I ka makahiki a me ka poe i loaa i ka huina'ine? Physicist, discoverer o ka huina'ine: ka inoa, ka mōʻaukala o discoveries a me ka hana hoihoi kūʻiʻo

Hoopaapaa e pili ana i ka poe i loaa i ka huina'ine, noho mau a hiki i kēia lā. Ma ke kūlana o ka paionia o ke kula haʻahaʻaa (particles), koe Dzhozefa Tomsona, kekahi 'epekema paʻa moʻolelo ike Hendrik Lorentz a me Pieter Zeeman,' ē aʻe - Emilya Viherta, a me kekahi poe e ae - Filippa Lenarda. A owai la ka mea - i ke nä känaka 'epekema ka poe i loaa i ka huina'ine?

Atom - no laila indivisible

Kaʻia "'Ātoma" ma ka maʻamau o ke ola i hoʻolauna ma ka poe akeakamai. Makamua thinker Leucippus kekahi ma ka V kenekulia BC. e ka. I? Aaei na mea a pau i loko o ke ao nei ua i mai o ka moku (particles). His haumāna - Democritus kapa ia nā'ātoma. E like me ka poe akeakamai, na nā'ātoma - "hale ālai '" o ka ke ao holoʻokoʻa, indivisible a me ka mau loa. Mai kā lākou mawaho shape a me ka 'ole e kaukaʻi waiwai o ka waiwai nā'ātoma e kahe ana ka wai - ala apuupuu metala - me ka piliʻike niho, e haawi ana paakiki kino.

Ke poʻokela Russian nä känaka 'epekema M. V. Lomonosov, i ka mea hoʻoheheʻe kālā o ka'ātoma-hakakino kumumanaʻo manaoio aku i ka haku mele' ana o ka poe noonoo ole waiwai corpuscles (lātoma) i hanaʻia ma ka hookahi'ātoma? Ueony, pilikia -ʻokoʻa.

Chemist aʻo aku Dzhon HaleakaLā (Man) i ka 1803, ma ka nānā 'ana ma ka mana ikepili a me ka lawe i ka maʻamau ka mokuna kaumaha o ka hydrogen nā'ātoma loaʻa i pili'ātoma nā paʻi hua o kekahi mau kumu. 'ātoma kumumanaʻo Pelekāne ua o ka nui no o ka hou ana o ka kemika a me ke kālaikūlohea.

Owai la ka mea ike i ka huina'ine?

Ma ka hoʻomaka o ka XX kenekulia ka mea i loaa i ka helu o ka mana ikepili Hōʻoiaʻiʻo O ka ka manaʻo pohihihi o ka 'ole o nā'ātoma. Kēia, e like me ka photoelectric hookoia (Hertz, A. Stoletov i ka makahiki 1887), i ka weheʻana o ka cathode (J. Plucker, W. Crookes, 1870) a me ka X-Ray (X-Ray B., 1895) kukuna, radioactivity (A. Becquerel, 1896).

Epekema e hana ana me ka cathode kukuna, māheleʻia i loko o nā wahi hoʻomoana,: kekahi manao i ka nalu 'ano o ka kŰia, ka mea'ē aʻe - corpuscular. Tangible hopena loaʻa Kumu o ka Ecole Normale Supérieure (Lille, France) Zhan Batist Perrin. I ka 1895, oia i hoike ma experimentation i ka cathode kukuna i ke kahawai o negatively kauoha (particles). Malia paha Perrin - physicist, ike i ka huina'ine?

Ma o ka paepae puka o ka nui e piʻi like

Physicist a me ka mathematician George Johnstone Stoney (Royal Ipelana Ke Kulanui o Dublin) i ka 1874 hai i ka mea mahuʻi o discrete ano o ka uila. He aha ka makahiki, a ma ka mea a ka huina'ine i ike? Iloko o ka mana hana ma luna o ua electrolyzed D. Stoney i ho'ākāka 'palena iki waiwai o ka uilaʻoihana (eia nae o ka hopena i loaa mai ai (10 ^-20 Cl) i 16 mau manawa emi ma mua o ka mea maoli). Elementary uila kauoha pa alima 1891 ma ka Ipelana nä känaka 'epekema i kapaia "huina'ine" (mai ka olelo Helene, o "Amber").

A makahiki ma hope, Gendrik Lorens (Leiden University, The Netherlands) Ua ua kālaiʻia i ka papa kuhikuhiE tenets o kona huina'ine kumumanaʻo, e like me a ke kumu o ka 'ole o kekahi waiwai i discrete pou' āhewa 'ana. Kēia mau kānakaʻepekema mai i noonoo i ka paionia o ka huna, akā, ua lilo lākouʻimi naʻauao a me ka mea hiki hoʻokolokolo 'ana i ka paa kahua no ka wā e hiki mai puka o Thomson.

kona manaʻo enthusiast

Ma ka ninau a ina paha, i ka wa a me ka poe i loaa i ka huina'ine, encyclopedias haawi aku i ka ike a me ka unequivocal pane - Dzhozef Dzhon Tomson i ka 1897. Pela ka mea i ka kānaka apau i mākaukau o ka 'ōlelo Pelekānia physicist?

Ka makua kāne o ka wā e hiki mai Peresidena o ka Royal Society ua he Kanaka Kūʻai Aku Puke a me ka noho 'ana kamaliʻi luna o kāna keiki i ka aloha o ka pai olelo, a me kaʻono no hou ka ike. Ma hope o ua noho mai Owens College (1903 - Manchester University) a me ke Kulanui o Kamepelika i ka 1880, he opiopio mathematician Dzhozef Tomson hele aku e hana i ka Cavendish keʻena hoʻokolohua. Hoʻokolohua haʻawina loa hoopio i ka uʻi nä känaka 'epekema. Nā hoapili kaulana kona tireless hoolaa ana, a halawai kuko no ka mea hiki hana.

I ka 1884, i ka makahiki o ka 28 makahiki, ua hoonohoia Thomson ka luna hoʻokele o ke keʻena hoʻokolohua, olaa aku la ka Haku K. Rayleigh. Ma lalo o ke alakaʻi o ka Thomson keʻena hoʻokolohua ma luna o ka mea e hiki mai ana 35 makahiki ka mea, ua ulu i loko o kekahi o ka nui ioauoa o ka honua ke kālaikūlohea. Nolaila, hoomaka ae la i ko lakou hele ana Rutherford, Bohr, P. Langevin.

Noonoo ana i ka au mamuli

E hana ma ka hoʻopaʻa 'ana o cathode kukuna Thomson i hoomaka ai, e kaha i ka ho okolohua o kona mau mua. No ka nui ho okolohua ka mea, ua i kūikawā lako a pan no ka pilikino Nails Keʻena kau wela. Ma hope iho o ka loaa ana e hooiaio ai o ka mea e like ai i ka hoao ana, Thomson i ole hiki manaʻo, e hooki aku i laila. I ka papa kuhikuhiE AIM no ka mea, ua ike ia ma kūlike loa laupaʻi hoʻoholo o ke 'ano o nā kukuna a me kā lākou constituent (particles).

New Tube kūkulu no ka mea kēia mea i loko o kona haku mele 'ana,ʻaʻole wale nō ka mea mau cathode a accelerating nā uila aʻa lolo (i loko o ka palapala o ka papa a me nā apo,) me ka deflection anakahi uila. Feed corpuscles kuhikuhi ma ka pale kapa komo iā ia me ka lahilahi ahu iho la ka mea glowing (particles) ma luna o hopena. Lua i pele i manaoia e kahu ai i ka hui hana o ka uila a me kaʻume mākenēki kihapai.

eiiiiiaiou'Ātoma

Discoverer e paʻakikī. O ka paʻakikī, e hoomalu i ko lakou & okua ia, a ua ku e ia i pono-hoʻokumu manaÿo no na tausani o ka makahiki. Manaoio mai i loko o oe iho, i loko o kou hui a me Thomson i ke kanaka nana i ike i ka huina'ine.

Ka hoao ana i nani loa hopena. huna nuipa ua i loko o nā tausani. manawa uuku ma mua ia o ka hydrogen Ion. Ka lākiō o ka uku ole i ka corpuscles ka mea, aole ia e hilinaʻi ma ka nuipa a kahe ana, i ka waiwai o ka cathode mea, i ke ano o ka gaseous meakino i loko i ka hookuuia ia lŘlŘ. Ka hopena mea i paʻewa me nā kumu: corpuscle - Universal particulate mea i loko o ka haku mele 'ana o ka'Ātoma. Manawa ma hope manawa, Thomson ikaika a akahele kulana kupono i ka hopena o ia mea a me nā helu. I ka kanalua ua haʻalele, he haʻi'ōlelo ma ke ano o ka cathode na kukuna o ka Royal Society. Ma ke kupulau o ka makahiki 1897 ka mea, ua oki ae la ia ia i indivisible'Ātoma. I ka 1906, Dzhozef Tomson i i hookoia ka Nobel makana i loko o ke kālaikūlohea.

Unknown Iogann Vihert

Inoa o ke kumu Koningsborskogo geophysics, a laila, i ke Kulanui o Gottingen, noiʻi seismography Honua Johann Emilya Viherta, maikaʻiʻikeʻia i loko o ka 'oihana koʻikoʻi a hanohano kanaka hulihonua, a geographers. Akā,ʻo ia mea maʻa a me ka physicalʻepekema. He ka mea wale kanaka ka mea a ke kūhelu 'epekema, a me Thomson, ka discoverer o ka huina'ine no ke komo maluna. A ina mākou mea e e loa kūlike loa, pepa hōʻike no ia mea, a ho Wiechert i paʻiʻia ma January 1897 - eha mahina ma mua o ka Pelekāne ka hoike. Owai la ka mea ike i ka huina'ine - i Hawaiʻi nei, ua hooholoia, akā, i ka mea koe.

No ka pili: ma i kekahi o kana mau hana, Thomson i ole hoʻohana i ka manawa "huina'ine". He hoʻohana i ka inoa "corpuscles".

Ka mea i wehe i ke proton, neutron a me ka huina'ine?

Ma hope o kaʻimiʻana i ka mua haʻahaʻa huna kila nūnē nui na lākou ma luna o ka mea e hiki 'ole o ka'Ātoma. Kekahi o nā Ke Ana Hoʻohālike mua i manaoia e Thomson. Atom, e like me ia, kohu i kekahi'āpana o ke pudding me ka hua waina: i ka ikaika i hoopiiia kino interspersed me ka io (particles).

I ka 1911, Ernest Rutherford (New Zealand, United Kingdom)? Aaeaaaaony i ka planetary ho o ka'Ātoma mai i ka 'ole. Mau makahiki ma hope, aole ia i waiho aku i ke kuhiakau o ke ola i loko o ka nucleus o ka'Ātoma ikaika papa (particles), a, aole hoi i loaa ia experimentally, kapa proton. He pū wānana i ke ola ana o ka'ākilikai nā huna i loko o ka nucleus me ka proton nuipa (ka neutron i loaa i ka 1932 ma Pelekāne nä känaka 'epekema John. Chadwick). I ka 1918, Dzhozef Tomson hāʻawi hooponopono keʻena hoʻokolohua o Ernest Rutherford.

Hekikai no e olelo aku i ka loaʻa mai o ka huina'ine ua 'ae i ka hou nana ma ka pou,ʻume mākenēki a me ka'ōnohi waiwai o ka mea. He paʻakikī e overestimate i ke kūlana o Thompson a me kona mau ukali i loko o ke ana o'ātoma a me ka nukelea ke kālaikūlohea.