala ka mea kiekie loa e like ai). Ma nā makahiki o ka mea pōhaku o nā kumu waiwai Loaʻaʻia o Ukrainian pale kaua nei kokoke me kau like ma 'Eulopa, a ma ke ao nei.

Loaʻa ma kēia papa a me nā minelala hao o ka sedimentary type. Lākou mau hoʻokomo kālā i hoopaaia i ka poe liilii, mana (ole aku ma mua o 50 mau mika) pauku uhi. Mua o nā mea a pau, e ka lignite Dnieper pa holoi, a Nikopol manganese i eliia kīʻaha.

ka hopena

I ka like o ka crustal 'ole o kekahi hapa o ka laulā o ka hana i ma ka' epekema o ka hana kemika. Pale kaua - e mall oihana mua o kahiko Honua anuu. Mau mea ana i hoopaaia ikaika hoʻokomo kālā o na mea i eliia nā minelala hao a me semiprecious pohaku.

Aldan Kuahene, a me Ukrainian - o ka nui loa mea pōaka protrusions kumu ma luna o ka'āinapuniʻole o Eurasia. Ka mua o kēia mau mea i ke aupuni 'o Rusia, i loko o ka Siberian anuu, a me ka lua o ka - ma ka Ukraine, ma ka hikina' Eulopa anuu.