I ka moolelo o ke aloha kemika. Ke kumuhana, a me ka waiwai o ke aloha kemika

Mau poʻe manaʻo e pili ana i ka mea i ke kūlana o ke aloha kemika i loko o ke ola o kaʻiʻo nō o kēia kanaka. Akā, ia mea nui, ka mea i hiki ole ke overestimate. I ke kakahiaka, i ka wa a ke kanaka kāhea mai, a hele e holoi, a me ka pono i loko o ke ahiahi, ia ia i hele ai i ka moe,ʻo ia mau pu i nā huahana o ke aloha kemika. Toothbrush, lole, pepa, nā mea hoʻonani, lako a me Kalaiaina manao, a me ka mea 'ē aʻe - i keia haawi mai ia. Akā, hookahi ka mea, ua i ka hihia, a ma ke aloha kemika e ike loa uuku.

E mākou ike pehea Hawaiʻi anu u ma ka anu u ka mōʻaukala o ke aloha kemika.

1. ke au o ka? Acaeoey a hiki i ka XIV kenekulia, i kapaʻia ma kona ano maoli.

2. XV - XVII kenekulia - i ka hoʻomaka o ka hooulu ana a iatrochemistry alchemy.

3. Luna XVIII - XIX - ka dominance o ka pähola 'ana o vitalism.

4. XIX - XX kenekulia - mālama nui kūpono 'ana,' epekema ke kahua.

Omaka ole maoli pae o? Acaeoey o ke aloha kemika

Kēia pae ninoieo o ka loa muli o ka manaʻo o Nine Inch kêia kanaka. A me na kêia kanaka hele a hiki hoʻi i ka wā kahiko Rome a me Aigupita, a ua loa hiki ia oe e noho ana aʻo i ka e make no ka ia nā pōpō mea, a kapa mai maoli heʻiʻo maka nō nā - lau, a kumu o nā mea kanu. O lakou ka indigo, e haawi ana i ka hohonu uliuliʻano, a me alizorin i hookohu aku i literally a pau juicy a me ka hale kalapu no malu oʻalani a me kaʻulaʻula. i aʻo Unusually nimble e noho ana okoa nationalities ka ia manawa ana e kiʻi i ka vinega, e hana i na uhane mai ka sucrose a me ka pia-i loaʻa ka waiwai o ka mea kanu kumu.

Ua ua ike ia ka loa, he pono ole ai i loko o ka palapala noi o keia mōʻaukala wā he holoholona bipi kūpaluʻia, nō mea kāhinu, a me kēpau e i hoʻohanaʻia chefs a me healers. A me kekahi i loko o ka maʻamau o ke ola ana o kekahi mau hoomake iho no hoi, ua paa i like ka nui kaua vnutriusobnyh hoahanau. A pau keia mau waiwai a pau me nā huahana o ke aloha kemika.

Akā, Eia naʻe, e like me ia, me ka manaʻo o "kemika" hakuʻole, a me ke ao ana i ho'ākāka 'ia i' ona i loko o mea e möakäka hou i ka waiwai a me ka haku mele i ole i hoʻomaka ai. No laila, ua kapaʻia noho'na makaainana i ulu i kēia wā. All discoveries ua huikau, unfocused ano o ka consumer loina. Keia hana mau a hiki i ka kekahi kenekulia.

iatrochemistry manawa i - i olelo mua iaʻi, hoʻomaka ulu

Aia hoʻi, ka mea, ua i loko o ka XVI - hoomaka XVII kenekulia e uē helu kauoha ia e hoohalike ai o kemika like me ka 'epekema. Ma ka hana o nā kānakaʻepekema i kekahi manawa, ua loaa ia ia ke aloha 'ona invented na mea i hoʻomākaukauʻia no ka distillation a me sublimation o ka waiwai hoʻohana i ka kūikawā Nine Inch moku no kaomi' ona a hiki i ka kaawale ana o maoli huahana nā mea hoʻohui.

I ka papa kuhikuhiE pulakaumaka o ia manawa ua i ka laau lapaau. Ka makemake e kiʻi i ka mea e pono ai laau i alakai ai i ka mea e ka mea kanu ku nui mea kāhinu, a me nā maka nā mea hoʻohui. Penei, Karl Scheele i loaa mau ke aloha nāʻakika mai nō hoʻi, heʻiʻo maka kekahi mau kumuhana:

• malic;
• lemi;
• gallic;
• ka waiu;
• oxalic.

Ma ka hoʻopaʻa 'ana o nā mea kanu a me ka auaaeaiea o kēia nāʻakika nä känaka' epekema i 16 makahiki (1769 a hiki i 1785). Kēia i ka hoʻomaka o ka? Acaeoey, waiho iho la na kumu o ke aloha kemika, i mea pololei me he lālā o ka kemika i ua hōʻike 'a ua kapaʻia ma hope (kakahiaka XVIII kenekulia).

Ma ka Ia wā Middle GF kahiāuli Rueil nā pōaka o uricʻakika mai urea. Other chemists succinicʻakika Ua loaa mai Amber, tartaricʻakika. I ka ho'ānoʻole ka loaʻa o ke ano o ka maloo distillation o ka mea kanu a me ka holoholona kumuhana, ma i ua loaa aceticʻakika, diethyl me Etera, ka laau ka waiʻona.

Pela i hoomaka ai ka mālama nui kūpono 'ana o ke aloha Nine Inch hana i loko o ka wā e hiki mai.

Vis vitalis, a "ola max"

XVIII - XIX kenekulia no ke aloha kemika mea nui elua-pa: ma ka kekahi lima, aia nō i ka helu o ka discoveries mea i weliweli nui. Ma ka mea 'ē aʻe, he lōʻihi manawa, i ka ulu a me ka hoʻomāhuahua o ka pili' ike a me ka pololei manaʻo inhibited ka Hoʻohaku kumumanaʻo o ka vitalism.

Kēia kumumanaʻo dala, a ua hōʻolokeʻaʻia i ka papa kuhikuhiE ¶ Jakobs Berzelius, ka mea ma ka ia manawa oia ia ia iho i haawi mai ai, a me ka ho'ākāka 'ana o ke aloha kemika (ka kiko'ī makahiki i ike ole ia, a 1807 a 1808). E like me na olelo o keia kumumanaʻo, ai ka ke aloha waiwai hiki ke hana wale i ka noho ana meaola (kanu a me nā holoholona, me nā kānaka), e like me ka mea wale nō ola mea i ka kūikawā "ola max" e leie aku i kēia mau waiwai i lawe. Oiai'okanikaʻole waiwai e ke aloha loa hiki ole, no ka mea, i nā huahana mea ola, ole-flammable, me vis vitalis.

Na ia mau kānakaʻepekema mua Mea Maluna o nā mea a pau i ike i ka manawa o ka mea i huiʻia i loko o ka'okanikaʻole (ole-e ola ana, a pau 'ona e like me ka wai a me ka paʻakai) a me ke aloha (ola, ka poe e like me kaʻaila, a me ka kōpaʻa) ua, ua i manaoia. No hoi Berzelius mua i koho ua hōʻike hewa ia e like me ke aloha kemika. Hoʻoholo 'ua: he mahele o ka kemika e haʻawina na waiwai loko mai ola meaola.

I loko o kēia wā, nä känaka 'epekema hoopuni hoʻokō huli ana o ke aloha i huiʻia i loko o'okanikaʻole, e laʻa me, ma ke'ā. Naʻe, i ka manawa kūpono o ka reconversion o kekahi mea i ike ole ia nae.

makemake i hoʻopaʻi ia, i ka mea, ua haumāna ¶ Berzelius Fridrih Veler ka pilina i ka hoʻomaka o ka'opi o ka pähola 'ana o kona kumu.

Kelemānia nä känaka 'epekema e hana ma luna o cyanide i huiʻia, a ma kekahi o nā hoʻokolohua' ana i mālama, e loaa nā pōaka hooponopono iho i Similar i uricʻakika. E like me ka hopena, he nui hoʻokolokolo pono study, ua loaʻa ia maoli kauoha aku e loaʻa ke aloha mea mai'okanikaʻole, me kekahi vis vitalis. No ia mea, pehea-Liloa Berzelius, la oia i haʻakoi e ae aku i kēia C. Brewer mea. No laila, ka mea i hana i ka mea mua loa a hiki i ka vitalistic manao. I ka moolelo o ke aloha kemika hoomaka ae la e loaa momentum.

Mau discoveries, paopaoia vitalism

Wohler kona pomaikai ma ua hooeueuia lakou chemists o ka XVIII kenekulia, no laila, hoomaka ae la he ākea ikea ai a me ka ike maopopo ana i ka mea e loaa ke aloha mea i loko o lūmaua. Oia syntheses i nā pilikia a me ka mea nui i ua mau.

1. 1845 G. - Adolf Kolbe i ua haumāna Wohler, hooponopono iho i na mea inorganics C, H _2, O ₂ multistage huina hoʻololi kemikala e loaa aceticʻakika, a mea he aloha mea.
2. 1812, Konstantinom Kirhgofom hoʻokō monakō koko hoʻololi kemikala mai ka pia a me kaʻakika.
3. 1820 Anri Brakonno denatured kumuʻiʻoʻakika, a laila, kamaʻilio me nitricʻakika a me ka hui loaa, mai ka mua 20'amino nāʻakika synthesized hope - glycine.
4. 1809 Michel Chevreul aʻo i ka haku mele 'ana o nā bipi kūpaluʻia, ho'āʻo e Wāwahi ia i loko o kona constituent eiiiiiaiou. E like me ka hopena, halawai aloha oia me momoma nāʻakika a me glycerol. 1854, Zhan Bertlo hana mau ana Chevrel glycerol a me ka wela i stearicʻakika. Hopena - momona, like 'oe a me ka' ole o ka maoli i huiʻia. Ma hope,ʻo ia e hoʻokele e kiʻi a me nā mea momona, a me nā mea kāhinu, i pau iki okoa ma hakakino 'ole mai maoli analogues. I ua i hōʻike i ka manawa kūpono o ka loaa hou ke aloha i huiʻia o ka nui i loko o ke keʻena hoʻokolohua.
5. J. Berthelot synthesized methane mai ka hydrogen sulfide (H ₂ S) a me ka kalapona disulfide (cs _2).
6. 1842 Zinin ua hiki ke synthesize i ka aniline mai nitrobenzene kalameaʻai. Ma hopeʻo ia e hoʻokele i kiʻi i ka helu o ka aniline make.
7. A. Bayer hana kona mau keʻena hoʻokolohua, a i ua hana a me ka holomua hoʻololi kemikala o ke aloha make, like ia ma kona ano maoli: alizarin, indigoid, antrohinonovye, xanthene.
8. 1846 hoʻololi kemikala o nitroglycerinʻepekema Sobrero. He pū nui i ka kumumanaʻoʻAno, i olelo mai ai ia i ke hoʻomākaukau 'ona like me kekahi o ka'okanikaʻole, a ma ke kūapoʻana hydrogen nā'ātoma i loko o ka' ole.
9. 1861 A. M. Butlerov synthesized sweetener o formalin. Ka mea, i ua kālaiʻia e nā mea i ho'ākāka 'o ka pähola' ana o Nine Inch 'ole o ke aloha i huiʻia i pili i ka mea i keia lā.

Pau kēia mau mea, ua ulu Ua hōʻike 'i ke kumuhana o ke aloha kemika - kalapona a me kona hui. Hou discoveries Ua hoʻomōhala i nā maomeka o Nine Inch reactions i loko o ke aloha kemika, e hookupaa i ke ano o ka lolouila hana kūleʻa, a me ka 'ole o ka mea i huiʻia.

I ka lua o ka hapalua o ka XIX a me ka XX kenekulia - he manawa o global Nine Inch discoveries

I ka moolelo o ke aloha kemika ma manawa ua undergone a pau i ka nui hou. Hana nuiʻepekema ma ka maomeka o na keʻano o ka hanaʻana i loko o nā lātoma, reactions a me nenoai ua lele aku hua nui hopena. No laila, i ka 1857, Friedrich Kekule hoʻomohala i ka kumumanaʻo o ka valence. Ua pū e pili ana i ka kānaka apau i mākaukau nui - i ka loaʻa o ka 'ole o nā nā lātoma o ka onaona hydrocarbon benzene. I ka Ia manawa A. M. Butlerov ua kālaiʻia i ka pähola 'ana o ka' ole i nā hana o ka hui i ka i kuhikuhi mai la lakou i ka kalapona tetravalence a me ka kŰia o ke ola ana o isomers, a me isomers.

VV Markovnikov a me A. M. Zaytsev delve i loko o ke ao o ka naoh maomeka i loko o ke aloha a me ka mea formulate i ka lākou o ka rula e wehewehe aku i kēia mau maomeka a me ka hoʻopaʻa aku hoʻi. I ka 1873 - 1875 makahiki. I. Wislicenus, Van't Hoff a me Le Bel hoʻopaʻa haʻawina i ka māhele hoʻoponoponoʻana o Kamehameha o nā'ātoma i loko o nā lātoma, hōʻike mai i ke ola ana o ka hoʻokani-isomers, aʻo nā kūpuna o ka pau 'epekema - stereochemistry. A hailona ana o kekahi mau kanaka 'ole ma ka hanaia'na o ke kahua o ke aloha kemika, a mākou i kēia lā. Nolaila, ke aloha kemika, kńnaka i noteworthy.

I ka pau ana o ka XIX a me XX kenekulia - he manawa o global loaʻa i loko o ka mea lāʻau lapaʻau hana, HW hana, quantum kemika. E hoomanao i ka puka, e hamama ai i kā mākou waiwai o ke aloha kemika.

1. 1881 Conrad M. a me M. Gudtseyt synthesized anesthetics, veronal a me ka salicylicʻakika.
2. 1883 L. Knorr loaa antipyrine.
3. 1884 F. Stoll ho'āpono pyramidon.
4. 1869 Hyatt hoahanau loaa i ka mua kanaka-i olon.
5. 1884 D. Eastman synthesized celluloid Auana.
6. 1890 loaa cuprammonium puluniu L. Depassi.
7. 1891 Charles Keʻa a me kona mau nā hoapili ho'āpono rayon.
8. 1897 F. Miescher a me Buchner hoʻokumu i ka kumumanaʻo o liluwelo'okesaside (aeea-noa fermentation iʻikeʻia a me nā'ūhū like me ka biocatalysts).
9. 1897 F. Miescher loaa nukelea nāʻakika.
10. Ka hoʻomaka o XX kenekulia - ka hou kemika o organometallic i huiʻia.
11. 1917 Lewis wehe i ka lolouila ano o Nine Inch paa ana i loko o nā lātoma.
12. 1931 Hückel - hoʻokumu o quantum maomeka ma kemika.
13. O 1931-1933. Laymus Pauling ho'āpono ka resonance kumumanaʻo, a ma hope o kona mau ke kākoʻo '-hana hōʻike i ka pā o ke kū i ke au i loko o Nine Inch reactions.
14. 1936 naelona synthesized.
15. O 1930-1940. AE Arbuzov haawi ala i ka hooulu ana Organophosphorus i huiʻia i ke kumu no ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o nā lula ea, pharmaceuticals, a me insecticides.
16. 1960 Academician Nesmeyanov me nā haumāna i hana mai i ka mea mua kemikala ai i loko o ke keʻena hoʻokolohua.
17. 1963 Du Vinho loaa ana insulina, a mea he nui koe aku ma ka laau lapaau.
18. 1968 Mauna HG Qurʻan e hoʻokele e kiʻi i kekahi mea'ōewe i kōkua i ka deciphering ka aaiaoe kivila.

Penei, o ka nui o ke aloha kemika ola kanaka ka i wale colossal. Ka lula ea Ke, polymers, olona, pena a me varnishes, laholio, laholio, PVC mau mea, a me ka polypropylene polyethylene, a he nui nā laekahi 'ona, me ka i keia mea wale,ʻaʻole e hiki ke ola, luna' ala i kona loaʻa. Haneri o nā kānakaʻepekema ua i kā lākou mau makahiki o ka hana, no laila, ua he nui mōʻaukala o ka ulu ana o ke aloha kemika.

ʻO kēia ka'ōnaehana o ke aloha i huiʻia

I hana i ka nui a me ka paakiki ala i ke kūpono 'ana o ke aloha kemika, a me ka manawa, aole e ku malie. Aia, ua oi mamua o 10 Mill. Pili 'o Randy, a ua mahuahua keia helu i kela makahiki. Nolaila, he mea he kahua hoʻonohonohoʻana hoʻoponoponoʻana o Kamehameha me nā hale o ka waiwai i hāʻawi mai iā mākou ke aloha kemika. Mea Maluna o ke aloha i huiʻia ua hōʻike i loko o ka papaʻaina.

I ka papa o ka hui	mall hiʻona	O kekahi mau haʻilula
Hydrocarbons (i mai o wale kalapona a me ka hydrogen nā'ātoma)	paʻa kūhohonu loa (wale sigma paa.); unsaturated (sigma a me ka pi launa pu.); acyclic; cyclic.	Alkanes C N H 2n + 2; Alkenes, cycloalkanes C N H 2n; Alkynes, alkadienes, C N H 2n-2; Arena C 6 H 2n-6.
Waiwai i loaʻa kekahi hetero nā'ātoma i loko o ka papa kuhikuhiE pūʻulu	halogens; OH pūʻulu (waiʻona mai ke kino, a phenols); Hoʻohui 'ia ROR (la o Etera).	R-Hal; R-OH; ROR.
carbonyl hui	aldehydes; ketones; quinones.	RC (H) = O
Hui i loaʻa i ka carboxyl pūʻulu	carboxylicʻakika; nā mea kemika.	R-COOH; R-COOR.
Hui i loaʻa ka luaipele, naikokene a phosphorus i loko o ka lātoma	Hiki e cyclic paha acyclic	-
organometallic hui	Kalapona palapala hoopaa pololei i ka mea'ē aʻe hehee ai, akā,ʻaʻole hydrogen	C-E
organometallic hui	Kalapona palapala hoopaa i ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia	Me-Me
heterocyclic hui	I 'ole-ma muli kalapona me nā lālā o nā heteroatoms	-
maoli waiwai	Nui pīlali nā lātoma mea e mai i ka huina maoli	nā polokina, nukelea nāʻakika,'amino nāʻakika, alkaloids a me ka mea e like. d.
polymers	Waiwai me ke kiʻekiʻe hakakino kaumaha, a i ka nānā 'ana ma luna o monomeric naehana	N (-RRR-)

I ka like o ka mea a pauʻano o ka waiwai a me reactions ma a lakou e komo aku ai, a me ka mea i ka mea o ke aloha kemika i keia la.

Kind o Nine Inch paa ana i loko o ke aloha 'ona

No kekahi hui wehewehe aku elektronnostaticheskie hana kūleʻa loko o na nā lātoma, i hoʻohikiʻia ma ke alo o ke aloha covalent Polar a me ka 'ole-Polar covalent paa. Ke organometallic hui e hana nawaliwali ionic AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN.

Covalent nonpolar palapala ana ma waena o ka C-C ma ka reacting a pau ke aloha nā lātoma. Ho'ohālikelike'ia ka pilina o pola ma nā'oko'a like'ole i ka mole. Eia kekahi la'ana, C-Hal, CH, CO, CN, CP, CS. 'O kēia nā loulou a pau i loko o ka māmā'enehana i loa'a no ka hanana'ana o nā pūpū.

Ke'ano o ke'ano o nā mea i loko o ka mea'ai

'O nā hua'ōlelo ma'amau o ka hō'ike'ana i ka huahelu nui o kahi pūpū, ua kapa'ia he māmā. 'O kēlā'ano kumukū'ai no kēlā me kēia waiwai mea'ole. Akā, i ka wā i kākau'ia ai nā'ano hana i loko o ke kikowaena, ua kū ka po'e'epekema i nā pilikia. 'O ka mea mua,'o ka nui o lākou i helu'ia he haneli a he mau tausani paha. He pa'akikī ka ho'oholo'ana i ka mana'o kumu no kēlā waiwai nui. No laila, i ka manawa lō'ihi, ua'ike'ia kahi māhele o ka ho'olālā'enehana e like me ka ho'oponopono lā'au. 'O kona mau mea nāna i kūkulu'o Libich, Weller, Gay-Lussac a me Berzelius. Na lākou, a me nā hana a AM Butlerov, i ho'oholo i ka noho'ana o nā isomers - nā mea like me ka pono a me ka nui o ka ho'ohālikelika, akā e like me ke'ano o ka mole a me nā waiwai. 'O ia ke kumu i ha'i'ia ai ke'ano o nā pūpū'enehana i kēia mau lā'a'ole he'ano ho'ohālike akā e like me ke'ano ho'ohālikelike a pau.

'O kēia mau hale hana kahi hi'ohi'ona a me nā hi'ohi'ona o ka ho'omehana lā'au. Ua kākau'ia nā kumukū'ai me nā'ōpala e hō'ike ana i nā'awa'aina. e laʻa me, butane Punk mall haʻilula e i ka palapala Ch ₃ - Ch ₂ - Ch ₂ - Ch _3. Ke hō'ike'ia nei ke'ano o nā hō'ailona hana a pau i loko o ka mole.

Aia kekahi'ao'ao e kākau ai i nā'ano mole mole o nā pūnaehana konupona. Hiki ke nānā like ia me ka mea hō'ailona mai ka mea'ai'ole. No ka butane, no kekahi laʻana, ka mea, e ia: C ₄ H _10. 'O ia ke'ano, he mea mana'o wale nō ke'ano o ka mea ma'amau a me ka nui o ka hui. 'O nā'ano o ke'ano o nā pa'a i loko o ka mole, no laila, hiki ke hiki ke'ike i nā waiwai o ka wā e hiki mai a me ka hana ma'amau o ka waiwai mai ia mau mea. 'O kēia nā hi'ohi'ona a nā'oihana ho'ohemo. Ua kākau'ia nā kumukū'ai ma nā'ano, ua kūpono kēlā me kēia.

Nā'ano o nā hā'ina i loko o ka māmā mele

Aia kekahi ho'onohonoho'ana o ka hau'emena'enehana e like me ke'ano o nā hā'ina e hana'ia ana. Eia kekahi, he nui nā papa helu like'ole, e like me nā kumuhana like'ole. E no'ono'o i nā mea nui.

Nā hana o nā hopena'enekini ma o ka wāwahi'ana a me ka ho'opa'a'ana:

• He kanaka homolytic a i'oleha paha;
• 'O Hīkirolytic a ionic paha.

Nā hopena o nā'ano ho'ololi:

• Ho'opi'i Chain;
• Ka ho'ololi aliphatic;
• Ho'opi'i kū'oko'a nucleophilic;
• Nā hō'eha'eha ho'ohaunaele;
• Honua nā kohopili;
• Ho'ohui;
• Cyclization;
• 'O ke kohopili'apihana;
• Nā ho'āla hō'ulu'ulu.

Ma ke ala e ho'oulu'ia ai ka hopena (ka ho'omaka'ana) a me ke kauoha kauoha, i kekahi manawa ua ho'ohui'ia nā'ano ho'ohālikelike. 'O kēia ke'ano o nā hi'ohi'ona nui o nā hā'ina e ho'olālā'ia ana e ka māmā. Ua'ike'ia ke kumumana'o e wehewehe ana i nā kiko'ī o ka hopena o kēlā me kēia hopena o ka hopena i ka waenakonu o ke kenekulia 20 a ua ho'okūpa'a'ia a ua ho'onui'ia me nā'ike a me ka'ike hou.

Pono e ho'omaopopo'ia ma ke'ano nui,'o nā hopena i loko o ka meaolaola e hana'ia ma lalo o nā kūina kūpono ma mua o ke kelemu'ole. 'O kēia ke kumu o ka ho'onui'ia'ana o nā molecule o nā pūnaehana ho'omehana'ia ma muli o ke kūkulu'ia'ana o nā pa'ahao i loko a me intermolecular. No laila,'a'ohe hiki ke hana'ia me ka ho'onui'ana i ka mahana, kaomi a me ka ho'ohana'ana o ka mea ho'onāukiuki.

'O ka ho'ākāka hou o ka'ike loiloi

Ma ke'ano laulā, ua ho'omau'ia ka ho'omohala'ana o nā mea kelepona'enela ma kahi ala'ele'ele no nā haneli he nui. 'O ka nui o nā'ike e pili ana i nā mea lā'au,'o ko lākou mau kūkulu a me nā ho'ohālike e hiki ai iā lākou ke komo ke hō'ili'ili'ia. Ua hō'ulu'ulu'ia nā miliona o nā meahana kūpono a pono loa i ho'ohana'ia ma nā'ano like'ole o ka'epekema, ka'enehana a me ka'oihana. Ke'ike'ia ka mana'o o ka ho'omehana honua i kēia lā he mea nui a nui, nui a pa'akikī,'ano like'ole a nui.

I ka manawa ho'okahi,'o ka mana'o mua o kēia māhele nui o ka'ikekamai ka mea a Berzelius i hā'awi ai:'o ka kemulā e nānā i nā mea'oko'a mai nā meaola. Mai ia manawa ua hala kekahi mau manawa, ua nui nā mea i'ike'ia a ua hana'ia a nui nā'ano hana o ka hana i loko o ka hana-chemical. Ma muli o kēia, i kēia lā, aia kekahi mana'o'ē a'e, he aha ka mea leka mele. 'O ke'ano o kēia mea ua hā'awi'ia i kēia:'o ke kemikū o ka carbon a me kona mau pūhui, a me nā'ano no ko lākou'ano.